2,117
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in Ambient Aerosols in Guangzhou, South China

, , , &
Pages 533-546 | Received 20 Aug 2011, Accepted 21 Nov 2011, Published online: 11 Jan 2012

REFERENCES

  • Altieri , K. E. , Turpin , B. J. and Seitzinger , S. P. 2009 . Oligomers, Organosulfates, and Nitrooxyorganosulfates in Rainwater Identified by Ultra-High Resolution Electrospray Ionization FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 9 : 2533 – 2542 .
  • Atzei , D. and Rossi , A. 2004 . Quantitative Surface Analysis of Urban Airborne Particles by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy . Ann. Chim. , 94 : 123 – 133 .
  • Baduel , C. , Voisin , D. and Jaffrezo , J.-L. 2010 . Seasonal Variations of Concentrations and Optical Properties of Water Soluble HULIS Collected in Urban Environments . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 4085 – 4095 .
  • Ballentine , D. C. , Macko , S. A. and Turekian , V. C. 1998 . Variability of Stable Carbon from Combustion of C4 and C3 Plants: Implications for Biomass Burning . Chem. Geol. , 152 : 151 – 161 .
  • Bi , X. , Simoneit , B. R. T. , Sheng , G. , Ma , S. and Fu , J. 2008 . Composition and Major Sources of Organic Compounds in Urban Aerosols . Atmos. Res. , 88 : 256 – 265 .
  • Bonn , B. and Lawrence , M. G. 2005 . Influence of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Approaches on Atmospheric Chemistry . J. Atmos. Chem. , 51 : 235 – 270 .
  • Briggs , D. and Seah , M. P. 1990 . Practical Surface Analysis: Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Vol. 1) , New York. : Wiley .
  • Cao , J. J. , Lee , S. C. , Ho , K. F. , Zou , S. C. , Fung , K. Li , Y. , . 2004 . Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Atmospheric Organic Carbon and Elemental Carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 4447 – 4456 .
  • Carvalho , A. , Pio , C. and Santos , C. 2003 . Water-Soluble Hydroxylated Organic Compounds in German and Finnish Aerosols . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 1775 – 1783 .
  • Cavalli , F. , Facchini , M. C. , Decesari , S. , Mircea , M. , Emblico , L. Fuzzi , S. 2004 . Advances in Characterization of Size-Resolved Organic Matter in Marine Aerosol Over the North Atlantic . J. Geophys. Res. , 109 : 14 doi:10.1029/2004JD005137
  • Chastain , J. 1992 . Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Waltham, MA
  • Decesari , S. , Facchini , M. C. , Fuzzi , S. and Tagliavini , E. 2000 . Characterization of Water Soluble Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosol: A New Approach . J. Geophys. Res. , 105 : 1481 – 1489 .
  • Decesari , S. , Facchini , M. C. , Matta , E. , Lettin , F. , Mircea , M. Fuzzi , S. , . 2001 . Chemical Features and Seasonal Variation of Fine Aerosol Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in the Po Valley Italy . Atmos. Environ. , 5 : 3691 – 3699 .
  • Decesari , S. , Mircea , M. , Cavalli , F. , Fuzzi , S. , Moretti , F. Tagliavini , E. , . 2007 . Source Attribution of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 41 : 2479 – 2484 .
  • Dinar , E. , Taraniuk , I. , Graber , E. R. , Anttila , T. , Mentel , T. F. and Rudich , Y. 2007 . Hygroscopic Growth of Atmospheric and Model Humic-Like Substances . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 :13, doi:10.1029/2006JD007442
  • Dinar , E. , Taraniuk , I. , Graber , E. R. , Katsman , S. , Moise , T. Anttila , T. , . 2006 . Cloud Condensation Nuclei Properties of Model and Atmospheric HULIS . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 6 : 2465 – 2481 .
  • Ding , X. , Zheng , M. , Edgerton , E. S. , Jansen , J. J. and Wang , X. 2008 . Contemporary or Fossil Origin: Split of Estimated Secondary Organic Carbon in the Southeastern United States . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 42 : 9122 – 9128 .
  • Duan , J. , Tan , J. , Cheng , D. , Bi , X. , Deng , W. Sheng , G. , . 2007 . Sources and Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosol in Two Largest Cities in Pearl River Delta Region, China . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 2895 – 2903 .
  • Duarte , R. M. B. O. , Santos , E. B. H. , Pio , C. A. and Duarte , A. C. 2007 . Comparison of Structural Features of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Atmospheric Aerosols with those of Aquatic Humic Substances . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 8100 – 8113 .
  • Duarte , R. M. B. O. , Silva , A. M. S. and Duarte , A. C. 2008 . Two-Dimensional NMR Studies of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Atmospheric Aerosols . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 42 : 8224 – 8230 .
  • Facchini , M. C. , Decesari , S. , Mircea , M. , Fuzzi , S. and Loglio , G. 2000 . Surface Tension of Atmospheric Wet Aerosol and Cloud/Fog Droplets in Relation to their Organic Carbon Content and Chemical Composition. . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 4853 – 4857 .
  • Freyer , H. D. , Kley , D. , Volz-Thomas , A. and Kobel , K. 1993 . On the Interaction of Isotopic Exchange Processes with Photochemical Reactions in Atmospheric Oxides of Nitrogen . J. Geophys. Res. , 98 : 14791 – 14796 .
  • Gelencśer , A. , Hoffer , A. , Krivácsy , Z. , Kiss , G. , Molnar , A. and Meszaros , E. 2000 . On the Possible Origin of Humic Matter in Fine Continental Aerosol . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 6 doi:10.1029/2001JD001299
  • Graber , E. R. and Rudich , Y. 2006 . Atmospheric HULIS: How Humic-Like are they? A Comprehensive and Critical Review . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 6 : 729 – 753 .
  • Graham , B. , Mayol-Bracero , O. L. , Guyon , P. , Roberts , G. C. , Decesari , S. Facchini , M. C. 2002 . Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Biomass Burning Aerosols Over Amazonia 1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 16 doi:10.1029/2001JD000336
  • Haselbach , L. M. and Ma , S. 2008 . Potential for Carbon Adsorption on Concrete: Surface XPS Analysis . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 42 : 5329 – 5334 .
  • Havers , N. , Burba , P. , Lambert , J. and Klockow , D. 1998 . Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic-Like Substances in Airborne Particulate Matter . J. Atmos. Chem. , 47 : 45 – 54 .
  • Huang , X. F. , Yu , J. Z. , He , L. Y. and Yuan , Z. 2006 . Water-Soluble Organic Carbon and Oxalate in Aerosols at a Coastal Urban Site in China: Size Distribution Characteristics Sources and Formation Mechanisms . J. Geophys. Res. , 111 : 11 doi:10.1029/2006JD007408
  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) . 2001 . 3rd Assessment Report , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge .
  • Kelemen , S. R. , Afeworki , M. , Gorbaty , M. L. , Kwiatek , P. J. , Solum , M. S. , Hu , J. Z. and Pugmire , R. J. 2002 . XPS and 15N NMR Study of Nitrogen Forms in Carbonaceous Solids . Energy & Fuels , 16 : 1507 – 1515 .
  • Kelemen , S. R. , Gorbaty , M. L. and Kwiatek , P. J. 1994 . Quantification of Nitrogen Forms in Argonne Premium Coal . Energy & Fuels , 8 : 896 – 906 .
  • Kelly , S. D. , Stein , C. and Jickells , T. D. 2005 . Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Atmospheric Organic Matter . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 6007 – 6011 .
  • Kiss , G. , Tombacz , E. and Hansson , H. C. 2005 . Surface Tension Effects of Humic-Like Substances in the Aqueous Extract of Troposphere Fine Aerosol . J. Atmos. Chem. , 50 : 279 – 294 .
  • Kiss , G. , Tombacz , E. , Varga , B. , Alsberg , T. and Persson , L. 2003 . Estimation of the Average Molecular Weight of Humic-Like Substances Isolated from Fine Atmospheric Aerosol . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 3783 – 3794 .
  • Kiss , G. , Varga , B. , Galambos , I. and Ganszky , I. 2002 . Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Matter Isolated from Atmospheric Fine Aerosol . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 8 doi:10.1029/2001JD000603
  • Kiss , G. , Varga , B. , Gelencser , A. , Krivácsy , Z. , Molnar , A. Alsberg , T. , . 2001 . Characterisation of Polar Organic Compounds in Fog Water . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 2193 – 2200 .
  • Krivácsy , Z. , Gelencser , A. , Kiss , G. , Meszaros , E. , Molnar , A. Hoffer , A. , . 2001 . Study on the Chemical Character of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in fine Atmospheric Aerosol at the Jungfraujoch . J. Atmos. Chem. , 39 : 235 – 259 .
  • Krivácsy , Z. , Kiss , G. , Ceburnis , D. , Jennings , G. , Maenhaut , W. Salma , I. , . 2008 . Study of Water-Soluble Atmospheric Humic Matter in Urban and Marine Environments . Atmos. Res. , 87 : 1 – 12 .
  • Krivácsy , Z. , Kiss , G. , Varga , B. , Galambos , I. , Sárvári , Zs. , Gelencsér , A. , Molnár , Á. , Fuzzi , S. , Facchini , M. C. , Zappoli , S. , Andracchio , A. , Alsberg , T. , Hansson , H.-C. and Persson , L. 2000 . Study of Humic-Like Substances in Fog and Interstitial Aerosol by Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis, Atmos . Environ. , 34 : 4273 – 4281 .
  • Krolla , J. H. and Seinfeld , J. H. 2008 . Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Formation and Evolution of Low-Volatility Organics in the Atmosphere . Atmos. Environ. , 42 : 3593 – 3624 .
  • Leenheer , J. A. , Brown , G. K. , Maccarthy , P. and Caraniss , S. E. 1998 . Models of Metal Binding Structures in Fulvic Acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 2410 – 2416 .
  • Li , D. , Wang , X. , Mo , J. , Sheng , G. and Fu , J. 2007 . Soil Nitric Oxide Emissions from Two Subtropical Humid Forests in South China. . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : 9 doi:10.1029/2007JD008680
  • Limbeck , A. , Handler , M. , Neuberger , B. , Klatzer , B. and Puxbaum , H. 2005 . Carbon-Specific Analysis of Humic-Like Substances in Atmospheric Aerosol and Precipitation Samples . Anal. Chem. , 77 : 7288 – 7293 .
  • Lin , P. , Engling , G. and Yu , J. Z. 2010 . Humic-Like Substances in Fresh Emissions of Rice Straw Burning and in Ambient Aerosols in the Pearl River Delta Region, China . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 6487 – 6500 .
  • Lin , P. , Huang , X.-F. , He , L.-Y. and Yu , J. Z. 2009 . Abundance and Size Distribution of HULIS in Ambient Aerosols at a Rural Site in South China . J. Aerosol Sci. , 41 : 74 – 87 .
  • Linuma , Y. , Müller , C. , Böge , O. , Gnauk , T. and Herrmann , H. 2007 . The Formation of Organic Sulfate Esters in the Limonene Ozonolysis Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) under Acidic Conditions . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 5571 – 5583 .
  • Lopes , C. B. , Abreu , S. , Valega , M. , Duarte , R. M. B. O. , Pereira , M. E. and Duarte , A. C. 2006 . The Assembling and Application of an Automated Segmented ?ow Analyzer for the Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon Based on UV-Persulphate Oxidation . Anal. Lett. , 39 : 1979 – 1992 .
  • Lu , X. Q. , Hanna , J. V. and Johnson , W. D. 2000 . Source Indicators of Humic Substances: An Elemental Composition, Solid State 13C CP/MAS NMR and Py-GC/MS Study . Appl. Geochem. , 15 : 1019 – 1033 .
  • Lukács , H. , Gelencser , A. , Hammer , S. , Puxbaum , H. , Pio , C. Legrand , M. , . 2007 . Seasonal Trends and Possible Sources of Brown Carbon Based on 2-Year Aerosol Measurements at Six Sites in Europe . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : 9 doi:10.1029/2006JD008151
  • Ma , S. , Peng , P. , Song , J. , Bi , X. , Zhao , J. He , L. , . 2010 . Seasonal and Spatial Changes of Free and Bound Organic Acids in Total Suspended Particles in Guangzhou, China . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 5460 – 5467 .
  • Matthias-Maser , J. and Jaenicke , R. 2000 . The Size Distribution of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles in the Multiphase Atmosphere . Aerobiologia , 16 : 207e210
  • Mayol-Bracero , O. L. , Guyon , P. , Graham , B. , Roberts , G. , Andreae , M. O. Decesari , S. , . 2002 . Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Biomass Burning Aerosols Over Amazonia 2: Apportionment of the Chemical Composition and Importance of the Polyacidic Fraction . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 15 doi:10.1029/2001JD000522
  • Miyazaki , Y. , Kondo , Y. , Han , S. , Koike , M. , Kodama , D. Komazaki , Y. , . 2007 . Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in the Asian Outflow . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : 18 doi:10.1029/2007JD009116
  • Monteil-Rivera , F. , Brouwer , E. B. , Masset , S. , Deslandes , Y. and Dumonceau , J. 2000 . Combination of X-ray Photoelectron and Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Structural Characterization of Humic Acids . Anal. Chim. Acta , 424 : 243 – 255 .
  • Nozière , B. , Ekatröm , S. , Alsberg , T. and Holmström , S. 2010 . Radical-Initiated Formation of Organosulfates and Surfactants in Atmospheric Aerosols . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 37 : 6 doi:10.1029/2009GL041683
  • Olivella , M. A. , del Rio , J. C. , Palacios , J. M. , Vairavamurthy , A. and de las Heras , F. X. C. 2002a . Characterization of Humic Acid from Leonardite Coal: An Integrated Study of PY-GC-MS, XPS and XANES Techniques . J. Anal. Appl. Pyroly. , 63 : 59 – 68 .
  • Olivella , M. A. , Palacios , J. M. , Vairavamurthy , A. , del Rio , J. C. and de las Heras , F. X. C. 2002b . A Study of Sulfur Functionalities in Fossil Fuels Using Destructive-(ASTM and Py-GC-MS) and Non-Destructive-(SEm-EDX, XANES and XPS) Techniques . Fuel , 81 : 405 – 411 .
  • Pietrzak , R. and Wachowska , H. 2006 . The Influence of Oxidation with HNO3 on the Surface Composition of High-Sulphur Coals: XPS Study . Fuel Processing Tech. , 87 : 1021 – 1029 .
  • Raes , F. , Van Dingenen , R. , Vignatti , E. , Wilson , J. , Putaud , J. P. , Seinfeld , J. H. and Adams , P. 2000 . Formation and Cycling of Aerosols in the Global Troposphere . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 4215 – 4240 .
  • Ramanathan , V. , Chung , C. , Kim , D. , Bettge , T. , Buja , L. Kiehl , J. T., . 2005 . Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Impacts on South Asian Climate and Hydrological Cycle . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 102 : 5326 – 5333 .
  • Romero , F. and Oehme , M. 2005 . Organosulfates: A New Component of Humic-Like Substances in Atmospheric Aerosols? . J. Atmos. Chem. , 52 : 283 – 294 .
  • Russell , K. M. , Galloway , J. N. , Macko , S. A. , Moody , J. L. and Scudlark , J. R. 1998 . Sources of Nitrogen in Wet Deposition to the Chesapeake Bay Region . Atmos. Environ. , 32 : 2453 – 2465 .
  • Salma , I. , Mészáros , T. , Maenhaut , W. , Vass , E. and Majer , Z. 2010 . Chirality and the Origin of Atmospheric Humic-Like Substances . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 1315 – 1327 .
  • Salma , I. , Ocskay , R. , Varga , I. and Maenhaut , W. 2006 . Surface Tension of Atmospheric Humic-Like Substances in Connection with Relaxation, Dilution, and Solution pH. . J. Geophys. Res. , 111 : 7 doi:10.1029/2005JD007015
  • Samburova , V. , Szidat , S. , Hueglin , C. , Fisseha , R. , Baltensperger , U. , Zenobi , R. and Kalberer , M. 2005 . Seasonal Variation of High-Molecular-Weight Compounds in the Water-Soluble Fraction of Organic Urban Aerosols . J. Geophy. Res. , 110 : D23210
  • Seinfeld , J. H. 1986 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution , New York : Wiley .
  • Sempéré , R. and Kawamura , K. 1994 . Comparative Distributions of Dicarboxylic Acids and Related Polar Compounds in Snow, Rain Andaerosols from Urban Atmosphere . Atmos. Environ. , 28 : 449 – 459 .
  • Song , J. and Peng , P. 2009 . Surface Characterization of Aerosol Particles in Guangzhou, China: A study by XPS . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 43 : 1230 – 1242 .
  • Song , J. , Peng , P. and Huang , W. 2002 . Black Carbon and Kerogen in Soils and Sediments: 1. Quantification and Characterization . Environ. Sci. Tech. , 36 : 3960 – 3967 .
  • Song , J. , Peng , P. and Huang , W. 2005 . Characterization of Humic Acid Like Materials Isolated from the Humin Fraction of a Topsoil . Soil Sci. , 170 : 599 – 611 .
  • Spitzy , A. and Leenheer , J. A. 1988 . “ Dissolved Organic Carbon in Rivers ” . In SCOPE 42: Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers , Edited by: Degens , E. T. , Kempe , S. and Richey , J. E. New York : Wiley . Chap. 9. http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope42/chapter09.html
  • Stone , E. A. , Hedman , C. J. , Sheesley , R. J. , Shafer , M. M. and Schauer , J. J. 2009 . Investigating the Chemical Nature of Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in North American Atmospheric Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 4205 – 4213 .
  • Sullivan , A. P. , Weber , R. J. , Clements , A. L. , Turner , J. R. , Bae , M. S. and Schauer , J. J. 2004 . A Method for On-Line Measurement of Water Soluble Organic Carbon in Ambient Aerosol Particles: Results from an Urban Site . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31 : 4 doi:10.1029/2004GL019681
  • Surratt , J. D. , Kroll , J. H. , Kleindienst , T. E. , Edney , E. O. , Claeys , M. Sorooshian , A. , . 2007 . Evidence for Organosulfates in Secondary Organic Aerosol . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 41 : 517 – 527 .
  • Szidat , S. , Jenk , T. M. , Gäggeler , H. W. , Synal , H.-A. , Fisseha , R. Baltensperger , U. , . 2004 . Radiocarbon (14C)-Deduced Biogenic and Anthropogenic Contributions to Organic Carbon (OC) of Urban Aerosols from Zürich, Switzerland . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 4035 – 4044 .
  • Tan , J.-H. , Duan , J.-C. , Chen , D.-H. , Wang , X.-H. , Guo , S.-J. Bi , X.-H., . 2009 . Chemical Characteristics of Haze During Summer and Winter in Guangzhou . Atmos. Res. , 94 : 238 – 245 .
  • Taraniuk , I. , Graber , E. R. , Kostinski , A. and Rudich , Y. 2007 . Surfactant Properties of Atmospheric and Model Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34 : 5 doi:10.1029/2007GL029576
  • Turpin , B. J. , Saxena , P. and Andrews , E. 2001 . Measuring and Simulating Particulate Organics in the Atmosphere: Problems and Prospects . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 2983 – 3013 .
  • Vander Wal , R. L. , Bryg , V. M. and Hays , M. D. 2011 . XPS Analysis of Combustion Aerosols for Chemical Composition, Surface Chemistry, and Carbon Chemical State . Anal. Chem. , 83 : 1924 – 1930 .
  • Varga , B. , Kiss , G. , Ganszky , I. , Gelencser , A. and Krivácsy , Z. 2001 . Isolation of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Atmospheric Aerosol . Talanta , 55 : 561 – 572 .
  • Wagner , C. D. , Davis , L. E. , Zeller , M. V. , Taylor , J. A. , Raymond , R. H. and Gale , L. H. 1981 . Empirical Atomic Sensitivity Factors for Quantitative Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis . Surf. Interface Anal. , 3 : 211 – 225 .
  • Wang , G. , Kawamura , K. , Lee , S. C. , Ho , K. F. and Cao , J. J. 2006 . Molecular, Seasonal, and Spatial Distributions of Organic Aerosols from fourteen Chinese cities . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 4619 – 4625 .
  • Wu , D. , Tie , X. , Li , C. , Ying , Z. , Lau , A. K. Huang , J. , . 2006 . An Extremely Low Visibility Event Over the Guangzhou Region: A Case Study . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 6568 – 6577 .
  • Wu , T. , Wang , X. , Li , D. and Yi , Z. 2010 . Emission of Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds (VOSCs) During Aerobic Decomposition of Food Wastes . Atmos. Environ. , 44 : 5065 – 5071 .
  • Yeatman , S. G. , Spokes , L. J. , Dennis , P. F. and Jickells , T. D. 2001 . Comparison of Aerosol Nitrogen Isotopic Composition at Two Polluted Coastal Sites . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1307 – 1320 .
  • Yi , Z. , Wang , X. , Ouyang , M. , Zhang , D. and Zhou , G. 2010 . Air-Soil Exchange of Dimethyl Sulfide, Carbon Disulfide, and Dimethyl Disulfide in three Subtropical Forests in South China . J. Geophys. Res. , 115 : 7 doi:10.1029/2010JD014130
  • Yi , Z. , Wang , X. , Sheng , G. and Fu , J. 2008 . Exchange of Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS) and Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) between Rice Paddy Fields and the Atmosphere in Subtropical China . Agr. Ecosys. Environ. , 123 : 116 – 124 .
  • Yu , J. Z. , Yang , H. , Zhang , H. Y. and Lau , A. K. H. 2004 . Size Distributions of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in Ambient Aerosols and its Size-Resolved Thermal Characteristics . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 1061 – 1071 .
  • Zappoli , S. , Andracchio , A. , Fuzzi , S. , Facchini , M. C. , Gelencser , A. Kiss , G. , . 1999 . Inorganic Organic and Macromolecular Components of Fine Aerosol in Different Areas of Europe in Relation to their Water Solubility . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 2733 – 2743 .
  • Ziese , M. , Wex , H. , Nilsson , E. , Salma , I. , Ocskay , R. Hennig , T. , . 2008 . Hygroscopic Growth and Activation of HULIS Particles: Experimental Data and a New Iterative Parameterization Scheme for Complex Aerosol Particles . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 8 : 1855 – 1866 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.