Evaluation of a Perpendicular Inlet for Airborne Sampling of Interstitial Submicron Black-Carbon Aerosol

REFERENCES

• Bahreini , R. , Dunlea , E. J. , Matthew , B. M. , Simons , C. , Docherty , K. S. DeCarlo , P. F. 2008 . Design and Operation of a Pressure-Controlled Inlet for Airborne Sampling with an Aerodynamic Aerosol Lens . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 42 ( 6 ) : 465 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomquist , B. W. , Huebert , B. J. , Howell , S. G. , Litchy , M. R. , Twohy , C. H. Schanot , A. 2001 . An Evaluation of the Community Aerosol Inlet for the NCAR C-130 Research Aircraft . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , 18 ( 8 ) : 1387 – 1397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock , C. A. , Cozic , J. , Bahreini , R. , Froyd , K. D. , Middlebrook , A. M. McComiskey , A. 2011 . Characteristics, Sources, and Transport of Aerosols Measured in Spring 2008 During the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes Affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) Project . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 11 ( 6 ) : 2423 – 2453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson , R. J. , Schwartz , S. E. , Hales , J. M. , Cess , R. D. , Coakley , J. A. Hansen , J. E. 1992 . Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols . Science , 255 ( 5043 ) : 423 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton , R. , Osborne , S. , Ulanowski , Z. , Hirst , E. , Kaye , P. H. and Greenaway , R. S. 2010 . The Ability of the Small Ice Detector (SID-2) to Characterize Cloud Particle and Aerosol Morphologies Obtained During Flights of the FAAM BAe-146 Research Aircraft . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , 27 ( 2 ) : 290 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , R. S. , Hall , S. R. , Swartz , W. H. , Schwarz , J. P. , Spackman , J. R. Watts , L. A. 2008 . Calculations of Solar Shortwave Heating Rates due to Black Carbon and Ozone Absorption Using in situ Measurements . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 113 ( D14 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , R. S. , Schwarz , J. P. , Kelly , K. K. , Fahey , D. W. , Watts , L. A. Thompson , T. L. 2007 . A Novel Method for Estimating Light-Scattering Properties of Soot Aerosols Using a Modified Single-Particle Soot Photometer . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 41 ( 2 ) : 125 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangal , S. and Willeke , K. 1990 . Overall Efficiency of Tubular Inlets Sampling at 0–90 Degrees from Horizontal Aerosol Flows . Atmos. Environ. Part A-Gen. Topics , 24 ( 9 ) : 2379 – 2386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood , J. and Boucher , O. 2000 . Estimates of the Direct and Indirect Radiative Forcing Due to Tropospheric Aerosols: A Review . Rev. Geophys. , 38 ( 4 ) : 513 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegg , D. A. , Covert , D. S. , Jonsson , H. and Covert , P. A. 2005 . Determination of the Transmission Efficiency of an Aircraft Aerosol Inlet . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 39 ( 10 ) : 966 – 971 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann , M. , Stratmann , F. , Wilck , M. and Wiedensohler , A. 2001 . Sampling Characteristics of an Aircraft-Borne Aerosol Inlet System . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , 18 ( 1 ) : 7 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebert , B. J. , Lee , G. and Warren , W. L. 1990 . Airborne Aerosol Inlet Passing Efficiency Measurement . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 95 ( D10 ) : 16369 – 16381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , H. H. , Wilson , J. C. , Brock , C. A. , Knollenberg , R. G. , Newton , T. R. Dye , J. E. 1995 . Performance of a Focused Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer for Measurements in the Stratosphere of Particle Size in the 0.06–2.0 μm Diameter Range . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , 12 ( 1 ) : 115 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , R. P. , Baker , B. , Pilson , B. and Mo , Q. 2006 . In situ Observations of the Microphysical Properties of Wave, Cirrus, and Anvil Clouds. Part II: Cirrus Clouds . J. Atmos. Sci. , 63 ( 12 ) : 3186 – 3203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lighty , J. S. , Veranth , J. M. and Sarofim , A. F. 2000 . Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 50 ( 9 ) : 1565 – 1618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarquhar , G. M. and Heymsfield , A. J. 1996 . Microphysical Characteristics of Three Anvils Sampled During the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment . J. Atmos. Sci. , 53 ( 17 ) : 2401 – 2423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , D. M , Cziczo , D. J. , Hudson , P. K. , Thomson , D. S. , Wilson , J. C. Kojima , T. 2004 . Particle Generation and Resuspension in Aircraft Inlets When Flying in Clouds . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 ( 4 ) : 400 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman , J. A. , Huey , L. G. , Dissly , R. W. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Flocke , F. Holecek , J. C. 2002 . Fast-Response Airborne in situ Measurements of HNO3 During the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 107 ( D20 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA National Climate Data Center . 2011 . State of the Climate: Wildfires for April 2011, Published Online May 2011 . Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/fire/2011/4
   Google Scholar
• Popp , P. J. , Gao , R. S. , Marcy , T. P. , Fahey , D. W. , Hudson , P. K. Thompson , T. L. 2004 . Nitric Acid Uptake on Subtropical Cirrus Cloud Particles . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 109 ( D6 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan , V. , Crutzen , P. J. , Kiehl , J. T. and Rosenfeld , D. 2001 . Atmosphere—Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle . Science , 294 ( 5549 ) : 2119 – 2124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , J. P. , Gao , R. S. , Fahey , D. W. , Thomson , D. S. , Watts , L. A. Wilson , J. C. 2006 . Single-Particle Measurements of Midlatitude Black Carbon and Light-Scattering Aerosols from the Boundary Layer to the Lower Stratosphere . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 111 ( D16 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , J. P. , Gao , R. S. , Spackman , J. R. , Watts , L. A. , Thomson , D. S. Fahey , D. W. 2008b . Measurement of the Mixing State, Mass, and Optical Size of Individual Black Carbon Particles in Urban and Biomass Burning Emissions . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35 ( 13 ) doi: 10.1029/2008GL033968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , J. P. , Spackman , J. R. , Fahey , D. W. , Gao , R. S. , Lohmann , U. Sti , P. 2008a . Coatings and Their Enhancement of Black Carbon Light Absorption in the Tropical Atmosphere . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 113 ( D3 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , S. G. , Bui , T. P. , Chan , K. R. and Bowen , S. W. 1990 . The Meteorological Measurement System on the NASA ER-2 Aircraft . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , 7 ( 4 ) : 525 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spackman , J. R. , Schwarz , J. P. , Gao , R. S. , Watts , L. A. , Thomson , D. S. Fahey , D. W. 2008 . Empirical Correlations Between Black Carbon Aerosol and Carbon Monoxide in the Lower and Middle Troposphere . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35 ( 19 ) doi: 10.1029/2008GL035237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von der Weiden , S. L. , Drewnick , F. and Borrmann , S. 2009 . Particle Loss Calculator—A New Software Tool for the Assessment of the Performance of Aerosol Inlet Systems . Atmos. Meas. Tech. , 2 ( 2 ) : 479 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , R. J. , Clarke , A. D. , Litchy , M. , Li , J. , Kok , G. Schillawski , R. D. 1998 . Spurious Aerosol Measurements When Sampling from Aircraft in the Vicinity of Clouds . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 103 ( D21 ) : 28337 – 28346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. C , Stolzenburg , M. R. , Clark , W. E. , Loewenstein , M. , Ferry , G. V. Chan , K. R. 1992 . Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol in and Near the Northern-Hemisphere Polar Vortex: The Morphology of the Sulfate Layer, Multimodal Size Distributions, and the Effect of Denitrification . J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 97 ( D8 ) : 7997 – 8013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar