Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

REFERENCES

• Bellamy , L. Y. 1975 . The Infra-Red Spectra of Complex Molecules , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Bernard , P. C. and van Grieken , R. E. 1992 . Comparison and Evaluation of Hierarchical Cluster Techniques Applied to Automated Electron Probe X-ray. Microanalysis Data . Anal. Chim. Acta , 267 : 81 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi , X.-X. , Ganguly , B. , Huffmann , G. P. , Endo , M. and Eklund , P. C. 1993 . Nanocrystalline α-Fe, Fe3C, and Fe7C3 Produced by CO2 Laser Pyrolysis . J. Mater. Res. , 8 : 1666 – 1674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , M. E. and Cary , R. A. 1996 . Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 25 : 221 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonczyk , P. A. 1988 . Investigation of Fuel Additive Effects on Sooting Flames . Annual Scientific Report , East Hartford, CT, USA. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/, accessed December 1, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Bondarenko , I. , Treiger , B. , van Grieken , R. and van Espen , P. 1996 . Idas: A Windows Based Software Package for Cluster Analysis. Spectrochim . Acta B , 51 : 441 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonnet , F. , Ropital , F. , Lecour , P. , Espinat , D. , Huiban , Y. Gengembre , L. 2002 . Study of the Oxide/Carbide Transition on Iron Surfaces During Catalytic Coke Formation . Surf. Interface Anal. , 34 : 418 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain , J. P. , Gassman , P. L. , Wang , H. and Laskin , A. 2010 . Micro-FTIR Study of Soot Chemical Composition-Evidence of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons on Nascent Soot Surfaces . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 12 : 5206 – 5218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charalampopoulos , T. T. , Hahn , D. W. and Chang , H. 1992 . Role of Metal Additives in Light Scattering from Flame Particulates . Appl. Opt. , 31 : 6519 – 6528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. , Shah , N. , Huggins , F. E. and Huffman , G. P. 2006 . Microanalysis of Ambient Particles from Lexington, Ky, by Electron Microscopy . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 651 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Crow , D. , Lowenthal , D. H. and Merrifield , T. 2001 . Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 34 : 23 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J. C. , Watson , J. G. , Pritchett , L. C. , Pierson , W. R. , Frazier , C. A. and Purcell , R. G. 1993 . The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System: Description, Evaluation and Applications in U.S. Air Quality Studies . Atmos. Environ. A-Gen. , 27 : 1185 – 1201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciambelli , P. , Corbo , P. , Gambino , M. , Palma , V. and Vaccaro , S. 1996 . Catalytic Combustion of Carbon Particulate . Catal. Today , 27 : 99 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clague , A. D. H. , Donnet , J. B. , Wang , T. K. and Peng , J. C. M. 1999 . A Comparison of Diesel Engine Soot with Carbon Black . Carbon , 37 : 1553 – 1565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates , J. 2000 . “ Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, a Practical Approach ” . In Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry , Edited by: Meyers , R. A. 10815 – 10837 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hand , J. L. , Malm , W. C. , Laskin , A. , Day , D. , Lee , T. Wang , C. 2005 . Optical, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Tar Balls Observed During the Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study . J. Geophys. Res. , 110 : D21210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse , R. , Chassé , T. and Szargan , R. 2003 . Unifit 2002–Universal Analysis Software for Photoelectron Spectra . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 375 : 856 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMPROVE_A . 2008 . “ DRI Model 2001 Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis (TOR/TOT) of Aerosol Filter Samples—Method IMPROVE_A ” . In DRI Standard Operating Protocols. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments , Reno , , NV, USA : Desert Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Ivleva , N. P. , McKeon , U. , Niessner , R. and Pöschl , U. 2007 . Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Size-Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Samples Collected with an ELPI: Soot, Humic-Like Substances, and Inorganic Compounds . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 41 : 655 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , K. S. , Zuberi , B. , Molina , L. T. , Molina , M. J. , Iedema , M. J. Cowin , J. P. 2005 . Processing of Soot in an Urban Environment: Case Study from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 5 : 3033 – 3043 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper , M. , Sattler , K. , Siegmann , K. , Matter , U. and Siegmann , H. C. 1999 . The Influence of Fuel Additives on the Formation of Carbon During Combustion . J. Aerosol Sci. , 30 : 217 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. H. , Kim , Y.-T. , Kim , S. H. and Lee , D. 2010 . Catalytic Oxidation Kinetics of Iron-Containing Carbon Particles Generated by Spraying Ferrocene-Mixed with Diesel Fuel into a Hydrogen–Air Diffusion Flame . Carbon , 48 : 2072 – 2084 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kireeva , E. , Popovicheva , O. , Persiantseva , N. , Timofeyev , M. and Shonija , N. 2009 . Fractionation Analysis of Transport Engine-Generated Soot Particles with Respect to Hygroscopicity . J. Atmos. Chem. , 64 : 129 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasnikov , S. A. , Vinogradov , A. S. , Hallmeier , K. H. , Höhne , R. , Ziese , M. Esquinazi , P. 2004 . Oxidation Effects in Epitaxial Fe3O4 Layers on MgO and MgAl2O4 Substrates Studied by X-ray Absorption, Fluorescence and Photoemission . Mater. Sci. Eng. B , 109 : 207 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , P. , Miser , D. E. , Rabiei , S. , Yadav , R. T. and Hajaligol , M. R. 2003 . The Removal of Carbon Monoxide by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles . Appl. Catal. B-Environ. , 43 : 151 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin-Vien , D. , Colthup , N. B. , Fateley , W. G. and Grasselli , J. G. 1991 . The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules , Boston : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Liu , C. , Ma , J. , Ma , Q. and He , H. 2010 . Structural and Hygroscopic Changes of Soot During Heterogeneous Reaction with O3 . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 12 : 10896 – 10903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyyränen , J. , Jokiniemi , J. , Kauppinen , E. I. and Joutsensaari , J. 1999 . Aerosol Characterization in Medium-Speed Diesel Engines Operating with Heavy Fuel Oils . J. Aerosol Sci. , 30 : 771 – 784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreery , R. L. 2000 . Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• McDevitt , N. T. and Fateley , W. G. 1970 . The Character of Low Frequency (250–40 cm−1) Raman Bands from Organic Liquids and Their Comparison to Far Infrared Absorption . J. Mol. Struct. , 5 : 477 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerer , A. , Niessner , R. and Pöschl , U. 2003 . Thermophoretic Deposition of Soot Aerosol Particles under Experimental Conditions Relevant for Modern Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Systems . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 1009 – 1021 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerer , A. , Niessner , R. and Pöschl , U. 2006 . Comprehensive Kinetic Characterization of the Oxidation and Gasification of Model and Real Diesel Soot by Nitrogen Oxides and Oxygen under Engine Exhaust Conditions: Measurement, Langmuir–Hinshelwood, and Arrhenius Parameters . Carbon , 44 : 307 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , A. , Ahlstrand , G. , Kittelson , D. and Zachariah , M. 2007 . The Fate of Metal (Fe) During Diesel Combustion: Morphology, Chemistry, and Formation Pathways of Nanoparticles . Combust. Flame , 149 : 129 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldanová , J. , Fridell , E. , Popovicheva , O. , Demirdjian , B. , Tishkova , V. Faccinetto , A. 2009 . Characterisation of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from a Large Ship Diesel Engine . Atmos. Environ. , 43 : 2632 – 2641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naschke , W. , Seguelong , T. and Rocher , L. 2008 . Fuel Borne Catalysts (FBC) for Particle Trap Regeneration, in Particle Filter Retrofit for All Diesel Engines , Edited by: Mayer , A. 161 – 170 . Renningen : Expert Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Neeft , J. P. A. , Nijhuis , T. X. , Smakman , E. , Makkee , M. and Moulijn , J. A. 1997a . Kinetics of the Oxidation of Diesel Soot . Fuel , 76 : 1129 – 1136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeft , J. P. A. , van Pruissen , O. P. , Makkee , M. and Moulijn , J. A. 1997b . Catalysts for the Oxidation of Soot from Diesel Exhaust Gases II. Contact between Soot and Catalyst under Practical Conditions . Appl. Catal. B-Environ. , 12 : 21 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri , G. , Bonaccorsi , L. , Donato , A. , Milone , C. , Musolino , M. G. and Visco , A. M. 1997 . Catalytic Combustion of Diesel Soot over Metal Oxide Catalysts . Appl. Catal. B-Environ. , 11 : 217 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIOSH . 1999 . “ Elemental Carbon (Diesel Particulate): Method 5040, Issue 3 (Interim) ” . Cincinnati , OH, USA : National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health .
   Google Scholar
• Osán , J. , Alföldy , B. , Török , S. and Van Grieken , R. 2002 . Characterisation of Wood Combustion Particles Using Electron Probe Microanalysis . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 2207 – 2214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , E. , Ostrovski , O. , Zhang , J. , Thomson , S. and Howe , R. 2001 . Characterization of Phases Formed in the Iron Carbide Process by X-Ray Diffraction, Mössbauer, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy Analyses . Metall. Mater. Trans. B , 32 : 839 – 845 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovicheva , O. B. , Persiantseva , N. M. , Kuznetsov , B. V. , Rakhmanova , T. A. , Shonija , N. K. Suzanne , J. 2003 . Microstructure and Water Adsorbability of Aircraft Combustor and Kerosene Flame Soots: Toward an Aircraft Generated Soot Laboratory Surrogate . J. Phys. Chem. A , 107 : 10046 – 10054 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , P. J. , Vincent , M. W. and Cook , S. L. 2000 . Operating Experience of Diesel Vehicles Equipped with Particulate Filters and Using Fuel Additive for Regeneration . SAE Technical Paper, 010474
   Google Scholar
• Sadezky , A. , Muckenhuber , H. , Grothe , H. , Niessner , R. and Pöschl , U. 2005 . Raman Microspectroscopy of Soot and Related Carbonaceous Materials: Spectral Analysis and Structural Information . Carbon , 43 : 1731 – 1742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid , H. , Laskus , L. , Abraham , H. J. , Baltensperger , U. , Lavanchy , V. Bizjak , M. 2001 . Results of the “Carbon Conference” International Aerosol Carbon Round Robin Test Stage I . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 2111 – 2121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid , J. , Grob , B. , Niessner , R. and Ivleva , N. P. 2011 . Multiwavelength Raman Microspectroscopy for Rapid Prediction of Soot Oxidation Reactivity . Anal. Chem. , 83 : 1173 – 1179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabanova , I. N. and Trapeznikov , V. A. 1975 . A Study of the Electronic Structure of Fe3C, Fe3Al and Fe3Si by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy . J. Electron Spectrosc. , 6 : 297 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skillas , G. , Qian , Z. , Baltensperger , U. , Matter , U. and Burtscher , H. 2000 . The Influence of Additives on the Size Distribution and Composition of Particles Produced by Diesel Engines . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 154 : 259 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , J. , Wang , J. and Boehman , A. L. 2006 . The Role of Fuel-Borne Catalyst in Diesel Particulate Oxidation Behavior . Combust. Flame , 146 : 73 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima , S. and Hirano , S.-I. 1990 . Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Fe7C3 Particles with High Saturation Magnetization . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 29 : 662 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Borm , W. A. and Adams , F. C. 1988 . Cluster Analysis of Electron Microprobe Analysis Data of Individual Particles for Source Apportionment of Air Particulate Matter . Atmos. Environ. , 22 : 2297 – 2307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana , M. , Maenhaut , W. , ten Brink , H. M. , Chi , X. , Weijers , E. Querol , X. 2007 . Comparative Analysis of Organic and Elemental Carbon Concentrations in Carbonaceous Aerosols in Three European Cities . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 5972 – 5983 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vouitsis , E. , Pistikopoulos , P. , Kalogirou , M. and Samaras , Z. 2008 . Evaluation of Metal Based Fuel-Borne Catalysts for Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration . Int. J. Vehicle Des. , 46 : 294 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , H. 2011 . Formation of Nascent Soot and Other Condensed-Phase Materials in Flames . Proceedings of the Combustion Institute , 33 : 41 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , M. , Xu , B. , Zhao , H. , Cao , J. , Joswiak , D. Wu , G. 2012 . The Influence of Dust on Quantitative Measurements of Black Carbon in Ice and Snow when Using a Thermal Optical Method . Aerosol. Sci. Technol. , 46 : 60 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Chung , A. and Paulson , S. E. 2010 . The Effect of Metal Salts on Quantification of Elemental and Organic Carbon in Diesel Exhaust Particles Using Thermal-Optical Evolved Gas Analysis . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 11447 – 11457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie , R. K. , Seip , H. M. , Leinum , J. R. , Winje , T. and Xiao , J. S. 2005 . Chemical Characterization of Individual Particles (PM10) from Ambient Air in Guiyang City, China . Sci. Total Environ. , 343 : 261 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita , T. and Hayes , P. 2008 . Analysis of XPS Spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ Ions in Oxide Materials . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 254 : 2441 – 2449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , G. , Teague , S. , Pinkerton , K. and Kennedy , I. M. 2001 . Synthesis of an Ultrafine Iron and Soot Aerosol for the Evaluation of Particle Toxicity . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 35 : 759 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yumoto , H. , Nagamine , Y. , Nagahama , J. and Shimotomai , M. 2002 . Corrosion and Stability of Cementite Films Prepared by Electron Shower . Vacuum , 65 : 527 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. and Megaridis , C. M. 1996 . Soot Suppression by Ferrocene in Laminar Ethylene/Air Nonpremixed Flames . Combust. Flame , 105 : 528 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar