Skylight Color Shifts due to Variations of Urban-Industrial Aerosol Properties: Observer Color Difference Sensitivity Compared to a Digital Camera

REFERENCES

• Adams , C. N. , Plass , G. N. and Kattawar , G. W. 1974 . The Influence of Ozone and Aerosols on the Brightness and Color of the Twilight Sky . J. Atmos. Sci. , 31 : 1662 – 1674 .
   Google Scholar
• Bäumer , D. , Versick , S. and Vogel , B. 2007 . Determination of the Visibility Using a Digital Panorama Camera . Atmos. Environ. , Doi: 10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2007.06.24
   Google Scholar
• Berk , A. , Anderson , G. P. , Acharya , P. K. , Hoke , M. L. , Chetwynd , J. H. , Bernstein , L. S. , Shettle , E. P. , Matthew , M. W. and Adler-Golden , S. M. 2003 . Modtran4 Version 3 Revision 1 User's Manual , Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate .
   Google Scholar
• Bodrogi , P. and Tarczali , T. 2001 . Colour Memory for Various Sky, Skin and Plant Colours: Effect of the Image Context . Col. Res. Appl. , 26 ( 4 ) : 278 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent , A. D. 2008 . Calculation from the Original Experimental Data of the Cie 1931 RGB Standard Observer Spectral Chromaticity Co-Ordinates and Color Matching Functions , Munsell Color Science Laboratory . Available from: www.Cis.Rit.Edu/Mcsl/Research/1931.Php
   Google Scholar
• Cie . 1995 . Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation Cie Publication 116–1995
   Google Scholar
• Dave , J. V. 1978 . Extensive Datasets of the Diffuse Radiation in Realistic Atmospheric Models With Aerosols and Common Absorbing Gases . Solar Energy , 21 : 361 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dave , J. V. 1980 . Simulation Colorimetry of the Earth–Atmosphere System . Remote Sens. Environ. , 9 : 301 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Dave , J. V. 1981 . Transfer of Visible Radiation in the Atmosphere . Atmos. Environ. , 15 ( 10/11 ) : 1805 – 1820 .
   Google Scholar
• Dave , J. V. and Mateer , C. L. 1968 . The Effect of Stratospheric Dust on the Color of the Twilight Sky . J. Geophys. Res. , 73 : 6895 – 6913 .
   Google Scholar
• Dogras , C. K. , Ioannidou , M. P. and Crissoulidis , D. P. 2004 . Analytical Study of the Changes in the Color of Daylight Due to Sulfate Droplets and Soot Grains in the Atmosphere . Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer , 84 : 223 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Du , K. , Rood , M. J. , Kim , B. J. , Kemme , M. R. , Franek , B. and Mattison , K. 2007 . Quantification of Plume Opacity by Digital Photography . Environ. Sci. Technol , 41 : 928 – 935 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubovik , O. , Holben , B. , Eck , T. F. , Smirnov , A. , Kaufman , Y. J. , King , M. D. , Tanré , D. and Slutsker , I. 2002 . Variability of Absorption and Optical Properties of Key Aerosol Types Observed in Worldwide Locations . J. Atm. Sci. , 59 : 590 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubovik , O. and King , M. D. 2000 . A Flexible Inversion Algorithm for Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Properties from Sun and Sky Radiance Measurements . J. Geophys. Res.—Atm. , 105 : 20673 – 20696 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman Kodak Co . 2003 . Kaf-5101ce Image Sensor Available from: http://www.Kodak.Com/Global/En/Digital/Ccd/ Device Performance Specification
   Google Scholar
• Eck , T. F. , Holben , B. N. , Dubovik , O. , Smirnov , A. , Slutsker , I. , Lobert , J. M. and Ramanathan , V. 2001 . Column Integrated Aerosol Optical Properties Over Maldives During Ne Monsoon for 1998–2000 . J. Geophys. Res. , 106 : 28 555 – 28 566 .
   Google Scholar
• Eldering , A. , Hall , J. R. , Hussay , K. J. and Cass , G. R. 1996 . Visibility Model Based on Satellite-Generated Landscape Data . Environ. Sci. Technol , 30 ( 2 ) : 361 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Eldering , A. , Larson , S. M. , Hall , J. R. , Hussay , K. J. and Cass , G. R. 1993 . Development of an Improved Image Processing Based Visibility Model . Environ. Sci. Technol , 27 : 626 – 635 .
   Google Scholar
• EPA . 1979 . Protecting Visibility: An Epa Report to Congress , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Available using http://Vista.Cira.Colostate.Edu/Improve/Publications/Principle/Epa_Report/Epa_Report.Htm
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson , G. D. and Drew , M. S. 1997 . Constrained Least-Squares Regression in Color Spaces . J. Electronic Imaging , 6 ( 4 ) : 484 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Haber , J. , Magnor , M. and Seidel , H. P. 2005 . Physically-Based Simulation of Twilight Phenomena . ACM Transactions on Graphics , 24 ( 4 ) : 1353 – 1373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haralabidis , P. E. and Pilinis , C. 2005 . Linear Color Camera Model for a Skylight Colorimeter With Emphasis on the Imaging Pipeline Noise Performance . J. Electron. Imaging , 14 ( 4 ) Art. No. 043005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry , R. C. 2002 . Just-Noticeable Differences in Atmospheric Haze . J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc , 52 : 1238 – 1243 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernández-Andrès , J. , Lee , R. L. and Romero , J. 1999 . Calculating Correlated Color Temperatures Across the Entire Gamut of Daylight and Skylight Chromaticities . Appl. Opt. , 38 ( 27 ) : 5703 – 5709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Andrès , J. , Lee , R. L. and Romero , J. 2003 . Color and Luminance Asymmetries in the Clear Sky . Appl. Opt. , 42 ( 3 ) : 458 – 464 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernández-Andrès , J. and Romero , J. 2001 . Colorimetric and Spectroradiometric Characteristics of Narrow-Field-of-View Clear Skylight in Granada, Spain . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 18 ( 2 ) : 412 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Holben , B. N. , Eck , T. F. , Slutsker , I. , Tanré , D. , Buis , J. P. , Setzer , A. , Vermote , E. , Reagan , J. A. , Kaufman , Y. J. , Nakajima , T. , Lavenu , F. , Jankowiak , I. and Smirnov , A. 1998 . Aeronet—A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization . Remote Sens. Environ. , 66 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackèl , D. and Walter , B. 1997 . Modeling and Rendering of the Atmosphere Using Mie-Scattering . Compute Graphics Forum , 16 : 201 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , S. M. , Cass , G. R. , Hussay , J. H. and Luce , F. 1988 . Verification of Image Processing Based Visibility Models . Environ. Sci. Technol , 22 ( 6 ) : 629 – 637 .
   Google Scholar
• Latimer , D. A. , Hogo , H. and Daniel , T. C. 1981 . The Effects of Atmospheric Optical Conditions on Perceived Scenic Beauty . Atmos. Environ. , 15 ( 10/11 ) : 1865 – 1874 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , R. L. Jr. 1994 . Twilight and Daytime Colors of the Clear Sky . Appl. Opt. , 33 ( 21 ) : 4629 – 4638 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , R. L. Jr. and Hernández-Andrès , J. 2003 . Measuring and Modeling Twilight's Purple Light . Appl. Opt. , 42 ( 21 ) : 445 – 457 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lòpez-Álvarez , M. A. , Hernández-Andrès , J. , Romero , J. and Lee , R. L. Jr. 2005 . Designing a Practical System for Spectral Imaging of Skylight . Appl. Opt. , 44 ( 27 ) : 5688 – 5695 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo , C. H. , Wen , C. Y. , Yuan , C. S. , Liaw , J. J. , Lo , C. C. and Chiu , S. H. 2005 . Investigation of Urban Atmospheric Visibility By High-Frequency Extraction: Model Development and Field Test . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 2545 – 2552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macadam , D. L. 1981 . Perceptual Significance of Colorimetric Data for Colors of Plumes and Haze . Atmos. Environ. , 15 ( 10 ) : 1797 – 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahy , M. , Eyckden , L. V. and Oosterlinck , A. 1994 . Evaluation of Uniform Color Spaces Developed After the Adoption of the Cielab and Cieluv . Color Res. Appl. , 19 ( 2 ) : 105 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm , E. C. , Molenar , J. V. and Chan , L. Y. 1983 . Photographic Simulation Techniques for Visualizing the Effect of Uniform Haze on a Scenic Resource . J. Apca , 33 : 126 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel , J. 1984 . The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data , 72 New York : Dover Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Molenar , J. V. , Malm , W. C. and Johnson , C. E. 1994 . Visual Air Quality Simulation Techniques . Atmos. Environ , 28 ( 5 ) : 1055 – 1063 .
   Google Scholar
• Molnár , A. and Mészáros , E. 2001 . On the Relation Between the Size and Chemical Composition of Aerosol Particles and their Optical Properties . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 5053 – 5058 .
   Google Scholar
• Pilinis , C. and Li , X. 1988 . Particle Shape and Internal Inhomogeneity Effects on the Optical Properties of Tropospheric Aerosols of Relevance to Climate Forcing . J. Geophys. Res. , 103 : 3789 – 3800 .
   Google Scholar
• Pilinis , C. and Pandis , S. N. 1995 . “ Physical Chemical and Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols ” . In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry: Airborne Particulate Matter , Edited by: Kouimtzis , T. and Samara , C. 99 – 124 . Springer . 4(D)
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford , M. L. and Malm , W. C. 1994 . Development and Applications of a Standard Visual Index . Atmos. Environ. , 28 ( 5 ) : 1049 – 1054 .
   Google Scholar
• Pratt , W. K. 1978 . Digital Image Processing , 35 72 New York : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Remer , L. A. , Gassò , S. , Hegg , D. A. , Kaufman , Y. J. and Holben , B. N. 1997 . Urban/Industrial Aerosol: Ground-Based Sun/Sky Radiometer and Airborne In Situ Measurements . J. Geophys. Res.—Atmos , 102 ( D14 ) : 16849 – 16859 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , L. W. , Stoelting , M. and Hammarstrand , R. G. M. 1989 . Photographic Method for Visibility Monitoring . Environ. Sci. Technol , 23 : 182 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld , J. H. and Pandis , S. N. 1999 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from Air Pollution to Climate Change , 507 – 518 . 1118 1124 1127 1132 New York : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , G. 2003 . Digital Color Imaging , 5 7 15 17 – 20 . 30 33 Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sloup , J. A Survey of the Modeling and Rendering of the Earth's Atmosphere . Proceedings of the 18th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics . pp. 141 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Trijonis , J. C. , Malm , W. C. , Pitchford , M. , White , W. H. , Charison , R. and Husar , R. 1990 . Visibility: Existing and Historical Conditions—Causes and Effects . Napap Report , 24 ( Iii ) : 24/31 Available using http://Vista.Cira.Colostate.Edu/Improve/Publications/Publications.Htm
   Google Scholar
• Tsay , S. C. , Stephens , G. L. and Greenwald , T. J. 1991 . An Investigation of Aerosol Microstructure on Visual Air Quality . Atmos. Environ. , 25a ( 5/6 ) : 1039 – 1053 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. G. 2002 . Visibility: Science and Regulation . J. Airwaste Manag. Assoc , 52 : 628 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyszecki , G. and Stiles , W. S. 1982 . Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, , 2nd Ed. , 486 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar