7,397
Views
103
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Review of Spark Discharge Generators for Production of Nanoparticle Aerosols

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 1256-1270 | Received 04 Oct 2011, Accepted 11 Mar 2012, Published online: 02 Aug 2012

References

  • Artyukov , I. A. , Feschenko , R. M. , Vinogradov , A. V. , Bugayev , Y. A. , Devizenko , O. Y. Kondratenko , V. V. 2010 . Soft X-Ray Imaging of Thick Carbon-Based Materials Using the Normal Incidence Multilayer Optics . Micron , 41 : 722 – 728 .
  • Barmpounis , K. , Pfeiffer , T. V. , Vons , V. A. , Biskos , G. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 2011 . Self-Charge Distribution of Nanoparticles Generated by Spark Discharge , Manchester , , UK : Paper presented at the European Aerosol Conference .
  • Bau , S. , Witschger , O. , Gensdarmes , F. , Thomas , D. and Borra , J. P. 2010 . Electrical Properties of Airborne Nanoparticles Produced by a Commercial Spark-Discharge Generator . J. Nanopart. Res. , 12 : 1989 – 1995 .
  • Bitterle , E. , Karg , E. , Schroeppel , A. , Kreyling , W. G. , Tippe , A. Ferron , G. A. 2006 . Dose-Controlled Exposure of A549 Epithelial Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface to Airborne Ultrafine Carbonaceous Particles . Chemosphere , 65 : 1784 – 1790 .
  • Borra , J. P. , Goldman , A. , Goldman , M. and Boulaud , D. 1998 . Electrical Discharge Regimes and Aerosol Production in Point-to-Plane DC High-Pressure Cold Plasmas: Aerosol Production by Electrical Discharges . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 661 – 674 .
  • Böttger , P. H. M. , Bi , Z. , Adolph , D. , Dick , K. A. , Karlsson , L. S. Karlsson , M. N. A. 2007 . Electrospraying of Colloidal Nanoparticles for Seeding of Nanostructure Growth . Nanotechnology , 18 : 105304
  • Brown , J. S. , Kim , C. S. , Reist , P. C. , Zeman , K. L. and Bennett , W. D. 2000 . Generation of Radiolabeled “Soot-Like” Ultrafine Aerosols Suitable for Use in Human Inhalation Studies . Aerosol Sci. Tech. , 32 : 325 – 337 .
  • Byeon , J. H. , Park , J. H. and Hwang , J. H. 2008 . Spark Generation of Monometallic and Bimetallic Aerosol Nanoparticles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 39 : 888 – 896 .
  • Choi , M. , Lee , H. , You , S. and Woo , C. 2008 . Array Formation of 3-D Nanostructure of Nanoparticle Via Electrodynamic Focusing of Charged Aerosols , Orlando , FL, USA : Paper presented at the AAAR 27th Annual Conference .
  • Cole , J. J. , Lin , E.-C. , Barry , C. R. and Jacobs , H. O. 2009 . Continuous Nanoparticle Generation and Assembly by Atmospheric Pressure Arc Discharge . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 95 : 113101
  • Evans , D. E. , Harrison , R. M. and Ayres , J. G. 2003a . The Generation and Characterization of Metallic and Mixed Element Aerosols for Human Challenge Studies . Aerosol Sci. Tech. , 37 : 975 – 987 .
  • Evans , D. E. , Harrison , R. M. and Ayres , J. G. 2003b . The Generation and Characterisation of Elemental Carbon Aerosols for Human Challenge Studies . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1023 – 1041 .
  • Fadleys , C. S. 2009 . X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: From Origins to Future Directions . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A , 601 : 8 – 31 .
  • Han , K. , Kim , W. , Yu , J. , Lee , J. , Lee , H. Woo , C. G. 2012 . A Study of Pin-to-Plate Type Spark Discharge Generator for Producing Unagglomerate Nanoaerosols . J. Aerosol Sci. , 52 : 80 – 88 . Submitted to
  • Helsper , C. , Molter , W. , Löffler , F. , Wadenpohl , C. , Kaufmann , S. and Wenninger , G. 1993 . Investigations of a New Aerosol Generator for the Production of Carbon Aggregate Particles . Atmos. Environ. A , 27 : 1271 – 1275 .
  • Hinds , W. C. 1982 . Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behaviour, and Measurements of Airborne Particles , New York : Wiley & Sons .
  • Horvath , H. and Gangl , M. 2003 . A Low-Voltage Spark Generator for Production of Carbon Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1581 – 1588 .
  • Kala , S. , Kruis , F. E. and Theissmann , R. 2011 . Generation of Au-Ge Nanocomposites by Spark Discharge , Manchester , , UK : Paper presented at the European Aerosol Conference .
  • Kamm , S. , Saathoff , H. , Naumann , K. H. , Mohler , O. and Schurath , U. 2004 . Gasification of a Soot Aerosol by O-3 and NO2: Temperature Dependence of the Reaction Probability . Combust. Flame , 138 : 353 – 361 .
  • Knobel , L. and Schmid , H.-J. 2011 . Comparison of Methods to Achieve a Stationary Charge Distribution , Manchester , , UK : Paper presented at the European Aerosol Conference .
  • Kreyling , W. G. , Biswas , P. , Messing , M. E. , Gibson , N. , Geiser , M. Wenk , A. 2011 . Generation and Characterization of Stable, Highly Concentrated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Aerosols for Rodent Inhalation Studies . J. Nanopart. Res. , 13 : 511 – 524 .
  • Kruis , F. E. , Fissan , H. and Peled , A. 1998 . Synthesis of Nanoparticles in the Gas Phase for Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Applications: A Review . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 511 – 535 .
  • Kuffel , E. , Zaengl , W. S. and Kuffel , J. 2000 . High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals , Oxford : Newnes .
  • Kuznetsov , B. V. , Rakhmanova , T. A. , Popovicheva , O. B. and Shonija , N. K. 2003 . Water Adsorption and Energetic Properties of Spark Discharge Soot: Specific Features of Hydrophilicity . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1465 – 1479 .
  • Lee , H. , You , S. , Pikhitsa , P. V. , Kim , J. , Kwon , S. Woo , C. G. 2011 . Three-Dimensional Assembly of Nanoparticles from Charged Aerosols . Nano Lett. , 11 : 119 – 124 .
  • Lehtinen , K. E. J. and Zachariah , M. R. 2002 . Energy Accumulation in Nanoparticle Collision and Coalescence Processes . J. Aerosol Sci. , 33 : 357 – 368 .
  • Lenggoro , I. W. , Xia , B. , Okuyama , K. and de la Mora , J. F. 2002 . Sizing of Colloidal Nanoparticles by Electrospray and Differential Mobility Analyzer Methods . Langmuir , 18 : 4584 – 4591 .
  • Lu , Z. F. , Hao , J. M. , Hu , L. H. and Takekawa , H. 2008 . The Compaction of Soot Particles Generated by Spark Discharge in the Propene Ozonolysis System . J. Aerosol Sci. , 39 : 897 – 903 .
  • Meesters , G. M. H. , Vercoulen , P. H. W. , Marijnissen , J. C. M. and Scarlett , B. 1992 . Generation of Micron-Sized Droplets from the Taylor Cone . J. Aerosol Sci. , 23 : 37 – 49 .
  • Messerer , A. , Niessner , R. and Poschl , U. 2006 . Comprehensive Kinetic Characterization of the Oxidation and Gasification of Model and Real Diesel Soot by Nitrogen Oxides and Oxygen Under Engine Exhaust Conditions: Measurement, Langmuir-Hinshelwood, and Arrhenius Parameters . Carbon , 44 : 307 – 324 .
  • Messing , M. E. 2011 . Engineered Nanoparticles: Generation, Characterization and Applications . Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Lund
  • Messing , M. E. , Dick , K. A. , Wallenberg , L. R. and Deppert , K. 2009 . Generation of Size-Selected Gold Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge – for Growth of Epitaxial Nanowires . Gold Bull. , 42 : 20 – 26 .
  • Messing , M. E. , Westerström , R. , Meuller , B. O. , Blomberg , S. , Gustafson , J. Andersen , J. N. 2010 . Generation of Pd Model Catalyst Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge . J. Phys. Chem. C , 114 : 9257 – 9263 .
  • Muckenhuber , H. and Grothe , H. 2007 . A DRIFTS Study of the Heterogeneous Reaction of NO2 with Carbonaceous Materials at Elevated Temperature . Carbon , 45 : 321 – 329 .
  • Muller , J. O. , Su , D. S. , Wild , U. and Schlogl , R. 2007 . Bulk and Surface Structural Investigations of Diesel Engine Soot and Carbon Black . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 9 : 4018 – 4025 .
  • Oberdörster , G. , Sharp , Z. , Atudorei , V. , Elder , A. , Gelein , R. Lunts , A. 2002 . Extrapulmonary Translocation of Ultrafine Carbon Particles Following Whole-Body Inhalation Exposure of Rats . J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A , 65 : 1531 – 1543 .
  • Okuyama , K. and Lenggoro , I. W. 2003 . Preparation of Nanoparticles Via Spray Route . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 58 : 537 – 547 .
  • Poschl , U. , Letzel , T. , Schauer , C. and Niessner , R. 2001 . Interaction of Ozone and Water Vapor with Spark Discharge Soot Aerosol Particles Coated with Benzo[a]pyrene: O3 and H2O Adsorption, Benzo[a]pyrene Degradation, and Atmospheric Implications . J. Phys. Chem. A , 105 : 4029 – 4041 .
  • Pratsinis , S. E. 1998 . Flame Aerosol Synthesis of Ceramic Powders . Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 24 : 197 – 219 .
  • Preining , O. and Davis , E. J. 2000 . History of Aerosol Science , Wien : Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften .
  • Reinmann , R. and Akram , M. 1997 . Temporal Investigation of a Fast Spark Discharge in Chemically Inert Gases . J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. , 30 : 1125 – 1134 .
  • Roth , C. , Ferron , G. A. , Karg , E. , Lentner , B. , Schumann , G. Takenaka , S. 2004 . Generation of Ultrafine Particles by Spark Discharging . Aerosol Sci. Tech. , 38 : 228 – 235 .
  • Saathoff , H. , Naumann , K. H. , Schnaiter , M. , Schock , W. , Mohler , O. Schurath , U. 2003a . Coating of Soot and (NH4)2SO4 Particles by Ozonolysis Products of Alpha-Pinene . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1297 – 1321 .
  • Saathoff , H. , Naumann , K. H. , Schnaiter , M. , Schock , W. , Weingartner , E. Baltensperger , U. 2003b . Carbon Mass Determinations During the AIDA Soot Aerosol Campaign 1999 . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1399 – 1420 .
  • Sadezky , A. , Muckenhuber , H. , Grothe , H. , Niessner , R. and Poschl , U. 2005 . Raman Micro Spectroscopy of Soot and Related Carbonaceous Materials: Spectral Analysis and Structural Information . Carbon , 43 : 1731 – 1742 .
  • Scheibel , H. G. and Porstendörfer , J. 1983 . Generation of Monodisperse Ag-Aerosol and NaCl-Aerosol with Particle Diameters Between 2-nm and 300-nm . J. Aerosol Sci. , 14 : 113 – 126 .
  • Schnaiter , M. , Horvath , H. , Mohler , O. , Naumann , K. H. , Saathoff , H. and Schock , O. W. 2003 . UV-VIS-NIR Spectral Optical Properties of Soot and Soot-Containing Aerosols . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1421 – 1444 .
  • Schwyn , S. , Garwin , E. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 1988 . Aerosol Generation by Spark Discharge . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 639 – 642 .
  • Seipenbusch , M. 2003 . Katalytische und photoelektrische Aktivität Gasgetragener Nanopartikel-Agglomerate . PhD thesis, Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe
  • Seipenbusch , M. , Weber , A. P. , Schiel , A. and Kasper , G. 2003 . Influence of the Gas Atmosphere on Restructuring and Sintering Kinetics of Nickel and Platinum Aerosol Nanoparticle Agglomerates . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1699 – 1709 .
  • Svedberg , T. and Tiselius , A. 1928 . Colloid Chemistry , New York : Chemical Catalog .
  • Tabrizi , N. S. , Ullmann , M. , Vons , V. A. , Lafont , U. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 2009a . Generation of Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge . J. Nanopart. Res. , 11 : 315 – 332 .
  • Tabrizi , N. S. , Xu , Q. , van der Pers , N. M. , Lafont , U. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 2009b . Synthesis of Mixed Metallic Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge . J. Nanopart. Res. , 11 : 1209 – 1218 .
  • Tabrizi , N. S. , Xu , Q. , van der Pers , N. M. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 2010 . Generation of Mixed Metallic Nanoparticles from Immiscible Metals by Spark Discharge . J. Nanopart. Res. , 12 : 247 – 259 .
  • Tesla , N. 1898 . Electrical igniter for gas-engines Patent Number 609,250, U. S. P. Office, ed., United States of America
  • Vanhoven , R. L. , Nam , S. H. , Montaser , A. , Doughten , M. W. and Dorrzapf , A. F. 1995 . Direct Solid Sampling of Fire Assay Beads by Spark Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B , 50 : 549 – 564 .
  • Va’vra , J. , Maly , J. A. and Va’vra , P. M. 1998 . Soft X-Ray Production in Spark Discharges in Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Air, Argon and Xenon Gases . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A , 418 : 405 – 419 .
  • Weber , A. P. , Baltensperger , U. , Gaggeler , H. W. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 1996 . In Situ Characterization and Structure Modification of Agglomerated Aerosol Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 27 : 915 – 929 .
  • Weber , A. P. , Seipenbusch , M. , Thanner , C. and Kasper , G. 1999 . Aerosol Catalysis on Nickel Nanoparticles . J. Nanopart. Res. , 1 : 253 – 265 .
  • Wittmaack , K. 2007 . Deriving the Mean Primary-Particle Diameter and Related Quantities from the Size Distribution and the Gravimetric Mass of Spark Generated Nanoparticles . J. Nanopart. Res. , 9 : 191 – 200 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.