A Cylindrical Thermal Precipitator with a Particle Size-Selective Inlet

REFERENCES

• Azong-Wara , N. , Asbach , C. , Stahlmecke , B. , Fissan , H. , Kaminski , H. Plitzko , S. 2009 . Optimisation of a Thermophoretic Personal Sampler for Nanoparticle Exposure Studies . J. Nanopart. Res. , 11 : 1611 – 1624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakanov , S. P. 1991 . Thermophoresis in Gases at Small Knudsen Numbers . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 15 : 77 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor , G. K. and Shen , C. 1985 . Thermophoretic Deposition of Particles in Gas Flowing Over Cold Surfaces . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 107 : 21 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bräuner , E. V. , Mortensen , J. , Møller , P. , Bernard , A. , Vinzents , P. Wåhlin , P. 2009 . Effects of Ambient Air Particulate Exposure on Blood–Gas Barrier Permeability and Lung Function . Inhal. Toxicol. , 21 : 38 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredl , J. and Grieve , T. W. 1950 . A Thermal Precipitator for the Gravimetric Estimation of Solid Particles in Flue Gases . J. Sci. Instrum. , 28 : 21 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , J. R. 1962 . On the Theory of Thermal Forces Acting on Aerosol Particles . J. Colloid Sci. , 17 : 768 – 780 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalupa , D. C. , Morrow , P. E. , Oberdörster , G. , Utell , M. J. and Frampton , M. W. 2004 . Ultrafine Particle Deposition in Subjects with Asthma . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 879 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , L. A. and Adair , T. W. III . 1975 . Thermal Force on a Sphere . J. Chem. Phys. , 62 : 2278 – 2285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derjaguin , B. V. , Rabinovich , Ya. I. , Storozhilova , A. I. and Scherbina , G. I. 1976 . Measurement of the Coefficient of Thermal Slip of Gases and the Thermophoresis Velocity of Large-Size Aerosol Particles . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 57 : 451 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbins , R. A. and Megaridis , C. M. 1987 . Morphology of Flame-Generated Soot as Determined by Thermophoretic Sampling . Langmuir , 3 : 254 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , D. W. , Pope , C. A. , Xu , X. , Spengler , J. D. , Ware , J. H. Fay , M. E. 1993 . An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities . N. Engl. J. Med. , 329 : 1753 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , P. S. 1929 . Zur Theorie des Radiometers [On the Theory of the Radiometer]. In German . Z. Physik. , 54 : 537 – 563 .
   Google Scholar
• Geiser , M. , Rothen-Rutishauser , B. , Kapp , N. , Schürch , S. , Kreyling , W. Schulz , H. 2005 . Ultrafine Particles Cross Cellular Membranes by Nonphagocytic Mechanisms in Lungs and in Cultured Cells . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1555 – 1560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetland , R. B. , Cassee , F. R. , Refsnes , M. , Schwarze , P. E. , Låg , M. Boere , A. J. F. 2004 . Release of Inflammatory Cytokines, Cell Toxicity and Apoptosis in Epithelial Lung Cells after Exposure to Ambient Air Particles of Different Size Fractions . Toxicol. In Vitro , 18 : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technology , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , S. and Brock , J. R. 1965 . The Thermal Force on Spherical Sodium Chloride Aerosols . J. Colloid Sci. , 20 : 544 – 554 .
   Google Scholar
• Kethley , T. W. , Gordon , M. T. and Orr , C. Jr . 1952 . A Thermal Precipitator for Aerobacteriology . Science , 116 : 368 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Jaques , P. A. , Chang , M. C. , Barone , T. , Xiong , C. Friedlander , S. K. 2001 . Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System (VACES) for Simultaneous in Vivo and in Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Ultrafine, Fine and Coarse Ambient Particles Part I: Development and Laboratory Characterization . J. Aerosol Sci. , 32 : 1281 – 1297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. T. , Goldberg , M. S. , Hoover , K. , Siemiatycki , J. Abrahamowicz , M. 2000 . “ Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. A Special Report of the Institute's Particle Epidemiology Reanalysis Project.Special Research Report ” . Cambridge , MA : Health Effects Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Li , N. , Sioutas , C. , Cho , A. , Schmitz , D. , Misra , C. Sempf , J. 2003 . Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 455 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo , R. , Kaegi , R. , Gehrig , R. , Scherrer , L. , Grobéty , B. and Burtscher , H. 2007 . A Thermophoretic Precipitator for the Representative Collection of Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles for Microscopic Analysis . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 41 : 934 – 943 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marple , V. A. and Willeke , K. 1976 . Impactor Design . Atmos. Environ. , 10 : 891 – 896 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerer , A. , Niessner , R. and Pöschl , U. 2003 . Thermophoretic Deposition of Soot Aerosol Particles under Experimental Conditions Relevant for Modern Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Systems . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1009 – 1021 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montassier , N. , Boulaud , D. and Renoux , A. 1991 . Experimental Study of Thermophoretic Particle Deposition in Laminar Tube Flow . J. Aerosol Sci. , 22 : 677 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montassier , N. , Boulaud , D. , Stratmann , F. and Fissan , H. 1990 . Comparison Between Experimental Study and Theoretical Model of Thermophoretic Particle Deposition in Laminar Tube Flow . J. Aerosol Sci. , 21 : 85 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , C. and Martin , R. A. 1958 . Thermal Precipitator for Continuous Aerosol Sampling . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 29 : 129 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osornio-Vargas , A. R. , Bonner , J. C. , Alfaro-Moreno , E. , Martínez , L. , García-Cuellar , C. , Ponce-de-León Rosales , S. , Miranda , J. and Rosas , I. 2003 . Proinflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Mexico City Air Pollution Particulate Matter in Vitro are Dependent on Particle Size and Composition . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 1289 – 1293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , M. M. and Miller , R. L. 2009 . Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma: Recent Advances and Future Directions . Curr. Opin. Pediatr. , 21 : 235 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. 3rd and Dockery , D. W. 2006 . Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines That Connect . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 709 – 742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodi , F. , Santachiara , G. and Prodi , V. 1979 . Measurements of Thermophoretic Velocities of Aerosol Particles in the Transition Region . J. Aerosol Sci. , 10 : 421 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romay , F. J. , Takagaki , S. S. , Pui , D. and Liu , Y. H. 1998 . Thermophoretic Deposition of Aerosol Particles in Turbulent Pipe Flow . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 943 – 959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagot , B. , Antonini , G. and Buron , F. 2009 . Annular Flow Configuration with High Deposition Efficiency for the Experimental Determination of Thermophoretic Diffusion Coefficients . J. Aerosol Sci. , 40 : 1030 – 1049 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santachiara , G. , Prodi , F. and Cornetti , C. 2002 . Experimental Measurements on Thermophoresis in the Transition Region . J. Aerosol Sci. , 33 : 769 – 780 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schadt , C. F. and Cadle , R. D. 1961 . Thermal Force on Aerosol Particles . J. Phys. Chem. , 65 : 1689 – 1694 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlichting , I. I. 1979 . Boundary-Layer Theory , (7th ed.) , New York : Mc-Graw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt , K. H. 1959 . Untersuchungen an Schwebstoffteilchen im Temperaturfeld [Investigation of Suspended Particles in the Temperature Field]. In German. Z. Naturforsch. . 14a : 870 – 881 .
   Google Scholar
• Stratmann , F. and Fissan , F. 1989 . Experimental and Theoretical Study of Submicron Particle Transport in Cooled Laminar Tube Flow Due to Combined Convection, Diffusion, and Thermophoresis . J. Aerosol Sci. , 20 : 899 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratmann , F. , Otto , E. and Fissan , H. 1994 . Thermophoretical and Diffusional Particle Transport in Cooled Laminar Tube Flow . J. Aerosol Sci. , 25 : 1305 – 1319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot , L. , Cheng , R. K. , Schefer , R. W. and Willis , D. R. 1980 . Thermophoresis of Particles in a Heated Boundary Layer . J. Fluid Mech. , 101 : 737 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , C. J. and Lu , H. C. 1995 . Design and Evaluation of a Plate-to-Plate Thermophoretic Precipitator . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 22 : 172 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , L. 1959 . Uber Die Kraft Eines Inhomogen Gases auf Kleine Suspendierte Kugeln [The Force on Suspended Particles in Inhomogeneus Gas]. In German . Z. Naturforsch. , A14 : 589 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldmann , L. and Schmitt , K. 1966 . Aerosol Science , 137 – 162 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , B. , Ou , Q. S.M , Tao , S. and Chen , D. R. 2012 . Performance Study of a Disk-to-Disk Thermal Precipitator . J. Aerosol Sci. , 52 : 45 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar