Inactivation of Aerosolized Viruses in Continuous Air Flow with Axial Heating

REFERENCES

• Balazy , A. , Toivola , M. , Adhikari , A. , Sivasubramani , S. K. , Reponen , T. and Grinshpun , S. A. 2006 . Do N95 Respirators Provide 95% Protection Level Against Airborne Viruses and How Adequate are Surgical Masks? . Amer. J. Infect. Control , 34 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin , S. and Belluck , D. 2001 . A Practical Guide to Understanding, Managing, and Reviewing Environmental Risk Assessment Reports , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , T. D. , Madigan , M. T. , Markinko , J. M. and Parker , J. 1994 . Biology of Microorganisms, , 7th ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Curtiss , L. K. and Krueger , R. G. 1974 . Localization of Coliphage MS2 A-protein . J. Virol. , 14 : 503 – 508 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jong , J. C. , Harmsen , M. and Trouwborst , T. 1975 . Factors in the Inactivation of Encephalomyocarditis Virus in Aerosols . Infect. Immun. , 12 : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubovi , E. J. and Akers , T. G. 1970 . Airborne Stability of Tailless Bacterial Viruses S–13 and MS–2 . Appl. Microbiol. , 19 : 624 – 628 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eninger , R. , Hogan , C. J. , Biswas , P. , Adhikari , A. , Reponen , T. and Grinshpun , S. A. 2009 . Electrospray Versus Nebulization for Aerosolization and Filter Testing with Virus Particles . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 43 : 298 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinshpun , S. A. , Adhikari , A. , Honda , T. , Kim , K. Y. , Toivola , M. , Rao , R. K. S. and Reponen , T. 2007 . Control of Aerosol Contaminants in Indoor Air: Combining the Particle Concentration Reduction with Microbial Inactivation . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 41 : 606 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinshpun , S. A. , Adhikari , A. , Li , C. , Reponen , T. , Yermakov , M. , Schoenitz , M. , Dreizin , E. , Trunov , M. and Mohan , S. 2010 . Thermal Inactivation of Airborne Viable Bacillus Subtilis Spores by a Short-Term Exposure in Axially Heated Air Flow . J. Aerosol Sci. , 41 : 352 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havelaar , A. H. , van Olphen , M. and Drost , Y. C. 1993 . F-specific RNA Bacteriophages are Adequate Model Organisms for Enteric Viruses in Fresh Water . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 2956 – 2962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich , J. , Hölscher , B. , Douwes , J. , Richter , K. , Koch , A. , Bischof , W. , Fahlbusch , B. , Kinne , R. W. and Wichmann , H. E. 2003 . INGA Study Group, Reproducibility of Allergen, Endotoxin and Fungi Measurements in the Indoor Environment . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 13 : 152 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiatt , C. W. 1964 . Kinetics of the Inactivation of Viruses . Bacteriol. Rev. , 28 : 150 – 163 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan , C. J. , Kettleson , E. M. , Lee , M.-H. , Ramaswami , B. , Angenent , L. T. and Biswas , P. 2005 . Sampling Methodologies and Dosage Assessment Techniques for Submicrometre and Ultrafine Virus Aerosol Particles . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 99 : 1422 – 1434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman , J. P. 2002 . Heat Transfer, , 9th ed. , Boston : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . Water Quality—Detection and Enumeration of Bacteriophages—Part 2: Enumeration of Somatic Coliphages ISO—International Organization for Standardization 10705–2:2000
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , H. R. , Hooker , J. M. , Francis , M. B. and Clark , D. S. 2007 . Solubilization and Stabilization of Bacteriophage MS2 in Organic Solvents . Biotechnol. Bioengin. , 97 : 224 – 234 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , M. V. , Bellamy , K. , Alcock , R. and Hudson , R. 1991 . The Use of Bacteriophage MS2 as a Model System to Evaluate Virucidal Hand Disinfectants . J. Hosp. Infect. , 17 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , J. H. , Lee , E. L. and Kim , S. S. 2009a . Thermal Effects on Bacterial Bioaerosols in Continuous Air Flow . Sci. Total Environ. , 407 : 4723 – 4730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , J. H. , Lee , J. E. , Lee , C. H. , Kim , S. S. and Lee , B. U. 2009b . Treatment of Fungal Bioaerosols by a High-Temperature, Short-Time Process in a Continuous Flow System . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 75 : 2742 – 2749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. H. and Lee , B. U. 2006 . Inactivation of Airborne E. coli B. subtilis Bioaerosols Utilizing Thermal Energy . J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 16 : 1684 – 1689 .
   Google Scholar
• McBean , E. A. and Rovers , F. A. 1998 . Statistical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data and Risk Assessment , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Mullican , C. L. , Buchanan , L. M. and Hoffman , R. K. 1971 . Thermal Inactivation of Aerosolized Bacillus subtilis var. niger Spores . Appl. Microbiol. , 22 : 557 – 559 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson , W. L. , Munakata , N. , Horneck , G. , Melosh , H. J. and Setlow , P. 2000 . Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments . Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. , 64 : 548 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northrop , J. and Slepecky , R. A. 1967 . Sporulation Mutations Induced by Heat in Bacillus subtilis. . Science , 155 : 838 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan , R. , Bradley , R. and Paranchych , W. 1973 . Controlled Alterations in the Physical and Biological Properties of R17 Bacteriophage Induced by Gunaidine Hydrochloride . Virology , 54 : 476 – 494 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rengasamy , S. , Fisher , E. and Shaffer , R. E. 2010 . Evaluation of the Survivability of MS2 Viral Aerosols Deposited on Filtering Face Piece Respirator Samples Incorporating Antimicrobial Technologies . Amer. J. Infect. Control , 38 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemenschneider , L. , Woo , M.-H. , Wu , C.-Y. , Lundgren , D. , Wander , J. , Lee , J.-H. , Li , H.-W. and Heimbuch , B. 2010 . Characterization of Reaerosolization from Impingers in an Effort to Improve Airborne Virus Sampling . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 108 : 315 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setlow , P. 1995 . Mechanisms for the Prevention of Damage to the DNA in Spores of Bacillus Species . Annual Rev. Microbiol. , 49 : 29 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setlow , B. and Setlow , P. 1995 . Small, Acid-Soluble Proteins Bound to DNA Protect Bacillus subtilis Spores from Killing by Dry Heat . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 61 : 2787 – 2790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonehouse , N. J. and Stockley , P. G. 1993 . Effects of Amino Acid Substitution on the Thermal Stability of MS2 Capsids Lacking Genomic RNA . FEBS Lett. , 334 : 355 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumbo , C. R. 1973 . Thermobacteriology in Food Processing , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , L. C. 1992 . Heat Transfer, , 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Tseng , C.-C. and Li , C.-S. 2005 . Collection Efficiencies of Aerosol Samplers for Virus-Containing Aerosols . J. Aerosol Sci , 36 : 593 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verreault , D. , Moineau , S. and Duchaine , C. 2008 . Methods for Sampling of Airborne Viruses . Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. , 72 : 413 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayman , C. , Gordon , E. and King , J. 1999 . The Method Detection Limit and Practical Quantitation Level: Their Derivations and Regulatory Implications Proceedings of Waste Management Conference (WM1999, Tucson, AZ, February 28–March 4, 1999)
   Google Scholar