2,292
Views
73
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Using ATOFMS to Determine OC/EC Mass Fractions in Particles

&
Pages 585-594 | Received 24 Oct 2005, Accepted 31 Mar 2006, Published online: 01 Feb 2007

REFERENCES

  • Arhami , M. , Kuhn , T. , Fine , P. M. , Delfino , R. J. and Sioutas , C. 2006 . Effects of Sampling Artifacts and Operating Parameters on the Performance of a Semicontinuous Particulate Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon Monitor . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 945 – 954 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Beddows , D. C. S. , Donovan , R. J. , Harrison , R. M. , Heal , M. R. , Kinnersley , R. P. , King , M. D. , Nicholson , D. H. and Thompson , K. C. 2004 . Correlations in the Chemical Composition of Rural Background atmospheric aerosol in the UK Determined in Real Time Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry . J. Environ. Monitor. , 6 : 124 – 133 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Bhave , P. V. , Allen , J. O. , Morrical , B. D. , Fergenson , D. P. , Cass , G. R. and Prather , K. A. 2002 . A Field-Based Approach for Determining ATOFMS Instrument Sensitivities to Ammonium and Nitrate . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 4868 – 4879 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burtscher , H. , Kunzel , S. and Huglin , C. 1998 . Characterization of Particles in Combustion Engine Exhaust . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 389 – 396 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Choi , M. Y. , Mulholland , G. W. , Hamins , A. and Kashiwagi , T. 1995 . Comparisons of The Soot Volume Fraction Using Gravimetric and Light Extinction Techniques . Combustion and Flame , 102 : 161 – 169 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Chen , L. W. A. , Arnott , W. P. and Moosmuller , H. 2004 . Equivalence of Elemental Carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with Different Temperature Protocols . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 4414 – 4422 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Chen , L. W. A. , Paredes-Miranda , G. , Chang , M. C. O. , Trimble , D. , Fung , K. K. , Zhang , H. and Yu , J. Z. 2005a . Refining Temperature Measures in Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 5 : 2961 – 2972 . [CSA]
  • Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Crow , D. , Lowenthal , D. H. and Merrifield , T. 2001 . Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 34 : 23 – 34 . [CSA]
  • Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Louie , P. K. K. , Chen , L. W. A. and Sin , D. 2005b . Comparison of PM2.5 Carbon Measurement Methods in Hong Kong, China . Environ. Pollut. , 137 : 334 – 344 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • DeCarlo , P. , Slowik , J. , Worsnop , D. , Davidovits , P. and Jimenez , J. 2004 . Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 1185 – 1205 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Fergenson , D. P. , Song , X. H. , Ramadan , Z. , Allen , J. O. , Hughes , L. S. , Cass , G. R. , Hopke , P. K. and Prather , K. A. 2001 . Quantification of ATOFMS Data by Multivariate Methods . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 3535 – 3541 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Gard , E. , Mayer , J. E. , Morrical , B. D. , Dienes , T. , Fergenson , D. P. and Prather , K. A. 1997 . Real-Time Analysis of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Design and Performance of a Portable ATOFMS . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 4083 – 4091 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Gross , D. S. , Gaelli , M. E. , Silva , P. J. and Prather , K. A. 2000 . Relative Sensitivity Factors for Alkali Metal and Ammonium Cations in Single-Particle Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectra . Anal. Chem. , 72 : 416 – 422 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Guazzotti , S. A. , Coffee , K. R. and Prather , K. A. 2001a . Continuous Measurements of Size-Resolved Particle Chemistry during INDOEX-Intensive Field Phase 99 . J. Geophys. Res. [Atmospheres] , 106 : 28607 – 28627 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Guazzotti , S. A. , Whiteaker , J. R. , Suess , D. , Coffee , K. R. and Prather , K. A. 2001b . Real-Time Measurements of the Chemical Composition of Size-Resolved Particles during a Santa Ana Wind Episode, California USA . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 3229 – 3240 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Helsper , C. , Moelter , W. , Loeffler , F. , Wadenpohl , C. , Kaufmann , S. and Wenninger , G. 1993 . Investigations of A New Aerosol Generator for the Production of Carbon Aggregate Particles . Atmos. Environ. Part A: General Topics , 27A : 1271 – 1275 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Herner , J. D. , Aw , J. , Gao , O. , Chang , D. P. and Kleeman , M. J. 2005 . Size and Composition Distribution of Airborne Particulate Matter in Northern California: I—Particulates Mass, Carbon, and Water-Soluble Ions . J. Air & Waste Manag. Assoc. , 55 : 30 – 51 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Horvath , H. 1993 . Atmospheric Light-Absorption—A Review . Atmos. Environ. Part A-General Topics , 27 : 293 – 317 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Jacobson , M. Z. 2001 . Strong Radiative Heating Due to the Mixing State of Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols . Nature (London) , 409 : 695 – 697 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Jimenez , J. L. , Bahreini , R. , Cocker , D. R. , Zhuang , H. , Varutbangkul , V. , Flagan , R. C. , Seinfeld , J. H. , O'Dowd , C. D. and Hoffmann , T. 2003 . New Particle Formation from Photooxidation of Diiodomethane (CH2I2) (Art no 4318, 2003) . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres , vol 108 : 108 [CSA]
  • Kasper , G. 1982 . Dynamics and Measurement of Smokes.1. Size Characterization of Non-Spherical Particles . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 1 : 187 – 199 . [CSA]
  • Katrinak , K. A. , Rez , P. and Buseck , P. R. 1992 . Structural Variations in Individual Carbonaceous Particles from an Urban Aerosol . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 1967 – 1976 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Kirchner , U. , Vogt , R. , Natzeck , C. and Goschnick , J. 2003 . Single Particle MS, SNMS, SIMS, XPS, and FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Soot Particles during the AIDA Campaign . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1323 – 1346 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Kleeman , M. J. , Schauer , J. J. and Cass , G. R. 2000 . Size and Composition Distribution of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Motor Vehicles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 1132 – 1142 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Kwon , S.-B. , Lee , K. W. , Saito , K. , Shinozaki , O. and Seto , T. 2003 . Size-Dependent Volatility of Diesel Nanoparticles: Chassis Dynamometer Experiments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 1794 – 1802 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Lee , D. , Park , K. and Zachariah , M. R. 2005 . Determination of the Size Distribution of Polydisperse Nanoparticles with Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry: The Role of Ion Kinetic Energy . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 39 : 162 – 169 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Lim , H.-J. and Turpin , B. J. 2002 . Origins of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol in Atlanta: Results of Time-Resolved Measurements during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 4489 – 4496 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Liousse , C. , Devaux , C. , Dulac , F. and Cachier , H. 1995 . Aging of Savanna Biomass Burning Aerosols: Consequences on their Optical Properties . J. Atmos. Chem. , 22 : 1 – 17 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Liu , D. Y. , Wenzel , R. J. and Prather , K. A. 2003 . Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment: 1. Measurements . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres , : 108 [CSA]
  • Mader , B. T. and Pankow , J. F. 2002 . Study of the Effects of Particle-Phase Carbon on the Gas/Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere Using Controlled Field Experiments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 5218 – 5228 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • McLafferty , F. W. 1980 . Interpretation of Mass Spectra , 3rd ed. , Sausalito, CA : University Science Books .
  • Noble , C. A. and Prather , K. A. 1996 . Real-Time Measurement of Correlated Size and Composition Profiles of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 2667 – 2680 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Novakov , T. and Penner , J. E. 1993 . Large Contribution of Organic Aerosols to Cloud-Condensation-Nuclei Concentrations . Nature , 365 : 823 – 826 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Odum , J. R. , Jungkamp , T. P. W. , Griffin , R. J. , Flagan , R. C. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1997 . The Atmospheric Aerosol-Forming Potential of Whole Gasoline Vapor . Science , 276 : 96 – 99 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Park , K. , Cao , F. , Kittelson , D. B. and McMurry , P. H. 2003 . Relationship between Particle Mass and Mobility for Diesel Exhaust Particles . Environmental Science and Technology , 37 : 577 – 583 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Park , K. , Kittelson , D. and McMurry , P. 2004 . Structural Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particles Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Relationships to Particle Mass and Mobility . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 881 – 889 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Pastor , S. H. , Allen , J. O. , Hughes , L. S. , Bhave , P. , Cass , G. R. and Prather , K. A. 2003 . Ambient Single Particle Analysis in Riverside, California by Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry during the SCOS97-NARSTO . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : S239 – S258 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Penner , J. E. , Chuang , C. C. and Grant , K. 1998 . Climate Forcing by Carbonaceous and Sulfate Aerosols . Climate Dynamics , 14 : 839 – 851 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Prather , K. A. , Nordmeyer , T. and Salt , K. 1994 . Real-Time Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 66 : 1403 – 1407 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Rader , D. J. and McMurry , P. H. 1986 . Application of the Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to Studies of Droplet Growth or Evaporation . J. Aerosol Sci. , 17 : 771 – 787 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Reents , W. D. and Ge , Z. 2000 . Simultaneous Elemental Composition and Size Distributions of Submicron Particles in Real Time Using Laser Atomization/Ionization Mass Spectrometry . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 33 : 122 – 134 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Roth , C. , Ferron , G. A. , Karg , E. , Lentner , B. , Schumann , G. , Takenaka , S. and Heyder , J. 2004 . Generation of Ultrafine Particles by Spark Discharging . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 228 – 235 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Saathoff , H. , Naumann , K. H. , Schnaiter , M. , Schock , W. , Mohler , O. , Schurath , U. , Weingartner , E. , Gysel , M. and Baltensperger , U. 2003 . Coating of Soot and (NH4)2SO4 Particles by Ozonolysis Products of a-Pinene . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1297 – 1321 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Saxena , P. , Hildemann , L. M. , McMurry , P. H. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1995 . Organics Alter Hygroscopic Behavior of Atmospheric Particles . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres , 100 : 18755 – 18770 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Schauer , J. J. , Mader , B. T. , Deminter , J. T. , Heidemann , G. , Bae , M. S. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Flagan , R. C. , Cary , R. A. , Smith , D. , Huebert , B. J. , Bertram , T. , Howell , S. , Kline , J. T. , Quinn , P. , Bates , T. , Turpin , B. , Lim , H. J. , Yu , J. Z. , Yang , H. and Keywood , M. D. 2003 . ACE-Asia Intercomparison of a Thermal-Optical Method for the Determination of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 993 – 1001 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Schnaiter , M. , Horvath , H. , Mohler , O. , Naumann , K. H. , Saathoff , H. and Schock , O. W. 2003 . UV-VIS-NIR Spectral Optical Properties of Soot and Soot-Containing Aerosols . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1421 – 1444 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Shields , L. G. , Suess , D. T. and Prather , K. A. 2006 . Determination of Single Particle Mass Spectral Signatures from Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions for PM 2.5 Source Apportionment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , Submitted[CSA]
  • Slowik , J. , Stainken , K. , Davidovits , P. , Williams , L. , Jayne , J. , Kolb , C. , Worsnop , D. , Rudich , Y. , DeCarlo , P. and Jimenez , J. 2004 . Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 2: Application to Combustion-Generated Soot Aerosols as a Function of Fuel Equivalence Ratio . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 1206 – 1222 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Smith , G. D. , Woods , E. III , DeForest , C. L. , Baer , T. and Miller , R. E. 2002 . Reactive Uptake of Ozone by Oleic Acid Aerosol Particles: Application of Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry to Heterogeneous Reaction Kinetics . J. Phys. Chem. A , 106 : 8085 – 8095 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Sodeman , D. A. , Toner , S. M. and Prather , K. A. 2005 . Determination of Single Particle Mass Spectral Signatures from Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 4569 – 4580 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Su , Y. , Sipin , M. and Prather , K. A. 2002 . Aerosol Nucleation and Real time Characterization Experiment (ANARChE): Atlanta Georgia field measurements . manuscript in preparation , [CSA]
  • Su , Y. , Sipin , M. F. , Furutani , H. and Prather , K. A. 2004 . Development and Characterization of an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Increased Detection Efficiency . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 712 – 719 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Toner , S. M. , Shields , L. G. , Sodeman , D. A. and Prather , K. A. 2006a . Using Mass Spectral Source Signatures to Apportion Exhaust Particles from Gasoline and Diesel Powered Vehicles in a Freeway Study using ATOFMS . manuscript in preparation , [CSA]
  • Toner , S. M. , Sodeman , D. A. and Prather , K. A. 2006b . Single Particle Characterization of Ultrafine- and Fine-Mode Particles from Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles Using Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry . Environ. Sci. Technol. , in press[CSA]
  • Weingartner , E. , Burtscher , H. and Baltensperger , U. 1997 . Hygroscopic Properties of Carbon and Diesel Soot Particles . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 2311 – 2327 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wentzel , M. , Gorzawski , H. , Naumann , K. H. , Saathoff , H. and Weinbruch , S. 2003 . Transmission Electron Microscopical and Aerosol Dynamical Characterization of Soot Aerosols . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1347 – 1370 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wenzel , R. J. and Prather , K. A. 2004 . Improvements in Ion Signal Reproducibility Obtained Using a Homogeneous Laser Beam for On-Line Laser Desorption/Ionization of Single Particles . Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. , 18 : 1525 – 1533 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Whiteaker , J. R. , Suess , D. T. and Prather , K. A. 2002 . Effects of Meteorological Conditions on Aerosol Composition and Mixing State in Bakersfield, CA . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 2345 – 2353 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wiedensohler , A. 1988 . An Approximation of The Bipolar Charge-Distribution For Particles In The Sub-Micron Size Range . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 387 – 389 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Woods , E. III , Smith , G. D. , Dessiaterik , Y. , Baer , T. and Miller , R. E. 2001 . Quantitative Detection of Aromatic Compounds in Single Aerosol Particle Mass Spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 2317 – 2322 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Zheng , M. , Cass , G. R. , Schauer , J. J. and Edgerton , E. S. 2002 . Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States Using Solvent-Extractable Organic Compounds as Tracers . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 2361 – 2371 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Zuberi , B. , Johnson , K. S. , Aleks , G. K. , Molina , L. T. and Laskin , A. 2005 . Hydrophilic Properties of Aged Soot . Geophys. Res. Lett. , : 32 [CSA]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.