Reducing Multiple Charging of Submicron Aerosols in a Corona Diffusion Charger

REFERENCES

• Adachi , M. , Kousaka , Y. and Okuyama , K. 1985 . Unipolar and Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 16 : 109 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi , M. , Okuyama , K. , Kousaka , Y. and Kitada , N. 1986 . Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles by Bipolar Ions of Unequal Concentrations . J. Chem. Engineer. Japan , 19 : 214 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alguacil , F. J. and Alonso , M. 2006 . Multiple Charging of Ultrafine Particles in a Corona Charger . J. Aerosol Sci. , 37 : 875 – 884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso , M. , Kousaka , Y. , Nomura , T. , Hashimoto , N. and Hashimoto , T. 1997 . Bipolar Charging and Neutralization of Nanometer-sized Aerosol Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 28 : 1479 – 1490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso , M. , Hernández-Sierra , A. and Alguacil , F. J. 2002 . Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Nanoparticles with an Excess of Bipolar Ions . J. Physics A , 35 : 6271 – 6280 .
   Google Scholar
• Alonso , M. , Martin , M. I. and Alguacil , F. J. 2006 . The Measurement of Charging Efficiencies and Losses of Aerosol Nanoparticles in a Corona Charger . J. Electrostatics , 64 : 203 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird , R. B. , Stewart , W. E. and Lightfoot , E. N. 1994 . Transport Phenomena , John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Biskos , G. , Reavell , K. and Collings , N. 2005a . Description and Theoretical Analysis of a Differential Mobility Spectrometer . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 39 : 527 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biskos , G. , Reavell , K. and Collings , N. 2005b . Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles in the Transition Regime . J. Aerosol Sci. , 36 : 247 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biskos , G. , Reavell , K. and Collings , N. 2005c . Electrostatic Characterisation of Corona-wire Aerosol Chargers . J. Electrostatics , 63 : 69 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisdron , K. and Brock , J. R. 1970 . On the Stochastic Nature of the Acquisition of Electrical Charge and Radioactivity by Aerosol Particles . Atmos. Environ. , 4 : 35 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büscher , P. , Schmidt-Ott , A. and Wiedensohler , A. 1994 . Performance of a Unipolar ‘Square Wave’ Diffusion Charger with Variable Nt-Product . J. Aerosol Sci. , 25 : 651 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison , W. and Gentry , J. W. 1985 . Differences in Diffusion Charging of Dielectric and Conducting Ultrafine Aerosols . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 4 : 157 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , N. A. 1963 . On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere . Geofisica Pura e Applicata , 56 : 185 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoppel , W. A. and Frick , G. M. 1986 . Ion-Aerosol Attachment Coefficients and the Steady-state Charge Distribution on Aerosols in a Bipolar Ion Environment . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 5 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppel , W. A. and Frick , G. M. 1990 . The Nonequilibrium Character of the Aerosol Charge Distributions Produced by Neutralizers . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 12 : 471 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussin , A. , Scheibel , H. G. , Becker , K. H. and Porstendörfer , J. 1983 . Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles—I: Experimental Results within the Diameter Range 4–30 nm . J. Aerosol Sci. , 14 : 671 – 677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , B. Y. H. and Pui , D. Y. H. 1975 . On the Performance of the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer . J. Aerosol Sci. , 6 : 249 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Marquard , A. , Meyer , J. and Kasper , G. 2006 . Characterization of Unipolar Electrical Aerosol Chargers—Part I: A Review of Charger Performance Criteria . J. Aerosol Sci. , 37 : 1052 – 1068 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohnen , V. A. Formation, Nature, and Mobility of Ions of Atmospheric Importance . Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity . pp. 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , K. R. 1996 . Applied Electrostatic Precipitation , Norwell , MA : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Pui , D. Y. H. , Fruin , S. and McMurry , P. H. 1988 . Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosols . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 8 : 173 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischl , G. P. , Makehi , J. M. , Karch , R. and Necid , J. 1996 . Bipolar Charging of Ultrafine Particles in the Size Range Below 10 nm . J. Aerosol Sci. , 27 : 931 – 949 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romay , F. and Pui , D. 1992 . Free Electron Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 23 : 679 – 692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivas , M. M. , Hontañón , E. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 2007 . Design and Evaluation of a Low-Level (0.24 μ Ci) Radioactive Aerosol Charger based on 241Am . J. Aerosol Sci. , in press, doi 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohra , K. G. , Subbaramu , M. C. and Vaseduvam , K. N. 1969 . Nucleation of Water Cluster Ions , Bombay : Tech. rep., Bhabba Atomic Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Wen , H. Y. , Reischl , G. P. and Kasper , G. 1984 . Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Fibrous Aerosol Particles—Part 1: Charging Theory . J. Aerosol Sci. , 15 : 89 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , H. J. 1963 . Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation , Boston : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Wiedensohler , A. 1988 . An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 387 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedensohler , A. and Fissan , H. 1991 . Bipolar Charge Distributions of Aerosol Particles in High-Purity Argon and Nitrogen . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 14 : 358 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedensohler , A. , Lotkemeier , E. , Feldpausch , M. and Helsper , C. 1986 . Investigation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution at Various Gas Conditions . J. Aerosol Sci. , 17 : 413 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar