1,458
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Prototype e-cigarette and the capillary aerosol generator (CAG) comparison and qualification for use in subchronic inhalation exposure testing

, , , , &
Pages 1284-1293 | Received 09 Jun 2016, Accepted 15 Jul 2016, Published online: 25 Aug 2016

References

  • Appleman, J. R., Howell, E. E., Kraut, J., Kuhl, M., and Blakley, R. L. (1988). Role of Aspartate 27 in the Binding of Methotrexate to Dihydrofolate Reductase from Escherichia Coli. J. Biol. Chem., 263(19):9187–9198.
  • Bekki, K., Uchiyama, S., Ohta, K., Inaba, Y., Nakagome, H., and Kunugita, N. (2014). Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11(11):11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192
  • Brown, C. J., and Cheng, J. M. (2014). Electronic Cigarettes: Product Characterization and Design Considerations. Tob. Control., 23:ii4–ii10.
  • CDC NIOSH. (2015). Comments of the National Institute of Safety and Health to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Response to Establishment of Public Docket; Electronic Cigarettes and the Public Health Workshop. Docket no. FDA-2014-N-1936, May 8. Available at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-N-1936-0431. Accessed 9 September 2015.
  • Cheng, T. (2014). Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes. Tob. Control., 23(Suppl 2):ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482
  • Cheng, Y. S., and Moss, O. R. (1995). Inhalation Exposure Systems, in Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology, R. O. McClellan and R. F. Henderson, eds, Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, pp. 25–61.
  • European Commission. (2014). Tobacco Products Directive. Directive 2014/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/dir_201440_en.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2015.
  • Flora, J. W., Meruva, N., Huang, C. B., Wilkinson, C. T., Ballentine, R., Smith, D. C., Werley, M. S., and McKinney, W. J. (2016). Characterization of Potential Impurities and Degradation Products in Electronic Cigarette Formulations and Aerosols. Regulat. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 74:1–11.
  • Gupta, R., Hindle, M., Byron, P. R., Cox, K. A., and McRae, D. D. (2003). Investigation of a Novel Aerosol Condensation Generator; Solute and Solvent Effects. Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 37:672–681. doi:10.1080/02786820300910
  • Haussmann, H. J. (2012). Use of Hazard Indices for a Theoretical Evaluation of Cigarette Smoke Composition. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 25(4):794–810. doi:10.1021/tx200536w
  • Herrington, J. S., and Myers, C. (2015). Electronic Cigarette Solutions and Resultant Aerosol Profiles. J. Chromatograph., 1418:192–199.
  • Hindle, M. (2003). Aerosolization of Human Insulin Using the Capillary Aerosol Generator (CAG). AAPS Pharm. Sci., 5: Abstract T3234.
  • IARC. (2015). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs. Volumes 1–112. Available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2015.
  • Jensen, R. P., Luo, W., Pankow, J. F., Strongin, R. M., and Peyton, D. H. (2015). Hidden Formaldehyde in E-Cigarette Aerosols. N. Engl. J. Med., 372(4):392–394. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069
  • Kosmider, L., Sobczak, A., Fik, M., Knysak, J., Zaciera, M., Kurek, J., and Goniewicz, M. L. (2014). Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage. Nicotine Tob. Res., 16(10):1319–1326. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu078
  • MacFarland, H. N. (1983). Designs and Operational Characteristics of Inhalation Exposure Equipment–A Review. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 3(6):603–613. doi:10.1093/toxsci/3.6.603
  • Marple, V. A., and Rubow, K. L. (1980). Aerosol Generation Concepts and Parameters, in Generation of Aerosols and Facilities for Exposure Experiments, K. Willeke, ed, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 22.
  • Menache, M. G., Miller, F. J., and Raabe, O. G. (1995). Particle Inhalability Curves for Humans and Small Laboratory Animals. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 39(3):317–328. doi:10.1016/0003-4878(95)00002-v
  • MHRA. (2015). New Rules about Tobacco, E-cigarettes and Smoking: 1 October 2015, Department of Health, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 9 July 2015. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-rules-about-tobacco-e-cigarettes-and-smoking-1-october-2015/new-rules-about-tobacco-e-cigarettes-and-smoking-1-october-2015. Accessed 9 September 2015.
  • Nitzkin, J. L., Farsalinos, K., and Siegel, M. (2015). More on Hidden Formaldehyde in E-Cigarette Aerosols. N. Engl. J. Med., 372(16):1575. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1502242#SA1
  • Ohta, K., Uchiyama, S., Inaba, Y., Nakagome, H., and Kunugita, N. (2011). Determination of Carbonyl Compounds Generated from the Electronic Cigarette Using Coupled Silica Cartridges Impregnated with Hydroquinone and 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine. Bunseki Kagaku, 60:791–797.
  • Oldham, M. J., Phalen, R. F., and Budimen, T. (2009). Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Measured Aerosol Deposition Efficiency in Balb/c Mice in a New Nose-Only Exposure System. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43:970–977. doi:10.1080/02786820903082029
  • Phalen, R. F. (1997). Inhalation Exposure Methods, in Methods in Inhalation Toxicology, R. F. Phalen, ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 137–138.
  • Phalen, R. F. (2009). Methods for Exposing Subjects, in Inhalation Studies: Foundations and Techniques. Informa Healthcare, New York, pp. 109–134.
  • Raabe, O. G., Al-Bagati, M. A., Teague, S. V., and Rasolt, A. (1988). Regional Deposition of Inhaled Monodisperse Coarse and Fine Aerosol Particles in Small Laboratory Animals. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 32(Suppl 1):53–63. doi:10.1093/annhyg/32.inhaled_particles_VI.53
  • Rusch, G. M., Clary, J. J., Rinehart, W. E., and Bolte, H. F. (1983). A 26-Week Inhalation Toxicity Study with Formaldehyde in the Monkey, Rat, and Hamster. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 68(3):329–343. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(83)90276-4
  • Tillery, M. I., Wood, G. O., and Ettinger, H. J. (1976). Generation and Characterization of Aerosols and Vapors for Inhalation Experiments. Environ. Health Perspect., 16:25–40. doi:10.1289/ehp.761625
  • Uchiyama, S., Ohta, K., Inaba, Y., and Kunugita, N. (2013). Determination of Carbonyl Compounds Generated from the E-Cigarette Using Coupled Silica Cartridges Impregnated with Hydroquinone and 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal. Sci., 29(12):1219–1222. doi:10.2116/analsci.29.1219
  • Werley, M. S., Kirkpatrick, D. J., Oldham, M. J., Jerome, A. M., Langston, T. B., Lilly, P. D., Smith, D. C., and Mckinney Jr., W. J. (2015). Toxicological Assessment of a Prototype E-Cigarette Device and Three Flavor Formulations: A 90-Day Inhalation Study. Inhal. Toxicol., 28(1):22–38. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1130758
  • Werley, M. S., McDonald, P., Lilly, P., Kirkpatrick, D., Wallery, J., Byron, P., and Venitz, J. (2011). Non-Clinical Safety and Pharmacokinetic Evaluations of Propylene Glycol Aerosol in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Beagle Dogs. Toxicology, 287(1–3):76–90. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.015
  • Williams, M., Ghai, S., and Talbot, P. (2015). Disposable Electronic Cigarettes and Electronic Hookahs: Evaluation of Performance. Nicotine Tob. Res., 17(2):201–208. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu118
  • Williams, M., and Talbot, P. (2011). Variability among Electronic Cigarettes in the Pressure Drop, Airflow Rate, and Aerosol Production. Nicotine Tob. Res., 13(12):1276–1283. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr164
  • Woutersen, R. A., Appelman, L. M., Wilmer, J. W., Falke, H. E., and Feron, V. J. (1987). Subchronic (13-Week) Inhalation Toxicity Study of Formaldehyde in Rats. J. Appl. Toxicol., 7(1):43–49. doi:10.1002/jat.2550070108
  • Yeh, H. C., Newton, G. J., Barr, E. B., Carpenter, R. L., and Hobbs, C. H. (1986). Studies of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Aerosols in Multi-Tiered Inhalation Exposure Chambers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 47(9):540–545. doi:10.1080/15298668691390197

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.