Airborne Phase Doppler Interferometry for Cloud Microphysical Measurements

REFERENCES

• Albrecht , H.-E. , Damaschke , N. , Borys , M. and Tropea , C. 2003 . Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Measurement Techniques , 750 Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Andrejczuk , M. , Grabowski , W. W. , Malinowski , S. P. and Smolarkiewicz , P. K. 2006 . Numerical Simulation of Cloud-Clear Air Interfacial Mixing: Effects on Cloud Microphysics . J. Atmos. Sci. , 63 : 3204 – 3225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Araujo Coelho , A. , Brenguier , J.-L. and Perrin , T. 2005 . Droplet Spectra Measurements with the FSSP-100. Part 1: Coincidence Effects . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 22 : 1756 – 1761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachalo , W. D. 1980 . A Method for Measuring the Size and Velocity of Spheres By Dual Beam Light Scatter Interferometry . Applied Optics , 19 ( 3 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachalo , W. D. 1994 . The Phase Doppler Method: Analysis, Performance Evaluations, and Applications . Part. Part. Syst. Charact. , 11 : 73 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachalo , W. D. Measurement Techniques for Turbulent Two-Phase Flow Research . Presented International Symposium on Multiphase Fluid, Non-Newtonian Fluid and Physicochemical Fluid Flows (ISMNP) . October 7–9 1997 , Beijing, China.
   Google Scholar
• Bachalo , W. D. and Houser , M. J. 1984 . Phase Doppler Spray Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurements of Drop Size and Velocity Distributions . Optical Engineering , 23 ( 5 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachalo , W. D. and Sankar , S. V. 1996 . “ Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer ” . In The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics , Edited by: Johnson , R. W. 37.1 – 37.19 . Idaho Falls : CRC .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , L. H. , Nobach , H. and Tropea , C. 2000 . Estimation of Turbulent Velocity Spectra From Laser Doppler Data . Meas. Sci. Technol , 11 : 1089 – 1104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenguier , J.-L. , Bourrianne , T. , De Araujo Coelho , A. , Isbert , J. , Peytavi , R. , Trevarin , D. and Weschler , P. 1998 . Improvements of Droplet Size Distribution Measurements with the Fast-FSSP (Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe) . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 15 : 1077 – 1090 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , W. A. 1988 . Effects of Coincidence on Measurements with a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 5 : 823 – 832 .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , P. A. 2004 . Turbulence: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers , 678 New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , E. J. and Schweiger , G. 2002 . The Airborne Microparticle: Its Physics, Chemistry, Optics and Transport Phenomena , 833 Heidelberg : Springer Verlag . Sec. 4.7.6
   Google Scholar
• Gerber , H. 1991 . Direct Measurement of Suspended Particulate Volume Concentration and Far-Infrared Extinction Coefficient with a Laser Diffraction Instrument . Appl. Opt. , 30 : 4824 – 4831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber , H. , Arends , B. G. and Ackerman , A. S. 1994 . New Microphysics Sensor for Aircraft Use . Atmos. Res. , 31 : 235 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber , H. , Frick , G. and Rodi , A. R. 1999 . Ground-Based FSSP and PVM Measurements of Liquid Water Content . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 16 : 1143 – 1149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glantz , P. , Noone , K. J. and Osborne , S. R. 2003 . Comparisons of Airborne CVI and FSSP Measurements of Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 20 : 133 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundu , P. K. and Cohen , I. M. 2004 . Fluid Mechanics, , Third Edition , San Diego, CA : Elsevier Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , R. P. , O'Connor , D. , Amarzly , P. , Weaver , K. , Baker , B. , Mo , Q. and Jonsson , H . 2006 . The 2D-S (Stereo) Probe: Design and Preliminary Tests of a New Airborne, High-Speed, High-Resolution Particle Imaging Probe . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 23 : 1462 – 1477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , M.-L. , Conant , W. C. , Jonsson , H. H. , Varutbangkul , V. , Flagan , R. C. and Seinfeld , J. H. 2007 . The Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE): Aerosol-Cloud Relationships in Marine Stratocumulus . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 D10209, Doi: 10.1029/2006JD007985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruppacher , H. R. and Klett , J. D. 1997 . Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation , Dordrecht, , The Netherlands : Reidel .
   Google Scholar
• Sankar , S. V. and Bachalo , W. D. 1991 . Response Characteristics of the Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer for Sizing Spherical Particles Larger Than the Light Wavelength . Applied Optics , 30 ( 12 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saw , E. W. , Shaw , R. A. , Ayyalasomayajula , S. , Chuang , P. Y. and Gylfason , A. 2007 . Inertial Clustering of Particles in High-Reynolds-Number Turbulence . Physical Review Letters , in Review
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , S. , Lehmann , K. and Wendisch , M. 2004 . Minimizing Instrumental Broadening of the Drop Size Distribution with the M-Fast-FSSP . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 21 : 1855 – 1867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , J. M. and Hendricks , C. D. 1964 . Source of Uniform-Sized Liquid Droplets . Rev. Sci. Instru. , 35 : 1349 – 1350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , R. A. 2003 . Particle-Turbulence Interactions in Atmospheric Clouds . Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 35 : 183 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , H. and Teichmann , U. 2000 . Behaviour of an Ultrasonic Anemometer Under Cloudy Conditions . Bound.-Lay. Meteor , 94 : 165 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , H. , Lehmann , K. and Wendisch , M. 2006a . Observations of Small-Scale Turbulence and Energy Dissipation Rates in the Cloud Boundary Layer . J. Atmos. Sci. , 63 : 1451 – 1466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , H. , Franke , H. , Lehmann , K. , Maser , R. , Saw , E. W. , Schell , D. , Shaw , R. A. and Wendisch , M. 2006 . Probing Fine-Scale Dynamics and Microphysics of Clouds with Helicopter-Borne Measurements . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 87 : 1727 – 1738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , H. , Lehmann , K. and Shaw , R. A. 2007 . on the Use of Hot-Wire Anemometers for Turbulence Measurements in Clouds . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol , 24 : 980 – 993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt , P. A. and Yau , M. K. 2000 . Review of Particle-Turbulence Interactions and Consequences for Cloud Physics . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 81 : 285 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendisch , M. , Keil , A. and Korolev , A. V. 1996 . FSSP Characterization with Monodisperse Water Droplets . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 13 : 1152 – 1165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendisch , M. , Garrett , T. J. and Strapp , J. W. 2002 . Wind Tunnel Tests of the Airborne PVM-100A Response to Large Droplets . J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. , 19 : 1577 – 1584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar