Modeling the thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfuric acid-dimethylamine-water nanoparticle growth in the CLOUD chamber

References

• Ahlm, L., Julin, J., Fountoukis, C., Pandis, S. N., and Riipinen, I. (2013). Particle Number Concentrations Over Europe in 2030: The Role of Emissions and New Particle Formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13:10271–10283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, J., Schobesberger, S., Kürten, A., Ortega, I. K., Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Praplan, A. P., Adamov, A., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Downard, A., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Henschel, H., Jokinen, T., Junninen, H., Kajos, M., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kupc, A., Kurtén, T., Kvashin, A. N., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Leppä, J., Loukonen, V., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., McGrath, M. J., Nieminen, T., Olenius, T., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Riccobono, F., Riipinen, I., Rissanen, M., Rondo, L., Ruuskanen, T., Santos, F. D., Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Simon, M., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Tröstl, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Vaattovaara, P., Viisanen, Y., Virtanen, A., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Yli-Juuti, T., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Curtius, J., Baltensperger, U., Worsnop, D. R., Vehkamäki, H., and Kirkby, J. (2013). Molecular Understanding of Sulphuric Acid-Amine Particle Nucleation in the Atmosphere. Nature, 502:359–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., Purohit, P., Schöpp, W., and Winiwarter, W. (2012). Future Emissions of Air Pollutants in Europe. Current legislation baseline and the scope for further reductions. IIASA, TSAP Report #1, Version 1.0.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, S. M., Hanson, D. R., Eisele, F. L., and McMurry, P. H. (1999). Laboratory Studies of Particle Nucleation: Initial Results for H2SO4, H2O, and NH3 Vapors. J. Geophys. Res., 104:23709–23718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, F., Praplan, A. P., Sarnela, N., Dommen, J., Kürten, A., Ortega, I. K., Schobesberger, S., Junninen, H., Simon, M., Tröstl, J., Jokinen, T., Sipilä, M., Adamov, A., Amorim, A., Almeida, J., Breitenlechner, M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kim, J., Kirkby, J., Laaksonen, A., Lawler, M. J., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Riccobono, F., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Tomé, A., Virtanen, A., Viisanen, Y., Wiiliamson, C., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Ye, P., Curtius, J., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Donahue, N. M., and Baltensperger, U. (2014). Insight into Acid-Base Nucleation Experiments by Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Positive, Negative, and Neutral Clusters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48:13675–13684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biskos, G., Buseck, P. R., and Martin, S. T. (2009). Hygroscopic Growth of Nucleation-Mode Sulfate Particles. Aerosol Sci., 40:338–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bzdek, B. R., Ridge, D. P., and Johnston, M. V. (2010). Size-Dependent Reactions of Ammonium Bisulfate Clusters with Dimethylamine. J. Phys. Chem., 114:11638–11644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, L. P., and Chan, C. K. (2013). Role of the Aerosol Phase State in Ammonia/Amines Exchange Reactions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47:5755–5762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y., Su, H., Koop, T., Mikhailov, E., and Pöschl, U. (2015). Size Dependence of Phase Transitions in Aerosol Nanoparticles. Nat. Commun., 6:5923. doi:10.1038/ncomms6923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, S. L., Pitzer, K. S., and Brimblecombe, P. (1992). Thermodynamics of Multicomponent, Miscible, Ionic Solutions. 2. Mixtures Including Unsymmetrical Electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem., 96:9470–9479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, S. L., Qiu, C., and Zhang, R. (2013). The Deliquescence Behaviour, Solubilities, and Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Five Methyl- and Ethyl-Aminium Sulphate Salts. Atmos. Environ., 73:145–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, S. L., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2006a). Thermodynamic Models of Aqueous Solutions Containing Inorganic Electrolytes and Dicarboxylic Acids at 298.15 K. 1. The acids as Non-Dissociating Components. J. Phys. Chem. A, 110:5692–5717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, S. L., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2006b). Thermodynamic Models of Aqueous Solutions Containing Inorganic Electrolytes and Dicarboxylic Acids at 298.15 K. 2. Systems Including Dissociation Equilibria. J. Phys. Chem. A, 110:5718–5734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duplissy, J., Enghoff, M. B., Aplin, K. L., Arnold, F., Aufmhoff, H., Avngaard, M., Baltensperger, U., Bondo, T., Bingham, R., Carslaw, K., Curtius, J., David, A., Fastrup, B., Gagné, S., Hahn, F., Harrison, R. G., Kellett, B., Kirkby, J., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Laaksonen, A., Lillestol, E., Lockwood, M., Mäkelä, J., Makhmutov, V., Marsh, N. D., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pedersen, E., Pedersen, J. O. P., Polny, J., Reichl, U., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Svensmark, H., Svensmark, J., Veenhof, R., Verheggen, B., Viisanen, Y., Wagner, P. E., Wehrle, G., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Wilhelmsson, M., and Winkler, P. M. (2010). Results from the CERN Pilot CLOUD Experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:1635–1647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duplissy, J., Merikanto, J., Franchin, A., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Kangasluoma, J., Wimmer, D., Vuollekoski, H., Schoberberger, S., Lehtipalo, K., Flagan, R. C., Brus, D., Donahue, N. M., Vehkamäki, H., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Barmet, P., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Dunne, E. M., Guida, R., Henschel, H., Junninen, H., Kirkby, J., Kürten, A., Kupc, A., Määttänen, A., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Praplan, A. P., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Steiner, G., Tome, A., Walther, H., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K. S., Dommen, J., Hansel, A., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Stratmann, F., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Worsnop, D. R., Curtius, J., and Kulmala, M. (2016). Effect of Ions on Sulfuric Acid-Water Binary Particle Formation: 2. Experimental Data and Comparison with QC-Normalized Classical Nucleation Theory. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121:1725–1775. doi:10.1002/2015JD023539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O. (2006). Size Matters More than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles. Science, 312:1375–1378. doi:10.1126/science.1125261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Schobesberger, S., Manninen, H. E., Franchin, A., Sipilä, M., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Tammet, H., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R. (2011). An Instrumental Comparison of Mobility and Mass Measurements of Atmospheric Small Ions. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45:522–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs,, N. A., and Sutugin, A. G. (1970). Highly Dispersed Aerosols. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, London.
   Google Scholar
• Ge, X., Wexler, A. S., and Clegg, S. L. (2011a). Atmospheric Amines – Part I. A Review. Atmos. Environ., 45:524–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, X., Wexler, A. S., and Clegg, S. L. (2011b). Atmospheric Amines – Part II. Thermodynamic Properties and Gas/Particle Partitioning. Atmos. Environ., 45:524–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschel, H., Acosta Navarro, J. C., Yli-Juuti, T., Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Olenius, T., Ortega, I. K., Clegg, S. L., Kurtén, T., Riipinen, I., and Vehkamäki, H. (2014). Hydration of Atmospherically Relevant Molecular Clusters: Computational Chemistry and Classical Thermodynamics. J. Phys. Chem., 118(14):2599–2611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurements of Airborne Particles. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, the United States of America.
   Google Scholar
• Hyvärinen, A. P., Lihavainen, H., Hautio, K., Raatikainen, T., Viisanen, Y., and Laaksonen, A. (2004). Surface Tensions and Densities of Sulfuric Acid + Dimethylamine + Water Solutions. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49:917–922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC: Climate Change. (2013). The Physical Science Basis, in Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G. -K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 571–657.
   Google Scholar
• Jen, C. N., McMurry, P. H., and Hanson, D. R. (2014). Stabilization of Sulfuric Acid Dimers by Ammonia, Methylamine, Dimethylamine, and Trimethylamine. J. Geophys. Res., 119:7502–7514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Petäjä, T., Luosujärvi, L., Kotiaho, T., Kostiainen, R., Rohner, U., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R. (2010). A High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer to Measure Atmospheric Ion Composition. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3:1039–1053, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerminen, V.–M., and Kulmala, M. (2002). Analytical Formulae Connecting the “Real” and the “Apparent” Nucleation Rate and the Nuclei Number Concentration for Atmospheric Nucleation Events. J. Aerosol Sci., 33:609–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskinen, H., Virtanen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Duplissy, J., Schobesberger, S., Gysel, M., Riccobono, F., Slowik, J. G., Bianchi, F., Yli-Juuti, T., Lehtipalo, K., Rondo, L., Breitenlechner, M., Kupc, A., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Dunne, E. M., Downard, A. J., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Kajos, M. K., Kirkby, J., Kürten, A., Nieminen, T., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Miettinen, P., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Praplan, A., Santos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Tomé, A., Vaattovaara, P., Wimmer, D., Prevot, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Flagan, R. C., Weingartner, E., Viisanen, Y., Riipinen, I., Hansel, A., Curtius, J., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., Wex, H., Stratmann, F., and Laaksonen, A. (2013). Evolution of Particle Composition in CLOUD Nucleation Experiments. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13:5587–5600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Ahlm, L., Yli-Juuti, T., Lawler, M., Keskinen, H., Tröstl, J., Schobesberger, S., Duplissy, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Donahue, N. M., Flagan, R. C., Hakala, J., Heinritzi, M., Jokinen, T., Kürten, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Miettinen, P., Petäjä, T., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Sengupta, K., Simon, M., Tomé, A., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Ehrhart, S., Ye, P., Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Smith, J. N., Riipinen, I., and Virtanen, A. (2016). Hygroscopicity of Nanoparticles Produced from Homogeneous Nucleation in the CLOUD Experiments. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16:293–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Gagné, S., Ickes, L., Kürten, A., Kupc, A., Metzger, A., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wimmer, D., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Downard, A., Ehn, M., Flagan, R. C., Haider, S., Hansel, A., Hauser, D., Jud, W., Junninen, H., Kreissl, F., Kvashin, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Lima, J., Lovejoy, E. R., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Mikkilä, J., Minginette, P., Mogo, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pereira, P., Petäjä, T., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Vanhanen, J., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Walther, H., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Winkler, P. M., Carslaw, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Kulmala, M. (2011). Role of Sulphuric Acid, Ammonia and Galactic Cosmic Rays in Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation. Nature, 476:429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Pirjola, L. (1998). Parameterizations for Sulfuric Acid/Water Nucleation Rates. J. Geophys. Res., 103(D7):8301–8307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Nieminen, T., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Lehtipalo, K., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Junninen, H., Paasonen, P., Riipinen, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., and Kerminen, V.–M. (2012). Measurement of the Nucleation of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. Nature Protocols, 7(9):1651–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupc, A., Amorim, A., Curtius, J., Danielczok, A., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Walther, H., Ickes, L., Kirkby, J., Kürten, A., Lima, J. M., Mathot, S., Minginette, P., Onnela, A., Rondo, L., and Wagner, P. E. (2011). A Fibre-Optic UV System for H2SO4 Production in Aerosol Chambers Causing Minimal Thermal Effects. J. Aerosol Sci., 42:532–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kürten, A., Jokinen, T., Simon, M., Sipilä, M., Sarnela, N., Junninen, H., Adamov, A., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Dommen, J., Doanahue, N. M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Hutterli, M., Kangasluoma, J., Kirkby, J., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Praplan, A. P., Riccobono, F., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Seinfeld, J. H., Steiner, G., Tomé, A., Tröstl, J., Winkler, P. M., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Curtius, J. (2014). Neutral Molecular Cluster Formation of Sulphuric Acid-Dimethylamine Observed in Real Time Under Atmospheric Conditions. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111:15019–15024, doi:10.1073/pnas.1404853111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kürten, A., Rondo, L., Ehrhart, S., and Curtius, J. (2011). Performance of a Corona Ion Source for Measurement of Sulfuric Acid by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4:437–443, doi: 10.5194/amt-4-437-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtén, T., Loukonen, V., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M. (2008). Amines are Likely to Enhance Neutral and Ion-Induced Sulfuric Acid-Water Nucleation in the Atmosphere More Efficiently than Ammonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8:4095–4103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarque, J.-F., Kyle, G., Meinshausen, M., Riahi, K., Smith, S., van Vuuren, D., Conley, A., and Vitt, F. (2011). Global and Regional Evolution of Short-Lived Radiatively-Active Gases and Aerosols in the Representative Concentration Pathways. Climatic Change, 109:191–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler, M. J., Winkler, P. M., Kim, J., Ahlm, L., Tröstl, J., Praplan, A. P., Schobesberger, S., Kürten, A., Kirkby, J., Bianchi, F., Duplissy, J., Hansel, T., Jokinen, T., Keskinen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Petäjä, T., Rissanen, M., Rondo, L., Simon, M., Sipilä, M., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Riipinen, I., Virtanen, A., and Smith, J. N. (in review). Unexpectedly Acidic Nanoparticles Formed in Dimethylamine-Ammonia-Sulfuric Acid Nucleation Experiments at CLOUD. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., doi:10.5194/acp-2016-361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M. (2003). A Model for Particle Formation and Growth in the Atmosphere with Molecular Resolution in Size. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3:251–257, doi:10.5194/acp-3-251-2003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtipalo, K., Rondo, L., Kontkanen, J., Schobesberger, S., Jokinen, T., Sarnela, N., Kürten, A., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Nieminen, T., Riccobono, F., Sipilä, M., Yli-Juuti, T., Duplissy, J., Adamov, A., Ahlm, L., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Dommen, J., Downard, A. J., Dunne, E. M., Flagan, R. C., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Jud, W., Kangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V. –M., Keskinen, H., Kim, J., Kirkby, J., Kupc, A., Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Laaksonen, A., Lawler, M. J., Leiminger, M., Mathot, S., Olenius, T., Ortega, I. K., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Praplan, A., Rissanen, M. P., Ruuskanen, T., Santos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Simon, M., Smith, J. N., Tröstl, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Tomé, A., Vaattovaara, P., Vehkamäki, H., Vrtala, A. E., Wagner, P. E., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Virtanen, A., Donahue, N. M., Carslaw, K. S., Baltensperger, U., Riipinen, I., Curtius, J., Worsnop, D. R., and Kulmala, M. (2016). The Effect of Acid-Base Clustering and Ions on the Growth of Atmospheric Nano-Particles. Nat. Commun., 7:11594 doi:10.1038/ncomms11594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, E. R. (2006). The Effect of Surface Tension (Kelvin Effect) on the Equilibrium Radius of a Hygroscopic Aqueous Aerosol Particle. Aerosol Sci., 37:1605–1617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukonen, V., Kurtén, T., Ortega, I. K., Vehkamäki, H., Pádua, A. A. H., Sellegri, K., and Kulmala, M. (2010). Enhancing Effect of Dimethylamine in Sulfuric Acid Nucleation in the Presence of Water – A Computational Study. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:4961–4974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkelä, J. M., Yli-Koivisto, S., Hiltunen, V., Seidl, W., Swietlicki, E., Teinilä, K., Sillanpää, M., Koponen, I. K., Paatero, J., Rosman, K., and Hämeri, K. (2001). Chemical Composition of Aerosol During Particle Formation Events in Boreal Forest. Tellus, 53B:380–393.
   Google Scholar
• Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Kerminen, V.–M., Boy, M., Arneth, A., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M. (2012). Air Pollution Control and Decreasing New Particle Formation Lead to Strong Climate Warming. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:1515–1524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, M. J., Olenius, T., Ortega, I. K., Loukonen, V., Paasonen, P., Kurtén, T., Kulmala, M., and Vehkamäki, H. (2012). Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code: A Flexible Method for Solution of the Birth-Death Equations. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:2345–2355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto, J., Napari, I., Vehkamaki, H, Anttila, T., and Kulmala, M. (2007). New Parameterization of Sulfuric Acid-Ammonia-Water Ternary Nucleation Rates at Tropospheric Conditions. J. Geophys. Res., 112:doi:10.1029/2006JD007977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, C. J., Herrmann, H., and Weller, C. (2012). Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Impact of the use of Amines in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Chem. Soc. Rev., 41:6684–6704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieminen, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M. (2010). Sub-10 nm Particle Growth by Vapor Condensation – Effects of Vapor Molecule Size and Particle Thermal Speed. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10:9773–9779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olenius, T., Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Ortega, I. K., Kurtén, T., and Vehkamäki, H. (2013). Free Energy Barrier in the Growth of Sulfuric Acid-Ammonia and Sulfuric Acid-Dimethylamine Clusters. J. Chem. Phys., 139: 084312. doi:10.1063/1.4819024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, I. K., Kupiainen, O., Kurtén, T., Olenius, T., Wilkman, O., McGrath, M. J., Loukonen, V., and Vehkamäki, H. (2012). From Quantum Chemical Formation Free Energies to Evaporation Rates. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:225–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, I. K., Olenius, T., Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Loukonen, V., Kurtén, T., and Vehkamäki, H. (2014). Electrical Charging Changes the Composition of Sulfuric Acid-Ammonia/Dimethylamine Clusters. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14:7995–8007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, K., Kim, J., and Miller, A. L. (2009). A Study of Size and Structure on Hygroscopicity of Nanoparticles using a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer and TEM. J. Nanopart. Res., 11:175–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praplan, A. P., Bianchi, F., Dommen, J., and Baltensperger, U. (2012). Dimethylamine and Ammonia Measurements with Ion Chromatography During the CLOUD4 Campaign. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5:2161–2167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischl, G. P. (1991). Measurement of Ambient Aerosols by the Differential Mobility Analyzer Method: Concepts and Realization Criteria for the Size Range between 2 and 500 nm. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 14:5–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondo, L., Ehrhart, S., Kürten, A., Leiminger, M., Simon, M., Sipilä, M., Jokinen, T., Sarnela, N., Junninen, H., Adamov, A., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Duplissy, J., Franchin, A., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Hutterli, M., Kangasluoma, J., Kirkby, J., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Praplan, A. P., Rissanen, M. P., Schobesberger, S., Steiner, G., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Tröstl, J., Wagner, P. E., Williamson, Ch., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Curtius, J. (2016). Effect of Dimethylamine on the Gas Phase Sulfuric Acid Concentration Measured by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS). J. Geophys. Res, 121:3036–3049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauerwein, M., Clegg, S. L., and Chan, C. K. (2015). Water Activities and Osmotic Coefficients of Aqueous Solutions of Five Alkyl-Aminium Sulfates and their Mixtures with H2SO4 at 25 °C. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 49:566–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobesberger, S., Franchin, A., Bianchi, F., Rondo, L., Duplissy, J., Kürten, A., Ortega, I. K., Metzger, A., Schnitzhofer, R., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Dommen, J., Dunne, E. M., Ehn, M., Gagné, S., Ickes, L., Junninen, H., Hansel, A., Kerminen, V. –M., Kirkby, J., Kupc, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Mathot, S., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Riccobono, F., Santos, F. D., Sipilä, M., Tomé, A., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Viisanen, Y., Wagner, P. E., Wimmer, D., Curtius, J., Donahue, N. M., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R. (2015). On the Composition of Ammonia-Sulfuric Acid Ion Cluster During Aerosol Particle Formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15:55–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobesberger, S., Junninen, H., Bianchi, F., Lönn, G., Ehn, M., Lehtipalo, K., Dommen, J., Ehrhart, S., Ortega, I. K., Franchin, A., Nieminen, T., Riccobono, F., Hutterli, M., Duplissy, J., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Breitenlechner, M., Downard, A. J., Dunne, E. M., Flagan, R. C., Kajos, M., Keskinen, H., Kirkby, J., Kupc, A., Kürten, A., Kurtén, T., Laaksonen, A., Mathot, S., Onnela, A., Praplan, A. P., Rondo, L., Santos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Sipilä, M., Tomé, A., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Vehkamäki, H., Wimmer, D., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Hansel, A., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Donahue, N. M., and Worsnop, D. R. (2013). Molecular Understanding of Atmospheric Particle Formation from Sulfuric Acid and Large Oxidized Organic Molecules. Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci., 110:17223–17228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J. H., and Pandis, S. N. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. N., Barsanti, K. C., Friedli, H. R., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Collins, D. R., Scheckman, J. H., Williams, B. J., and McMurry, P. H. (2010). Observations of Aminium Salts in Atmospheric Nanoparticles and Possible Climatic Implications. PNAS, 107:6634–6639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. N., Moore, K. F., McMurry, P. H., and Eisele, F. L. (2004). Atmospheric Measurements of sub-20 nm Diameter Particle Chemical Composition by Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38(2):100–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W. (2005). A Global off-line Model of Size-Resolved Aerosol Microphysics: I. Model Development and Prediction of Aerosol Properties. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5:2227–2252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Vehkamaki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M., and Laaksonen, A. (2002). An Improved Parameterization for Sulfuric Acid-Water Nucleation Rates for Tropospheric and Stratospheric Conditions. J. Geophys. Res., 107:doi:10.1029/2002JD002184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigtlander, J., Duplissy, J., Rondo, L., Kurten, A., and Stratmann, F. (2012). Numerical Simulations of Mixing Conditions and Aerosol Dynamics in the CERN CLOUD Chamber. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12:2205–2214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., Tanner, D. J., and Jefferson, A. (1997). Measurements of New Particle Formation and Ultrafine Particle Growth Rates at a Clean Continental Site. J. Geophys. Res., 102:4375–4385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., and Tanner, D. J. (1995). Measurement of Expected Nucleation Precursor Species and 3–500 nm Diameter Particles at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. J. Atmos. Sci., 52:2242–2257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R. J., Guo, H., Russell, A. G., and Nenes, A. (2016). High Aerosol Acidity Despite Declining Atmospheric Sulfate Concentrations Over the Past 15 Years. Nat. Geosci., 9:282–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler, A. S., and Clegg, S. L. (2002). Atmospheric Aerosol Models for Systems Including the Ions H+, NH4+, Na+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, Br- and H2O. J. Geophys. Res., 107:doi:10.1029/2001JD000451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yli-Juuti, T., Barsanti, K., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., Kieloaho, A.–J., Makkonen, U., Petäjä, T., Ruuskanen, T., Kulmala, M., and Riipinen, I. (2013). Model for Acid-Base Chemistry in Nanoparticle Growth (MABNAG). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13:12507–12524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, F. Q., and Turco, R. P. (2000). Ultrafine Aerosol Formation Via Ion-Mediated Nucleation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27:883–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, H., McGraw, R., and Lee, S.–H. (2012). Effects of Amines on Formation of sub-3 nm Particles and Their Subsequent Growth. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39:doi:10.1029/2011GL050099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zordan, C. A., Pennington, M. R., and Johnston, M. V. (2010). Elemental Composition of Nanoparticles with the Nano Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem., 82(19):8034–8038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar