Effect of Peak Inert-Mode Temperature on Elemental Carbon Measured Using Thermal-Optical Analysis

REFERENCES

• Birch , M. E. and Cary , R. A. 1996 . Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 25 ( 3 ) : 221 – 241 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , T. C. and Bergstrom , R. W. 2006 . Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 40 : 1 – 41 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cary , R. A. 2003 . Personal Communication
   Google Scholar
• Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Chen , L. W. A. , Arnott , W. P. and Moosmuller , H. 2004 . Equivalence of Elemental Carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with Different Temperature Protocols . Environ. Sci. Technol , 38 ( 16 ) : 4414 – 4422 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Crow , D. , Lowenthal , D. H. and Merrifield , T. 2001 . Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 34 ( 1 ) : 23 – 34 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Pritchett , L. C. , Pierson , W. R. , Frazier , C. A. and Purcell , R. G. 1993 . The DRI Thermal Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System—Description, Evaluation and Applications in United-States Air-Quality Studies . Atmos. Environ Part A—General Topics , 27 ( 8 ) : 1185 – 1201 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conny , J. M. , Klinedinst , D. B. , Wight , S. A. and Paulsen , J. L. 2003 . Optimizing Thermal-Optical Methods for Measuring Atmospheric Elemental (black) Carbon: A Response Surface Study . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 ( 9 ) : 703 – 723 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , K. A. , Malm , W. C. and Kreidenweis , S. M. 1999 . Effects of Mixing on Extinction by Carbonaceous Particles . J. Geophys. Res.—Atmospheres , 104 ( D13 ) : 15941 – 15954 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , K. 1990 . Particulate Carbon Speciation by MnO2 Oxidation . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 12 ( 1 ) : 122 – 127 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , K. , Chow , J. C. and Watson , J. G. 2002 . Evaluation of OC/EC Speciation by Thermal Manganese Dioxide Oxidation and the IMPROVE Method . J. Air & Waste Manag. Assoc. , 52 ( 11 ) : 1333 – 1341 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grieshop , A. P. , Lipsky , E. M. , Pekney , N. J. , Takahama , S. and Robinson , A. L. 2005 . Diesel and Gasoline Vehicle Gaseous and Fine Particle Emission Factors Measured in a Highway Tunnel: Effects of Fleet Composition and Season . Atmos. Environ. , in press[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Gundel , L. A. , Dod , R. L. , Rosen , H. and Novakov , T. 1984 . The Relationship Between Optical Attenuation and Black Carbon Concentration for Ambient and Source Particles . Sci. Total Environ , 36 ( JUN ) : 197 – 202 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntzicker , J. J. , Johnson , R. L. , Shah , J. J. and Cary , R. A. 1982 . “ Analysis of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Ambient Aerosols by a Thermal-Optical Method ” . In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle , Edited by: Wolff , G. T. and Klimisch , R. L. 79 – 88 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Kerminen , V. M. , Makela , T. E. , Ojanen , C. H. , Hillamo , R. E. , Vilhunen , J. K. , Rantanen , L. , Havers , N. , VonBohlen , A. and Klockow , D. 1997 . Characterization of the Particulate Phase in the Exhaust from a Diesel Car . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 ( 7 ) : 1883 – 1889 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liousse , C. , Cachier , H. and Jennings , S. G. 1993 . Optical and Thermal Measurements of Black Carbon Aerosol Content in Different Environments—Variation of the Specific Attenuation Cross-Section, Sigma (Sigma) . Atmos. Environ. Part A—General Topics , 27 ( 8 ) : 1203 – 1211 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malissa , H. , Puxbaum , H. and Pell , E. 1976 . Simultaneous Relative-Conductometric Determination of Carbon and Sulfur in Dusts . Fresenius Zeitschrift Fur Analytische Chemie (Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, and now Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry) , 282 ( 1 ) : 109 – 113 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm , W. C. , Sisler , J. F. , Huffman , D. , Eldred , R. A. and Cahill , T. A. 1994 . Spatial and Seasonal Trends in Particle Concentration and Optical Extinction in the United-States . J. Geophys. Res.—Atmospheres , 99 ( D1 ) : 1347 – 1370 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIOSH . 1999 . Elemental Carbon (Diesel Particulate) Method 5040. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/5040f3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Novakov , T. and Corrigan , C. E. 1995 . Thermal Characterization of Biomass Smoke Particles . Mikrochim Acta , 119 ( 1–2 ) : 157 – 166 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , M. R. and Richards , M. H. 2002 . Thermal-Optical-Transmittance Analysis for Organic, Elemental, Carbonate, Total Carbon, and OCX2 in PM2.5 by the EPA/NIOSH Method , Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology–2002 San Francisco : Air & Waste Management Association .
   Google Scholar
• Petzold , A. , Kopp , C. and Niessner , R. 1997 . The Dependence of the Specific Attenuation Cross-Section on Black Carbon Mass Fraction and Particle Size . Atmos. Environ. , 31 ( 5 ) : 661 – 672 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. , Kleeman , M. J. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R. T. 2001 . Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 3. C-1-C-29 Organic Compounds from Fireplace Combustion of Wood . Environ. Sci.Technol. , 35 ( 9 ) : 1716 – 1728 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , J. J. , Mader , B. T. , Deminter , J. T. , Heidemann , G. , Bae , M. S. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Flagan , R. C. , Cary , R. A. , Smith , D. , Huebert , B. J. , Bertram , T. , Howell , S. , Kline , J. T. , Quinn , P. , Bates , T. , Turpin , B. , Lim , H. J. , Yu , J. Z. , Yang , H. and Keywood , M. D. 2003 . ACE-Asia Intercomparison of a Thermal-Optical Method for the Determination of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 ( 5 ) : 993 – 1001 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid , H. , Laskus , L. , Abraham , H. J. , Baltensperger , U. , Lavanchy , V. , Bizjak , M. , Burba , P. , Cachier , H. , Crow , D. , Chow , J. , Gnauk , T. , Even , A. , ten Brink , H. M. , Giesen , K. P. , Hitzenberger , R. , Hueglin , E. , Maenhaut , W. , Pio , C. , Carvalho , A. , Putaud , J. P. , Toom-Sauntry , D. and Puxbaum , H. 2001 . Results of the “Carbon Conference” International Aerosol Carbon Round Robin Test Stage I . Atmos. Environ. , 35 ( 12 ) : 2111 – 2121 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit , B. R. T. , Schauer , J. J. , Nolte , C. G. , Oros , D. R. , Elias , V. O. , Fraser , M. P. , Rogge , W. F. and Cass , G. R. 1999 . Levoglucosan, a Tracer for Cellulose in Biomass Burning and Atmospheric Particles . Atmos. Environ. , 33 ( 1 ) : 173 – 182 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R. , Khlystov , A. Y. , Cabada , J. C. and Robinson , A. L. 2004 . Positive and Negative Artifacts in Particulate Organic Carbon Measurements with Denuded and Undenuded Sampler Configurations . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 ( S1 ) : 27 – 48 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpin , B. J. 1989 . Secondary Formation of Organic Aerosol: Investigation of the Diurnal Variations of Organic and Elemental Carbon , PhD Thesis Beaverton, Oregon, , USA : Environmental Science and Engineering, Oregon Graduate Center .
   Google Scholar
• Weingartner , E. , Saathoff , H. , Schnaiter , M. , Streit , N. , Bitnar , B. and Baltensperger , U. 2003 . Absorption of Light by Soot Particles: Determination of the Absorption Coefficient by Means of Aethalometers . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 ( 10 ) : 1445 – 1463 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittig , A. E. , Anderson , N. , Khlystov , A. Y. , Pandis , S. N. , Davidson , C. I. and Robinson , A. L. 2004 . Pittsburgh Air Quality Study Overview and Initial Scientific Findings . Atmos. Environ. , 38 ( 20 ) : 3107 – 3125 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , H. and Yu , J. Z. 2002 . Uncertainties in Charring Correction in the Analysis of Elemental and Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Particles by Thermal/Optical Methods . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 ( 23 ) : 5199 – 5204 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , J. Z. , Xu , J. H. and Yang , H. 2002 . Charring Characteristics of Atmospheric Organic Particulate Matter in Thermal Analysis . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 ( 4 ) : 754 – 761 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar