Major Source Categories for PM_2.5 in Pittsburgh using PMF and UNMIX

REFERENCES

• American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) . 2004 . http://www.steel.org
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. , Martello , D. , White , C. , Crist , K. , John , K. , Modey , W. and Eatough , D. J. 2004 . The Regional Nature of PM2.5 Episodes in the Upper Ohio River Valley . J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. , 54 : 971 – 984 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bautista , R. G. 2003 . Processing to Obtain High-Purity Gallium . JOM. , 55 : 23 – 26 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardo-Bricker , A. and Rogge , W. 2005 . Ambient Organic PM2.5 at the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Seasonal Variations and Regional Contributions . Atmospheric Environment , [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Cabada , J. C. , Khlystov , A. , Wittig , E. , Pilinis , C. and Pandis , S. 2004 . Light Scattering by Fine Particles During the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Measurements and Modeling . J. Geophys. Res. , 109 : D16S03 [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabada , J. C. , Pandis , S. N. and Robinson , A. L. 2002 . Sources of Atmospheric Carbonaceous Particulate Matter in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. , 52 : 732 – 741 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dockery , D. W. , Pope , C. A. , Xu , X. P. , Spengler , J. D. , Ware , J. H. , Fay , M. E. and Ferris , B. G. 1993 . An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six United States Cities . New Engl. J. Med. , 329 : 1753 – 1759 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eatough , D. J. , Modey , W. K. , Mangelson , N. F. , Anderson , R. R. and Martello , D. V. 2005 . Apportionment of Ambient Primary and Secondary PM2.5 During a 2001 Summer Study in the NETL Pittsburgh Site Using PMF2 and EPA UNMIX . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , in press[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , M. P. , Yue , Z. W. and Buzcu , B. 2003 . Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter in Houston, TX, Using Organic Molecular Markers . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 2117 – 2123 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , R. C. 1997 . History and Fundamentals of Multivariate Air Quality Models . Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 37 : 37 – 42 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , R. C. 2001 . Unmix Version 2.4 Manual. Available with Unmix software [email protected]
   Google Scholar
• Henry , R. C. Personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Kim , E. , Hopke , P. K. and Edgerton , E. 2003 . Source Identification of Atlanta Aerosol by Positive Matrix Factorization . J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. , 53 : 731 – 739 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim , E. , Hopke , P. K. , Larson , T. V. and Covert , D. S. 2004 . Analysis of Ambient Particle Size Distributions using Unmix and Positive Matrix Factorization . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 202 – 209 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. K. and Baker , J. E. 2003 . Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmosphere: A Comparison of Three Methods . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 1873 – 1881 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithgow , G. , Robinson , A. and Buckley , S. 2004 . Ambient Measurements of Metal-Containing PM2.5 in an Urban Environment Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 3319 – 3328 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maykut , N. , Lewtas , J. , Kim , E. and Larson , T. 2003 . Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at an Urban IMPROVE Site in Seattle, Washington . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 5135 – 5142 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modey , W. , Eatough , D. J. , Anderson , R. , Martello , D. , Takahama , S. , Lucas , L. and Davidson , C. I. 2005 . Apportionment of Ambient Primary and Secondary Pollutants During a 2001 Summer Study in Pittsburgh Using EPA UNMIX . J. of the Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. , Submitted[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• NIOSH . 1996 . “ Elemental Carbon (Diesel Exhaust) ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods , Cincinnati, OH : National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health .
   Google Scholar
• Olmez , I. , Sheffield , A. , Gordon , G. , Houck , J. , Pritchett , L. , Cooper , J. , Dzubay , T. and Bennett , R. 1998 . Compositions of Particles from Selected Sources in Philadelphia for Receptor Modeling Applications . JAPCA. , 38 : 1392 – 1402 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Paatero , P. and Tapper , U. 1993 . Analysis of Different Modes of Factor Analysis as Least Square Fit Problems . Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. , 18 : 183 – 194 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paatero , P. and Tapper , U. 1994 . Positive Matrix Factorization: A Non-Negative Factor Model with Optimal Utilization of Error Estimates of Data Values . Environmetrics. , 5 : 111 – 126 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paatero , P. 1997 . Least Squares Formulation of Robust Non-Negative Factor Analysis . Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. , 37 : 15 – 35 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paatero , P. , Hopke , P. K. , Begum , B. A. and Biswas , S. K. 2005 . A Graphical Diagnostic Method for Assessing the Rotation in Factor Analytical Models of Atmospheric Pollution . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 193 – 201 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh , P. 1990 . Study of Manganese from Anthropogenic Emissions at a Rural Site in the Eastern United States . Atmos. Environ. , 24A : 415 – 421 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekney , N. J. and Davidson , C. I. 2005 . Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Aerosol Samples . Analytica Chimica Acta. , 540 : 269 – 277 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekney , N. J. , Davidson , C. I. , Zhou , L. and Hopke , P. K. 2005 . Application of PSCF and CPF to PMF-Modeled Sources of PM2.5 in Pittsburgh . Aerosol Sci. & Technol. , in press[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirot , R. L. , Wishinski , P. R. , Hopke , P. K. and Polisar , A. V. 2001 . Comparative Application of Multiple Receptor Methods to Identify Aerosol Sources in Northern Vermont . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 4622 – 4636 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polidori , A. , Turpin , B. , Lim , H. , Totten , L. and Davidson , C. 2005 . Polarity and Molecular Weight/Carbon Weight of the Pittsburgh Organic Aerosol Manuscript in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Polissar , A. V. , Hopke , P. K. , Malm , W. C. and Sisler , J. F. 1998 . Atmospheric Aerosol over Alaska: 2. Elemental Composition and Sources . J. Geophys. Res. , 103 : 19,045 – 19,057 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polissar , A. V. , Hopke , P. K. and Poirot , R. L. 2001 . Atmospheric Aerosol over Vermont: Chemical Composition and Sources . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 4604 – 4621 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. , Burnett , R. T. , Thun , M. J. , Calle , E. E. , Krewski , D. , Ito , K. and Thurston , G. D. 2002 . Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution . JAMA , 287 : 1132 – 1141 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees , S. L. , Robinson , A. L. , Khylstov , A. , Stanier , C. O. and Pandis , S. 2004 . Mass Balance Closure and the Federal Reference Method for PM2.5 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 3305 – 3318 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. L. , Donahue , N. M. and Rogge , W. F. 2005 . Photochemical Oxidation and Changes in Molecular Composition of Organic Aerosol in the Regional Context . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , Submitted[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. L. , Subramanian , R. , Donahue , N. M. , Bernardo-Bricker , A. and Rogge , W. F. 2006a . Source Apportionment of Molecular Markers and Organic Aerosol—1. Methodology for Visually Comparing Source Profiles and Ambient Data . Environ. Sci. Technol. , Submitted[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. L. , Subramanian , R. , Donahue , N. M. , Bernardo-Bricker , A. and Rogge , W. F. 2006b . Source Apportionment of Ambient Organic Aerosol—2. Biomass Smoke . Environ. Sci. Technol. , Submitted[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. L. , Subramanian , R. , Donahue , N. M. , Bernardo-Bricker , A. and Rogge , W. F. 2006c . Source Apportionment of Ambient Organic Aerosol—3. Food Cooking Emissions . Environ. Sci. Technol. , Submitted[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge , W. F. , Hildemann , L. M. , Mazurek , M. A. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 1993a . Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol 2. Noncatalyst and Catalyst-Equipped Automobiles and Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 : 636 – 651 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge , W. F. , Hildemann , L. M. , Mazurek , M. A. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 1993b . Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol .3. Road Dust, Tire Debris, and Organometallic Brake Lining Dust—Roads as Sources and Sinks . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 : 1892 – 1904 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge , W. F. , Hildemann , L. M. , Mazurek , M. A. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 1993c . Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol .4. Particulate Abrasion Products from Leaf Surfaces of Urban Plants . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 : 2700 – 2711 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge , W. F. , Hildemann , L. M. , Mazurek , M. A. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 1996 . Mathematical Modeling of Atmospheric Fine Particle-Associated Primary Organic Compound Concentrations . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres. , 101 ( D14 ) : 19379 – 19394 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge , W. F. , Hildemann , L. M. , Mazurek , M. A. , Cass , G. R. and Simonelt , B. R. T. 1991 . Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol .1. Charbroilers and Meat Cooking Operations . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 1112 – 1125 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. and Cass , G. R. 2000 . Source Apportionment of Wintertime Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase air Pollutants Using Organic Compounds as Tracers . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 1821 – 1832 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. , Fraser , M. P. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 2002a . Source Reconciliation of Atmospheric Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Pollutants During a Severe Photochemical Smog Episode . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 3806 – 3814 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. , Kleeman , M. J. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 2002b . Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 4. C-1-C-27 Organic Compounds from Cooking with Seed Oils . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 567 – 575 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. , Kleeman , M. J. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 1999 . Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 1. C-1 Through C-29 Organic Compounds from Meat Charbroiling . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 1566 – 1577 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. , Rogge , W. F. , Hildemann , L. M. , Mazurek , M. A. and Cass , G. R. 1996 . Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter Using Organic Compounds as Tracers . Atmos. Environ. , 30 : 3837 – 3855 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. 1984 . Organic-Matter of the Troposphere. 3. Characterization and Sources of Petroleum and Pyrogenic Residues in Aerosols over the Western United-States . Atmos. Environ. , 18 : 51 – 67 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. 1985 . Application of Molecular Marker Analysis to Vehicular Exhaust for Source Reconciliations . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 22 : 203 – 233 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. 1999 . A Review of Biomarker Compounds as Source Indicators and Tracers for Air Pollution . Environ. Sci. Pollution Res. , 6 : 159 – 169 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. 2002 . Biomass Burning—A Review of Organic Tracers for Smoke from Incomplete Combustion . Appl. Geochem. , 17 : 129 – 162 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. and Mazurek , M. A. 1982 . Organic-Matter of the Troposphere. 2. Natural Background of Biogenic Lipid Matter in Aerosols over the Rural Western United-States . Atmos. Environ. , 16 : 2139 – 2159 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. , Schauer , J. J. , Nolte , C. G. , Oros , D. R. , Elias , V. O. , Fraser , M. P. , Rogge , W. F. and Cass , G. R. 1999 . Levoglucosan, A Tracer for Cellulose in Biomass Burning and Atmospheric Particles . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 173 – 182 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R. , Robinson , A. L. , Donahue , N. M. , Bernardo-Bricker , A. and Rogge , W. F. 2005a . Source Apportionment of Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles using the Chemical Mass Balance Model and Molecular Markers . Atmos. Environ. , Submitted[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R. , Donahue , N. M. , Bernardo-Bricker , A. , Rogge , W. F. and Robinson , A. L. 2005b . Source Apportionment of Primary Organic Aerosol in Pittsburgh, PA Using Organic Molecular Markers . Atmos. Environ. , Manuscript in preparation, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R. 2004 . Sampling, Analysis, and Source-Apportionment of Ambient Carbonaceous Aerosols , Ph.D Dissertation Pittsburgh, PA : Carnegie Mellon University .
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R. , Khlystov , A. Y. , Cabada , J. C. and Robinson , A. L. 2004 . Positive and Negative Artifacts in Particulate Organic Carbon Measurements with Denuded and Undenuded Sampler Configurations . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 ( S1 ) : 27 – 48 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahama , S. , Wittig , B. , Vayenas , D. , Davidson , C. and Pandis , S. N. 2004 . Modeling the Diurnal Variation of Nitrate During the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study . J. Geophys. Res.—Atmos. , 109 ( D16 ) Art. No. D16S06[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , W. , Raymond , T. , Wittig , B. , Davidson , C. I. , Pandis , S. N. , Robinson , A. L. and Crist , K. 2004 . Spatial Variations in PM2.5 During the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 ( S2 ) : 80 – 90 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpin , B. and Lim , H. 2001 . Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 35 : 602 – 610 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Energy . 2002 . Energy Information Administration . State Electricity Profiles , http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/pennsylvania.pdf. Accessed 2004[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1997a . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter—Final Rule, 40 CFR part 50 . Federal Register , 62 ( 138 ) : 38 651–38,760, July 18[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1997b . Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air EPA/625/R-96/010a. January 1997
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2002 . “ Toxics Release Inventory Explorer version 4.3 ” . http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer. Accessed 2004
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. G. , Fujita , E. M. , Chow , J. C. and Zielinska , B. 1998 . “ Northern Front Range Air Quality Study Final Report and Supplemental Volumes ” . http://www.nfraqs.colostate.edu/nfraqs/index2.html. Accessed 2006
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. , Chow , J. and Houck , J. 2001 . PM2.5 Chemical Source Profiles for Vehicle Exhaust, Vegetative Burning, Geological Material, and Coal Burning in Northwestern Colorado During 1995 . Chemosphere. , 43 : 1141 – 1151 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittig , A. E. , Anderson , N. J. , Khlystov , A. Y. , Pandis , S. N. , Davidson , C. I. and Robinson , A. L. 2004 . Pittsburgh Air Quality Study Overview . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 3107 – 3125 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , M. , Cass , G. R. , Shauer , J. J. and Edgerton , E. S. 2002 . Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States Using Solvent-Extractable Organic Compounds as Tracers . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 2361 – 2371 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , L. , Hopke , P. K. , Paatero , P. , Ondov , J. , Pekney , N. and Davidson , C. I. 2004 . Advanced Factor Analysis for Multiple Time Resolution Aerosol Composition Data . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 4909 – 4920 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar