A Comparison Between a Semi-Continuous Analyzer and Filter-Based Method for Measuring Anion and Cation Concentrations in PM₁₀ at an Urban Background Site in London

REFERENCES

• Abdalmogith, S. S., and Harrison, R. M. (2006). An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Properties of Daily Sulfate, Nitrate and Chloride Concentrations at UK Urban and Rural Sites. J. Environ. Monitor., 8(7):691–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NPL REPORT AS 65 (2010). Airborne Particulate Concentrations and Numbers in the United Kingdom (Phase 2) Annual Report. National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom. http://ukair.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat05/1109011413_Particles_Network_Annual_Report_2010_AS_65.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, G. A., Harrison, D., and Koutrakis, P. (2001). A New Method for Continuous Measurement of Sulphate in the Ambient Atmosphere. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the American Association for Aerosol Research, October 15–19, Portland, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Ayers, G. P. (2001). Comment on Regression Analysis of Air Quality Data. Atmos. Environ., 35:2423–2425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, M. S., Demerjian, K. L., Schwab, J. J., Weimer, S., Hou, J., Zhou, X., Rhoads, K., and Orsini, D. (2007). Intercomparison of Real Time Ammonium Measurements at Urban and Rural Locations in New York. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41:329–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigi, A., and Harrison, R. M. (2010). Analysis of the Air Pollution Climate at a Central Urban Background Site. Atmos. Environ., 44:2004–2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, M. E. (1998). Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols: Interlaboratory Comparison. Analyst, 123(5):851–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. J. C., and Edwards, P. R. (2009). Measurement of Anions in Ambient Particulate Matter by Ion Chromatography: A Novel Sample Preparation Technique and Development of a Generic Uncertainty Budget. Talanta, 80:1020–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. J. C., and Keates, A. C. (2011). Spatial Inhomogeneity of Anions in Ambient Particulate Matter Collected on Air Filters: Determination Using a Drift-Corrected Ion Chromatography Technique. Talanta, 84:918–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lowenthal, D. H., and Magliano, K. L. (2005). Loss of PM2.5 Nitrate from Filter Samples in Central California. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 55(8):1158–1168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Parliament and Council. (2008). Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. Off. J. EU, 152:1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Drewnick, F., Schwab, J. J., Hogrefe, O., Peters, D., Husain, L., Diamond, D., Weber, R., and Demerjian, K. L. (2003). Intercomparison and Evaluation of Four Semi-Continuous PM2.5 Sulfate Instruments. Atmos. Environ., 37(24):3335–3350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Yang, L., Cheng, S., Gao, R., Zhou, Y., Xue, L., Shou, Y., Wang, J., Wang, X., Nie, W., Xu, P., and Wang, W. (2011). Semi-Continuous Measurement of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in Jinan, China: Temporal Variations and Source Apportionments. Atmos. Environ., 45(33):6048–6056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godri, K. J., Evans, G. J., Slowik, J., Knox, A., Abbatt, J., Brook, J., Damn, T., and Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E. (2009). Evaluation and Application of a Semi-Continuous Chemical Characterization System for Water Soluble Inorganic PM2.5 and Associated Precursor Gases. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2:65–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, R. M., and Gilroy, E. J. (1984). Methods of Fitting a Straight Line to Data: Examples in Water Resources. Water Resour. Bull., 20(5):705–711.
   Google Scholar
• Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X., Davidovisit, P., Smoth, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R. (2000). Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Submicron Particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33:49–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khlystov, A., Wyers, G. P., and Slanina, J. (1995). The Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector. Atmos. Environ., 29:2229–2234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. N., Lin, S. F., Awasthi, A., Tsai, C. J., Wu, Y. C., and Chen, C. F. (2014). Sampling and Conditioning Artifacts of PM2.5 in Filter-Based Samplers. Atmos. Environ., 85:48–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkonen, U., Virkkula, A., Mäntykenttä, J., Hakola, H., Keronen, P., Vakkari, V., and Aalto, P. P. (2012). Semi-Continuous Gas and Inorganic Aerosol Measurements at a Finnish Urban Site: Comparison with Filters, Nitrogen in Aerosol and Gas Phases, and Aerosol Acidity. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:5617–5631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovic, M. Z., VandenBoer, T. C., and Murphy, J. G. (2012). Characterization and Optimization of an Online System for the Simultaneous Measurements of Atmospheric Water-Soluble Constituent in the Gas and Particle Phase. J. Environ. Monitor., 14:1872–1884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, K. J, Han, J. S., Jung, I. R., Kondo, Y., and Miyazaki, Y. (2006). Evaluation of a URG Ambient Ion Monitoring System (AIM) for Measuring Water-Soluble Ion Components of Ambient PM2.5: Intercomparison with PILS-IC Monitor. Paper presented at the Seventh International Aerosol Conference, September 10–15, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, N. L., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A., Canagaratna, M. R., Croteau, P. L., Onasch, T. B., Sueper, D., Worsnop, D. R., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y. L., and Jayne, J. T. (2011). An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for Routine Monitoring of the Composition and Mass Concentrations of Ambient Aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45:770–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, W., Wang, T., Gao, X., Pathak, R. V., Wang, X., Gao, R., Zhang, Q., Yang, L., and Wang, W. (2010). Comparison among Filter-Based, Impactor-Based and Continuous Techniques for Measuring Atmospheric Fine Sulphate and Nitrate. Atmos. Environ., 44:4396–4403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini, D. A., Ma, Y., Sullivan, A., Sierau, B., Bauumann, K., and Weber, R. J. (2003). Refinements to the Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler (PILS) for Ground and Airborne Measurements of Water Soluble Aerosol Composition. Atmos. Environ., 37:1243–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A., and Dockery, D. W. (2006). Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines That Connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56:709–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J. H., and Pandis, S. N. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sorooshian, A., Brechtel, F. J., Ma, Y. L., Weber, R. J., Corless, A., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2006). Modeling and Characterization of a Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler (PILS). Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40:396–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Hersey, S., Bahreini, R., Jonsson, H., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2010). Constraining the Contribution of Organic Acids and AMS m/z 44 to the Organic Aerosol Budget: On the Importance of Meteorology, Aerosol Hygroscopicity, and Region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37:L21807, DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044951
   Google Scholar
• Stolzenburg, M. R., and Hering, S. V. (2000). A New Method for Automated Measurements of Atmospheric Fine Particle Nitrate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34:907–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, M., Li, J., Morris, K. J., and Dasgupta, P. K. (2004). Membrane-Based Plate Denuder for the Collection and Removal of Soluble Atmospheric Gases. Anal. Chem., 76:1204–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Brink, H. M., Otjes, R., Jongejan, P., and Slanina, J. (2007). An Instrument for Semi-Continuous Monitoring of the Size-Distribution of Ammonium Nitrate Aerosol. Atmos. Environ., 41:2768–2779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timonen, H., Aurela, M., Saarnio, K., Frey, A., Saarikoski, S., Teinilä, K., Kulmala, M., and Hillamo, R. (2011). Monitoring of Inorganic Ions, Carbonaceous Matter and Mass in Ambient Aerosol Particles with Online and Offline Methods. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 4:6577–6614.
   Google Scholar
• Vecchi, R., Valli, G., Fermo, P., D'Alessandro, A., Piazzalunga, A., and Bernardoni, V. (2009). Organic and Inorganic Sampling Artefacts Assessment. Atmos. Environ., 43(10):1713–1720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R. J., Orsini, D., Daun, Y., Lee, Y. N., Klotz, P. J., and Brechtel, F. (2001). A Particle-Into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35:718–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieprechta, W., Ackera, K., Müllerb, K., Spindlerb, G., Brüggemannb, E., Maenhautc, W., Chic, X., Hitzenbergerd, R., Bauere, H., and Brinkf, H. (2004). INTERCOMP2000: Ionic Constitution and Comparison of Filter and Impactor. Atmos. Environ., 38:6477–6486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witz, S., Eden, R. W., Wadley, M. W., Dunwoody, C., Papa, R. P., and Torre, K. J. (1990). Rapid Loss of Particulate Nitrate, Chloride and Ammonium on Quartz Filters during Storage. Air Waste Manage., 40(1):53–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, W. S., and Wang, T. (2007). On the Performance of a Semi-Continuous PM2.5 Sulphate and Nitrate Instrument under High Loadings of Particulate and Sulphur Dioxide. Atmos. Environ., 41:5442–5451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, J., and Harrison, R. M. (2008). Pragmatic Mass Closure Study for PM 1.0, PM 2.5 and PM 10 at Roadside, Urban Background and Rural Sites. Atmos. Environ., 42:980–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., Wang, T., Gao, X., and Xue, L. (2009). Continuous Observations of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 at Mount Tai (1534 m a.s.l.) in Central-Easter China. J. Atmos. Chem., 64:107–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar