Humic Acid, Kerogen, and Black Carbon Isolated from Atmospheric Total Suspended Particulate from Guangzhou, China

REFERENCES

• Ayrault, S., Senhou, A., Moskura, M., and Gaudry, A. (2010). Atmospheric Trace Element Concentrations in Total Suspended Particles Near Paris, France. Atmos. Environ., 44:3700–3707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bench, G., and Herckes, P. (2004). Measurement of Contemporary and Fossil Carbon Contents of PM2.5 Aerosols: Results from Turtleback Dome, Yosemite National Park. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38:2424–2427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi, X., Simoneit, B.R. T., Sheng, G., Ma, S., and Fu, J. (2008). Composition and Major Sources of Organic Compounds in Urban Aerosols. Atmos. Res., 88:256–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, C.L., Hidy, G.M., Tanenbaum, S., Edgerton, E., Hartsell, B., and Jansen, J. (2008). Carbon in Southeastern US Aerosol Particles: Empirical Estimates of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation. Atmos. Environ., 42:6710–6720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chameides, W.L., Lindsay, R.W., Richardson, J., and Kiang, C.S. (1988). The Role of Biogenic Hydrocarbons in Urban Photochemical Smog—Atlanta as a Case-Study. Science, 241:1473–1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S.H., and Seinfeld, J.H. (2005). Climate Response of Direct Radiative Forcing of Anthropogenic Black Carbon. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 110(D11), doi: D11102 10.1029/2004jd005441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinar, E., Taraniuk, I., Graber, E.R., Katsman, S., Moise, T., Anttila, T., et al. (2006). Cloud Condensation Nuclei Properties of Model and Atmospheric HULIS. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:2465–2481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, X., Zheng, M., Edgerton, E.S., Jansen, J.J., and Wang, X. (2008). Contemporary or Fossil Origin: Split of Estimated Secondary Organic Carbon in the Southeastern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42:9122–9128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, R.M. B. O., Santos, E.B. H., Pio, C.A., and Duarte, A.C. (2007). Comparison of Structural Features of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Atmospheric Aerosols with Those of Aquatic Humic Substances. Atmos. Environ., 41:8100–8113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutkiewicz, V.A., Alvi, S., Ghauri, B.M., Choudhary, M.I., and Husain, L. (2009). Black Carbon Aerosols in Urban Air in South Asia. Atmos. Environ., 43:1737–1744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisseha, R., Saurer, M., Jaggi, M., Siegwolf, R.T. W., Dommen, J., Szidat, S., et al. (2009). Determination of Primary and Secondary Sources of Organic Acids and Carbonaceous Aerosols Using Stable Carbon Isotopes. Atmos. Environ., 43:431–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcette-Lepecq, A., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Bouloubassi, I., and Saliot, A. (2000). Origin and Formation Pathways of Kerogen-Like Organic Matter in Recent Sediments off the Danube Delta (Northwestern Black Sea). Org. Geochem., 31:1663–1683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelencsér, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., et al. (2007). Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Organic Aerosol Over Europe: Primary/Secondary, Natural/Anthropogenic, and Fossil/Biogenic Origin. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 112.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, P.S., Graedel, T.E., and Weschler, C.J. (1983). Organic Films on Atmospheric Aerosol-Particles, Fog Droplets, Cloud Droplets, Raindrops, and Snowflakes. Rev.Geophys., 21:903–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D.E. (1985). Black Carbon in the Environment: Properties and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Graber, E.R., and Rudich, Y. (2006). Atmospheric HULIS: How Humic-Like are They? A Comprehensive and Critical Review. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6:729–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, A., Hewitt, C.N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., et al. (1995). A Global Model of Natural Volatile Organic-Compound Emissions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 100 (D5):8873–8892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammes, K., Smernik, R.J., Skjemstad, J.O., and Schmidt, M.W. I. (2008). Characterisation and Evaluation of Reference Materials for Black Carbon Analysis Using Elemental Composition, Colour, BET Surface Area and C-13 NMR Spectroscopy. Appl. Geochem., 23:2113–2122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffer, A., Kiss, G., Blazso, M., Gelencsér, A. (2004). Chemical Characterization of Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) Formed from a Lignin-Type Precursor in Model Cloud Water. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(L06115):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyos, A., Cobo, M., Aristizabal, B., Cordoba, F., and de Correa, C.M. (2008). Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran (PCDF) Emissions from Medical Waste Incinerators in Antioquia, Colombia. Chemosphere, 73:S137–S142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M.Z. (2001). Strong Radiative Heating Due to the Mixing State of Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols. Nature, 409:695–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, S.D., Stein, C., and Jickells, T.D. (2005). Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Atmospheric Organic Matter. Atmos. Environ., 39:6007–6011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss, G., Tombacz, E., Varga, B., Alsberg, T., and Persson, L. (2003). Estimation of the Average Molecular Weight of Humic-Like Substances Isolated from Fine Atmospheric Aerosol. Atmos. Environ., 37:3783–3794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klouda, G.A., Lewis, C.W., Rasmussen, R.A., Rhoderick, G.C., Sams, R.L., Stevens, R.K., et al. (1996). Radiocarbon Measurements of Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds: Quantifying the Biogenic Contribution. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30:1098–1105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krivácsy, Z., Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., Sarvári, Z., Gelencsér, A., et al. (2000). Study of Humic-Like Substances in Fog and Interstitial Aerosol by Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. Atmos. Environ., 34:4273–4281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Jia, W., Peng, P., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Huang, W. (2006). Compositional and Source Characterization of Base Progressively Extracted Humic Acids Using Pyrolytic Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Appl. Geochem., 21:1455–1468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C.W., Yeh, J.F., and Kao, T.C. (2008). Source Characterization of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Near a Riverbed in Central Taiwan. J. Hazard. Mat., 157:418–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, P., Engling, G., and Yu, J.Z. (2010). Humic-Like Substances in Fresh Emissions of Rice Straw Burning and in Ambient Aerosols in the Pearl River Delta Region, China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10:6487–6500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, C.B., Abreu, S., Valega, M., Duarte, R., Pereira, M.E., and Duarte, A.C. (2006). The Assembling and Application of an Automated Segmented Flow Analyzer for the Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon Based on UV-Persulphate Oxidation. Anal. Let., 39:1979–1992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, S., Peng, P., Song, J., Bi, X., Zhao, J., He, L., et al. (2010a). Seasonal and Spatial Changes of Free and Bound Organic Acids in Total Suspended Particles in Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Environ., 44:5460–5467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, S., Peng, P., Song, J., Zhao, J., He, L., Sheng, G., et al. (2010b). Stable Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Organic Acids in Total Suspended Particles and Dusts from Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Res., 98:176–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafra, A.L., Senesi, N., Brunetti, G., Miklos, A.A. W., and Melfi, A.J. (2007). Humic Acids from Hydromorphic Soils of the Upper Negro river Basin, Amazonas: Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterisation. Geoderma, 138:170–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandalakis, M., Gustafsson, O., Alsberg, T., Egeback, A.L., Reddy, C.M., Xu, L., et al. (2005). Contribution of Biomass Burning to Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Three European Background Sites. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39:2976–2982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maria, S.F., Russell, L.M., Turpin, B.J., and Porcja, R.J. (2002). FTIR Measurements of Functional Groups and Organic Mass in Aerosol Samples Over the Caribbean. Atmos. Environ., 36, 5185–5196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masiello, C.A., Druffel, E.R. M., and Currie, L.A. (2002). Radiocarbon Measurements of Black Carbon in Aerosols and Ocean Sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66:1025–1036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monod, A., Poulain, L., Grubert, S., Voisin, D., and Wortham, H. (2005). Kinetics of OH-Initiated Oxidation of Oxygenated Organic Compounds in the Aqueous Phase: New Rate Constants, Structure-Activity Relationships and Atmospheric Implications. Atmos. Environ., 39:7667–7688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukai, H., and Ambe, Y. (1986). Characterization of a Humic Acid-Like Brown Substance in Airborne Particulate Matter and Tentative Identification of its Origin. Atmos. Environ., 20:813–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petsch, S.T., Smernik, R.J., Eglinton, T.I., and Oades, J.M. (2001). A Solid State C-13-NMR Study of Kerogen Degradation During Black Shale Weathering. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65:1867–1882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posfai, M., Xu, H.F., Anderson, J.R., and Buseck, P.R. (1998). Wet and Dry Sizes of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: An AFM-TEM Study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25:1907–1910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ran, Y., Sun, K., Yang, Y., Xing, B., and Zeng, E. (2007). Strong Sorption of Phenanthreneby Condensed Organic Matter in Soils and Sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41:3952–3958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, C.M., Pearson, A., Xu, L., McNichol, A.P., Benner, B.A., Wise, S.A., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a Tool to Apportion the Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon in Environmental Samples. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36:1774–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sannigrahi, P., Sullivan, A.P., Weber, R.J., and Ingall, E.D. (2006). Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in Urban Atmospheric Aerosols Using Solid-State C-13 NMR Spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40: 666–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salma, I., Ocskay, R., Varga, I., and Maenhaut, W. (2006). Surface Tension of Atmospheric Humic-Like Substances in Connection with Relaxation, Dilution, and Solution pH. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111(D23), doi: 10.1029/2005jd007015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit, B.R. T. (1997). Compound-Specific Carbon Isotope Analyses of Individual Long-Chain Alkanes and Alkanoic Acids in Harmattan Aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 31:2225–2233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, M.J., and Hatcher, P.G. (2004). Overestimates of Black Carbon in Soils and Sediments. Naturwissenschaften, 91:436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, J., He, L., Peng, P., Zhao, J., and Ma, S. (2012). Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in Ambient Aerosols in Guangzhou, South China. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 46:533–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, J., Peng, P., and Huang, W. (2002). Black Carbon and Kerogen in Soils and Sediments. 1. Quantification and Characterization. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36:3960–3967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X., Peng, P., Song, J., Zhang, G., and Hu, J. (2008). Sedimentary Record of Black Carbon in the Pearl River Estuary and Adjacent Northern South China Sea. Appl. Geochem., 23:3464–3472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szidat, S., Jenk, T.M., Gaggeler, H.W., Synal, H.A., Fisseha, R., Baltensperger, U., et al. (2004). Radiocarbon (C-14)-Deduced Biogenic and Anthropogenic Contributions to Organic Carbon (OC) of Urban Aerosols from Zurich, Switzerland Atmos. Environ., 38:4035–4044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J., Duan, J., Chen, D., Wang, X., Guo, S., Bi, X., et al. (2009). Chemical Characteristics of Haze During Summer and Winter in Guangzhou. Atmos. Res., 94:238–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.C., Gelencsér, A., Kiss, G., et al. (1999). Inorganic, Organic and Macromolecular Components of Fine Aerosol in Different Areas of Europe in Relation to Their Water Solubility. Atmos. Environ., 33:2733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zencak, Z., Elmquist, M., and Gustafsson, O. (2007). Quantification and Radiocarbon Source Apportionment of Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols Using the CTO-375 Method. Atmos. Environ., 41:7895–7906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., Peng, P., Song, J., Ma, S., Sheng, G., and Fu, J. (2011). Characterization of Macromolecular Organic Matter in Atmospheric Dust from Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 45:5612–5620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., Chen, F., and Jin, M. (2003). Study on Modern Plant C-13 in Western China and Its Significance. Chinese J. Geochem., 22:97–106.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, S. (2006). The Spatial Distribution of PCDDs/PCDFs of Soilsand Sediments in the Pearl River Delta of China and Source Identification . Ph.D. thesis, the Graduate School of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
   Google Scholar