3,393
Views
137
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Electrical Mobility Spectrometer Using a Diethylene Glycol Condensation Particle Counter for Measurement of Aerosol Size Distributions Down to 1 nm

, , , &
Pages 510-521 | Received 22 Jul 2010, Accepted 12 Sep 2010, Published online: 18 Jan 2011

REFERENCES

  • Chang , L. S. , Schwartz , S. E. , McGraw , R. and Lewis , E. R. 2009 . Sensitivity of Aerosol Properties to New Particle Formation Mechanism and to Primary Emissions in a Continental-Scale Chemical Transport Model . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 114 : D07203
  • Chen , D.-R. and Pui , D. Y. H. 1999 . A High Efficiency, High Throughput Unipolar Aerosol Charger for Nanoparticles . J. Nanoparticle Res. , 1 : 115 – 126 .
  • Chen , D. R. , Pui , D. Y. H. , Hummes , D. , Fissan , H. , Quant , F. R. and Sem , G. J. 1998 . Design and Evaluation of a Nanometer Aerosol Differential Mobility Analyzer (Nano-DMA) . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 497 – 509 .
  • Docherty , K. S. and Ziemann , P. J. 2006 . Reaction of Oleic Acid Particles with NO3 Radicals: Products, Mechanism, and Implications for Radical-Initiated Organic Aerosol Oxidation . J. Phys. Chem. A. , 110 : 3567 – 3577 .
  • Eisele , F. L. , Lovejoy , E. R. , Kosciuch , E. , Moore , K. F. , Mauldin , R. L. , Smith , J. N. , McMurry , P. H. and Iida , K. 2006 . Negative Atmospheric Ions and Their Potential Role in Ion-Induced Nucleation . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 111 : D04305
  • Fernández de la Mora , J. 2011 . “ Sub-3 nm Aerosol Measurement with DMAs and CNCs ” . In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications , Edited by: Kulkarni , P. , Baron , P. A. and Willeke , K. 697 – 722 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Fernández de la Mora , J. , de Juan , L. , Eichler , T. and Rosell , J. 1998 . Differential Mobility Analysis of Molecular Ions and Nanometer Particles . Trac-Trends in Anal. Chem. , 17 : 328 – 339 .
  • Fletcher , N. H. 1958 . Size Effect in Heterogeneous Nucleation . J. Chem. Phys. , 29 : 572 – 576 .
  • Fuchs , N. A. 1963 . On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere . Geofis. Pura. Appl. , 56 : 185 – 193 .
  • Gamero-Castano , M. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2000 . A Condensation Nucleus Counter (CNC) Sensitive to Singly Charged Sub-Nanometer Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 31 : 757 – 772 .
  • Gamero-Castano , M. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2002 . Ion-Induced Nucleation: Measurement of the Effect of Embryo's Size and Charge State on the Critical Supersaturation . J. Chem. Phys. , 117 : 3345 – 3353 .
  • Hagen , D. E. and Alofs , D. J. 1983 . Linear Inversion Method to Obtain Aerosol Size Distributions from Measurements with a Differential Mobility Analyzer . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 2 : 465 – 475 .
  • Hanson , D. R. 2005 . Mass Accommodation of H2SO4 and CH3SO3H on Water-Sulfuric Acid Solutions from 6% to 97% RH . J. Phys. Chem. A. , 109 : 6919 – 6927 .
  • Herrmann , W. , Eichler , T. , Bernardo , N. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2000 . “ Turbulent Transition Arises at Reynolds Number 35,000 in a Short Vienna Type DMA with a Large Laminarization Inlet ” . In AAAR Annual Conference St. Louis, , Missouri, USA
  • Hoppel , W. A. and Frick , G. M. 1986 . Ion-Aerosol Attachment Coefficients and the Steady-State Charge Distribution on Aerosols in a Bipolar Ion Environment . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 5 : 1 – 21 .
  • Iida , K. , Stolzenburg , M. , McMurry , P. , Dunn , M. J. , Smith , J. N. , Eisele , F. and Keady , P. 2006 . Contribution of Ion-Induced Nucleation to New Particle Formation: Methodology and Its Application to Atmospheric Observations in Boulder, Colorado . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 111 : D23201
  • Iida , K. , Stolzenburg , M. R. and McMurry , P. H. 2009 . Effect of Working Fluid on Sub-2 nm Particle Detection with a Laminar Flow Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 43 : 81 – 96 .
  • Iida , K. , Stolzenburg , M. R. , McMurry , P. H. and Smith , J. N. 2008 . Estimating Nanoparticle Growth Rates from Size-Dependent Charged Fractions: Analysis of New Particle Formation Events in Mexico City . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 113 : D05207
  • IPCC . 2007 . Climate Change 2007: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) , Cambridge University Press .
  • Jiang , J. , Attoui , M. , Heim , M. , Brunell , N. A. , McMurry , P. H. , Kasper , G. , Flagan , R. C. , Giapis , K. and Mouret , G. 2011a . Transfer Functions and Penetrations of Five Differential Mobility Analyzers for Sub-2 nm Particle Classification . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 45 : 480 – 492 .
  • Jiang , J. , Chen , D. R. and Biswas , P. 2007 . Synthesis of Nanoparticles in a Flame Aerosol Reactor with Independent and Strict Control of Their Size, Crystal Phase, and Morphology . Nanotechnology. , 18 : 285603
  • Jiang , J. , Oberdörster , G. , Elder , A. , Gelein , R. , Mercer , P. and Biswas , P. 2008 . Does Nanoparticle Activity Depend upon Size and Crystal Phase? . Nanotoxicology. , 2 : 33 – 42 .
  • Jiang , J. , Zhao , J. , Chen , M. , Scheckman , J. , Williams , B. J. , Kuang , C. , Eisele , F. and McMurry , P. 2011b . First Measurements of Neutral Atmospheric Cluster and 1–2 nm Particle Number Size Distributions during Nucleation Events . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , (in press)
  • Kim , C. S. , Okuyama , K. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2003 . Performance Evaluation of an Improved Particle Size Magnifier (PSM) for Single Nanoparticle Detection . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 : 791 – 803 .
  • Knutson , E. O. 1976 . “ Extended Electric Mobility Method for Measuring Aerosol Particle Size and Concentration ” . In Fine Particles: Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling, and Analysis , Edited by: Liu , B. Y. H. 739 – 762 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Ku , B. K. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2009 . Relation between Electrical Mobility, Mass, and Size for Nanodrops 1–6.5 nm in Diameter in Air . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 43 : 241 – 249 .
  • Kuang , C. , McMurry , P. H. and McCormick , A. V. 2009 . Determination of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Production from Measured New Particle Formation Events . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 36 : L09822
  • Kulmala , M. , Vehkamaki , H. , Petaja , T. , Dal Maso , M. , Lauri , A. , Kerminen , V. M. , Birmili , W. and McMurry , P. H. 2004 . Formation and Growth Rates of Ultrafine Atmospheric Particles: A Review of Observations . J. Aerosol Sci. , 35 : 143 – 176 .
  • Larriba , C. , Hogan , Jr. , Attoui , C. J.M. , Borrajo , R. , Garcia , J. F. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2011 . The Mobility-Volume Relationship below 3.0 nm Examined by Tandem Mobility-Mass Measurement . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 45 : 453 – 467 .
  • Liu , B. Y. H. and Pui , D. Y. H. 1974 . A Submicron Aerosol Standard and the Primary, Absolute Calibration of the Condensation Nuclei Counter . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 47 : 155 – 171 .
  • Magnusson , L. E. , Koropchak , J. A. , Anisimov , M. P. , Poznjakovskiy , V. M. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2003 . Correlations for Vapor Nucleating Critical Embryo Parameters . J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. , 32 : 1387 – 1410 .
  • McMurry , P. H. 2000 . The History of Condensation Nucleus Counters . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 33 : 297 – 322 .
  • McMurry , P. H. and Eisele , F. L. 2005 . Preface to Topical Collection on New Particle Formation in Atlanta . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 110 : D22s01
  • McMurry , P. H. , Ghimire , A. , Ahn , H. K. , Sakurai , H. , Moore , K. , Stolzenburg , M. and Smith , J. N. 2009 . Sampling Nanoparticles for Chemical Analysis by Low Resolution Electrical Mobility Classification . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 43 : 4653 – 4658 .
  • McMurry , P. H. , Kuang , C. , Smith , J. N. , Zhao , J. and Eisele , F. 2011 . “ Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements ” . In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications , Edited by: Kulkarni , P. , Baron , P. A. and Willeke , K. 681 – 696 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Mordas , G. , Sipila , M. and Kulmala , M. 2008 . Nanometer Particle Detection by the Condensation Particle Counter UF-02proto . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 42 : 521 – 527 .
  • Oberdorster , G. , Oberdorster , E. and Oberdorster , J. 2005 . Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 823 – 839 .
  • Reynolds , J. C. , Last , D. J. , McGillen , M. , Nijs , A. , Horn , A. B. , Percival , C. , Carpenter , L. J. and Lewis , A. C. 2006 . Structural Analysis of Oligomeric Molecules Formed from the Reaction Products of Oleic Acid Ozonolysis . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 6674 – 6681 .
  • Rosser , S. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2005 . Vienna-Type DMA of High Resolution and High Flow Rate . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 39 : 1191 – 1200 .
  • Sakurai , H. , Fink , M. A. , McMurry , P. H. , Mauldin , L. , Moore , K. F. , Smith , J. N. and Eisele , F. L. 2005 . Hygroscopicity and Volatility of 4–10 nm Particles during Summertime Atmospheric Nucleation Events in Urban Atlanta . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 110 : D22s04
  • Scheibel , H. G. and Porstendörfer , J. 1983 . Generation of Monodisperse Ag- and NaCl-Aerosols with Particle Diameters between 2 and 300 nm . J. Aerosol Sci. , 14 : 113 – 126 .
  • Sgro , L. A. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2004 . A Simple Turbulent Mixing CNC for Charged Particle Detection Down to 1.2 nm . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 1 – 11 .
  • Sipilä , M. , Berndt , T. , Petaja , T. , Brus , D. , Vanhanen , J. , Stratmann , F. , Patokoski , J. , Mauldin , R. L. , Hyvarinen , A. P. , Lihavainen , H. and Kulmala , M. 2010 . The Role of Sulfuric Acid in Atmospheric Nucleation . Science. , 327 : 1243 – 1246 .
  • Sipila , M. , Lehtipalo , K. , Attoui , M. , Neitola , K. , Petmaja , T. , Aalto , P. P. , O’Dowd , C. D. and Kulmala , M. 2009 . Laboratory Verification of PH-CPC's Ability to Monitor Atmospheric Sub-3 nm Clusters . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 43 : 126 – 135 .
  • Smith , J. N. , Barsanti , K. C. , Friedli , H. R. , Ehn , M. , Kulmala , M. , Collins , D. R. , Scheckman , J. H. , Williams , B. J. and McMurry , P. H. 2010 . Observations of Aminium Salts in Atmospheric Nanoparticles and Possible Climatic Implications . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 107 : 6634 – 6639 .
  • Smith , J. N. , Moore , K. F. , McMurry , P. H. and Eisele , F. L. 2004 . Atmospheric Measurements of Sub-20 nm Diameter Particle Chemical Composition by Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 100 – 110 .
  • Spracklen , D. V. , Carslaw , K. S. , Kulmala , M. , Kerminen , V. M. , Sihto , S. L. , Riipinen , I. , Merikanto , J. , Mann , G. W. , Chipperfield , M. P. , Wiedensohler , A. , Birmili , W. and Lihavainen , H. 2008 . Contribution of Particle Formation to Global Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35 : L06808
  • Stolzenburg , M. 1988 . An Ultrafine Aerosol Size Distribution Measuring System , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Twin Cities .
  • Stolzenburg , M. R. and McMurry , P. H. 1991 . An Ultrafine Aerosol Condensation Nucleus Counter. . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 14 : 48 – 65 .
  • Stolzenburg , M. R. and McMurry , P. H. 2008 . Equations Governing Single and Tandem DMA Configurations and a New Lognormal Approximation to the Transfer Function . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 42 : 421 – 432 .
  • Thimsen , E. and Biswas , P. 2007 . Nanostructured Photoactive Films Synthesized by a Flame Aerosol Reactor . Aiche J. , 53 : 1727 – 1735 .
  • Ude , S. and Fernández de la Mora , J. 2005 . Molecular Monodisperse Mobility and Mass Standards from Electrosprays of Tetra-alkyl Ammonium Halides . J. Aerosol Sci. , 36 : 1224 – 1237 .
  • Wang , S. C. and Flagan , R. C. 1990 . Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer. . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 13 : 230 – 240 .
  • Wiedensohler , A. 1988 . An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge-Distribution for Particles in the Sub-Micron Size Range . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 387 – 389 .
  • Wilson , C. T. R. 1900 . On the Comparative Efficiency as Condensation Nuclei of Positively and Negatively Charged Ions . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. , 193 : 289 – 308 .
  • Winkler , P. M. , Steiner , G. , Vrtala , A. , Vehkamaki , H. , Noppel , M. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Reischl , G. P. , Wagner , P. E. and Kulmala , M. 2008a . Heterogeneous Nucleation Experiments Bridging the Scale from Molecular Ion Clusters to Nanoparticles . Science. , 319 : 1374 – 1377 .
  • Winkler , P. M. , Vrtala , A. and Wagner , P. E. 2008b . Condensation Particle Counting Below 2 nm Seed Particle Diameter and the Transition from Heterogeneous to Homogeneous Nucleation . Atmos. Res. , 90 : 125 – 131 .
  • Woo , K. S. , Chen , D. R. , Pui , D. Y. H. and McMurry , P. H. 2001 . Measurement of Atlanta Aerosol Size Distributions: Observations of Ultrafine Particle Events . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 34 : 75 – 87 .
  • Zhao , J. , Eisele , F. L. , Titcombe , M. , Kuang , C. and McMurry , P. H. 2010 . Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Measurements of Atmospheric Neutral Clusters Using the Cluster-CIMS . J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. , 115 : D08205

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.