Optical properties of black carbon in cookstove emissions coated with secondary organic aerosols: Measurements and modeling

References

• Adachi, K., Chung, S. H., and Buseck, P. R. (2010). Shapes of Soot Aerosol Particles and Implications for their Effects on Climate. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 115:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adkins, E., Tyler, E., Wang, J., Siriri, D., and Modi, V. (2010). Field Testing and Survey Evaluation of Household Biomass Cookstoves in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Sust. Dev., 14(3):172–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, G., Riziq, A. A., Erlick, C., and Rudich, Y. (2009). Effect of Intrinsic Organic Carbon on the Optical Properties of Fresh Diesel Soot. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107(15):6699–6704. Available at: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0903311106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, M. O., and Gelencsér, A. (2006). Black Carbon or Brown Carbon? The Nature of Light-absorbing Carbonaceous Aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6(3):3419–3463.
   Google Scholar
• Arnott, W. P., Moosmüller, H., Rogers, C. F., Jin, T., and Bruch, R. (1999). Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Measuring Light Absorption by Aerosol: Instrument Description. Atmos. Environ., 33:2845–2852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnott, W. P., Moosmüller, H., and Walker, J. W. (2000). Nitrogen Dioxide and Kerosene-Flame Soot Calibration of Photoacoustic Instruments for Measurement of Light Absorption by Aerosols. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 71(12):4545–4552. Available at: http://link.aip.org/link/RSINAK/v71/i12/p4545/s1&Agg=doi.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohren, C. F., and Huffman, D. R. (1983). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C., and Bergstrom, R. W. (2006). Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40(1):27–67. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02786820500421521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C., Habib, G., and Bergstrom, R. W. (2006). Limitations in the Enhancement of Visible Light Absorption Due to Mixing State. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D20):D20211. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2006JD007315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., and Kinne, S. (2013). Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 118(11):5380–5552. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.50171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappa, C. D., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Worsnop, D. R., Bates, T. S., Cross, E. S., Davidovits, P., Hakala, J., Hayden, K. L., Jobson, B. T., and Kolesar, K. R. (2012). Radiative Absorption Enhancements Due to the Mixing State of Atmospheric Black Carbon. Science (New York, N.Y.), 337(6098):1078–81. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, R. K., Gyawali, M., Yatavelli, R. L., Pandey, A., Watts, A. C., Knue, J., Chen, L. W. A., Pattison, R. R., Tsibart, A., Samburova, V., and Moosmüller, H. (2016). Brown Carbon Aerosols from Burning of Boreal Peatlands: Microphysical Properties, Emission Factors, and Implications for Direct Radiative Forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16(5):3033–3040. Available at: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/3033/2016/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, R. K., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W. P., Garro, M. A., Slowik, J. G., Cross, E. S., Han, J. H., Davidovits, P., Onasch, T. B., and Worsnop, D. R. (2007). Light Scattering and Absorption by Fractal-like Carbonaceous Chain Aggregates: Comparison of Theories and Experiment. Appl. Optics, 46:6990–7006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., and Bond, T. C. (2010). Light Absorption by Organic Carbon from Wood Combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9:1773–1787. Available at: http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/20471/2009/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Roden, C. A., and Bond, T. C. (2012). Characterizing Biofuel Combustion with Patterns of Real-Time Emission Data (PaRTED). Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(11):6110–6117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China, S., Mazzoleni, C., Gorkowski, K., Aiken, A. C., and Dubey, M. K. (2013). Morphology and Mixing State of Individual Freshly Emitted Wildfire Carbonaceous Particles. Nature Commun., 4:2122. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3715871&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chylek, P., and Wong, J. (1995). Effect of Absorbing Aerosols on Global Radiation Budget. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22:929–931. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/95GL00800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, E. S., Onasch, T. B., Ahern, A., Wrobel, W., Slowik, J. G., Olfert, J., Lack, D. A., Massoli, P., Cappa, C. D., Schwarz, J. P., and Spackman, J. R. (2010). Soot Particle Studies—Instrument Inter-Comparison—Project Overview. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44:592–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCarlo, P., and Slowik, J. (2004). Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory. Aerosol Sci., 38(12):1185–1205. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/027868290903907 and http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/027868290903907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farias, T. L., Köylü, Ü. Ö., and Carvalho, M. G. (1996). Range of Validity of the Rayleigh—Debye—Gans Theory for Optics of Fractal Aggregates. Appl. Opt., 35:6560–6567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Y., Ramanathan, V., and Kotamarthi, V. R. (2013). Brown Carbon: A Significant Atmospheric Absorber of Solar Radiation? Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(17):8607–8621. Available at: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/8607/2013/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, K. A. (1995). Scattering and Absorption Cross Sections of Compounded Spheres. III. Spheres Containing Arbitrarily Located Spherical Inhomogeneities. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 12(5):893–904.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, K. A., Malm, W. C., and Kreidenweis, S. M. (1999). Effects of Mixing on Extinction by Carbonaceous Particles. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 104(D13):15941–15954. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Olfert, J. S., Subramanian, R., and Gröhn, A. J. (2011). Effective Density of Aquadag and Fullerene soot Black Carbon Reference Materials used for SP2 Calibration. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4(12):2851–2858. Available at: http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/4/2851/2011/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, T., Moosmüller, H., and Chung, C. E. (2015). Coefficients of an Analytical Aerosol Forcing Equation Determined with a Monte-Carlo Radiation Model. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 164:129–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder, A. L., Hagler, G. S., Yelverton, T. L., and Hays, M. D. (2014). On-Road Black Carbon Instrument Intercomparison and Aerosol Characteristics by Driving Environment. Atmos. Environ., 88:183–191. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M. Z. (2000). A Physically-Based Treatment of Elemental Carbon Optics: Implications for Global Direct Forcing of Aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27:217–220. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M. Z. (2001). Strong Radiative Heating Due to the Mixing State of Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols. Nature, 409:695–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M. Z. (2010). Short-Term Effects of Controlling Fossil-Fuel Soot, Biofuel Soot and Gases, and Methane on Climate, Arctic Ice, and Air Pollution Health. J. Geophys. Res., 115(D14):D14209. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2009JD013795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetter, J., Zhao, Y., Smith, K. R., Khan, B., Yelverton, T., DeCarlo, P., and Hays, M. D. (2012). Pollutant Emissions and Energy Efficiency Under Controlled Conditions for Household Biomass Cookstoves and Implications for Metrics Useful in Setting International Test Standards. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(19):10827–10834. doi:10.1021/es301693f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just, B., Rogak, S., and Kandlikar, M. (2013). Characterization of Ultrafine Particulate Matter from Traditional and Improved Biomass Cookstoves. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47(7):3506–3512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodros, J. K., Scott, C. E., Farina, S. C., Lee, Y. H., L'Orange, C., Volckens, J., and Pierce, J. R. (2015). Uncertainties in Global Aerosols and Climate Effects due to Biofuel Emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15(15):8577–8596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack, D. A., and Cappa, C. D. (2010). Impact of Brown and Clear Carbon on Light Absorption Enhancement, Single Scatter Albedo and Absorption Wavelength Dependence of Black Carbon. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(9):4207–4220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack, D. A., Lovejoy, E. R., Baynard, T., Pettersson, A., and Ravishankara, A. R. (2006). Aerosol Absorption Measurement using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: Sensitivity, Calibration, and Uncertainty Developments. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40(9):697–708. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02786820600803917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack, D. A., Cappa, C. D., Cross, E. S., Massoli, P., Ahern, A. T., Davidovits, P., and Onasch, T. B. (2009). Absorption Enhancement of Coated Absorbing Aerosols: Validation of the Photo-Acoustic Technique for Measuring the Enhancement. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43(10):1006–1012. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02786820903117932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Wang, S., Duan, L., Hao, J., and Nie, Y. (2009). Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions From Household Biofuel Combustion in China. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(15):6076–6081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S., Aiken, A. C., Gorkowski, K., Dubey, M. K., Cappa, C. D., Williams, L. R., Herndon, S. C., Massoli, P., Fortner, E. C., Chhabra, P. S., and Brooks, W. A. (2015). Enhanced Light Absorption by Mixed Source Black and Brown Carbon Particles in UK Winter. Nature Commun., 6:8435. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L'Orange, C., DeFoort, M., and Willson, B. (2012). Influence of Testing Parameters on Biomass Stove Performance and Development of an Improved Testing Protocol. Energy Sustain. Dev., 16(1):3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCarty, N., Ogle, D., Still, D., Bond, T., and Roden, C. (2008). A Laboratory Comparison of the Global Warming Impact of five Major Types of Biomass Cooking Stoves. Energy Sustain. Dev., 12(2):56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Moffet, R. C., and Prather, K. A. (2009). In-situ Measurements of the Mixing State and Optical Properties of Soot with Implications for Radiative Forcing Estimates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106:11872–11877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosmüller, H., and Arnott, W. P. (2009). Particle Optics in the Rayleigh Regime. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59(9):1028–1031. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3155/1047-3289.59.9.1028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moteki, N., and Kondo, Y. (2010). Dependence of Laser-Induced Incandescence on Physical Properties of Black Carbon Aerosols: Measurements and Theoretical Interpretation. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44(8):663–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Komazaki, Y., Kurata, G., Shirai, T., Blake, D. R., Miyakawa, T., and Koike, M. (2007). Evolution of Mixing State of Black Carbon Particles: Aircraft Measurements Over the Western Pacific in March 2004. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfert, J. S., and Collings, N. (2005). New Method for Particle Mass Classification—the Couette Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer. J. Aerosol Sci., 36:1338–1352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preble, C. V., Hadley, O. L., Gadgil, A. J., and Kirchstetter, T. W. (2014). Emissions and Climate-Relevant Optical Properties of Pollutants Emitted from a Three-stone Fire and the Berkeley-Darfur Stove Tested under Laboratory Conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48(11):6484–6491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presto, A. A., and Donahue, N. M. (2006). Investigation of Alpha-Pinene + Ozone Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation at Low total Aerosol Mass. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40:3536–3543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presto, A. A., Huff Hartz, K. E., and Donahue, N. M. (2005). Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Terpene Ozonolysis. 2. Effect of NOx Concentration. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39:7046–7054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, V., and Carmichael, G. (2008). Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon. Nature Geosci., 1(4):221–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, J. S., and Hobbs, P. V. (1998). Physical and Optical Properties of Young Smoke from Individual Biomass Fires in Brazil. J. Geophys. Res., 103:32013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemer, N., Vogel, H., and Vogel, B. (2004). Soot Aging Time Scales in Polluted Regions During Day and Night. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4:1885–1893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roden, C. A., Bond, T. C., Conway, S., Pinel, A. B. O., MacCarty, N., and Still, D. (2009). Laboratory and Field Investigations of Particulate and Carbon monoxide Emissions from Traditional and Improved Cookstoves. Atmos. Environ., 43(6):1170–1181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehl, C. M., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., Shetter, R. E., Vazquez, G. J., Cantrell, C. A., and Calvert, J. G. (1994). Temperature Dependence of the Quantum Yields for the Photolysis of NO2 Near the Dissociation Limit. J. Phys. Chem., 98(32):7837–7843. Available at: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100083a015/nhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/j100083a015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, R., Marks, M., Heo, J., Adams, P. J., and Donahue, N. M. A. L. R. (2015). Contribution of Brown Carbon and Lensing to the Direct Radiative Effect of Carbonaceous Aerosols from Biomass and Biofuel Burning Emissions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120:10285–10296. doi:10.1002/2015JD023697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, R., Robinson, E. S., Tkacik, D. S., Ahern, A. T., Liu, S., Aiken, A. C., Sullivan, R. C., Presto, A. A., Dubey, M. K., Yokelson, R. J., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L. (2014). Brownness of Organics in Aerosols from Biomass Burning Linked to Their Black Carbon Content. Nature Geosci., 7:1–4. Available at: http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarnato, B. V., Vahidinia, S., Richard, D. T., and Kirchstetter, T. W. (2013). Effects of Internal Mixing and Aggregate Morphology on Optical Properties of Black Carbon Using a Discrete Dipole Approximation Model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(10):5089–5101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnaiter, M. (2005). Absorption Amplification of Black Carbon Internally Mixed With Secondary Organic Aerosol. J. Geophys. Res., 110(D19):D19204. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2005JD006046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzler, E. G., Dutt, A., Charbonneau, A. M., Olfert, J. S., and Jäger, W. (2014). Soot Aggregate Restructuring Due to Coatings of Secondary Organic Aerosol Derived from Aromatic Precursors. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48(24):14309–14316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Fahey, D. W., Thomson, D. S., Watts, L. A., Wilson, J. C., Reeves, J. M., Darbeheshti, M., Baumgardner, D. G., Kok, G. L., and Chung, S. H. (2006). Single-Particle Measurements of Midlatitude Black Carbon and Light-Scattering Aerosols from the Boundary Layer to the Lower Stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D16):D16207. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2006JD007076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Spackman, J. R., Watts, L. A., Thomson, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Ryerson, T. B., Peischl, J., Holloway, J. S., Trainer, M., and Frost, G. J. (2008). Measurement of the Mixing State, Mass, and Optical Size of Individual Black Carbon Particles in Urban and Biomass Burning Emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(13):1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlacek, A. J., Lewis, E. R., Kleinman, L., Xu, J., and Zhang, Q. (2012). Determination of and Evidence for Non-core-shell Structure of Particles Containing Black Carbon Using the Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, N., Arnold, I. J., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W. P., and Mazzoleni, C. (2013). Photoacoustic and Nephelometric Spectroscopy of Aerosol Optical Properties with a Supercontinuum Light Source. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6(12):3501–3513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraiwa, M., Kondo, Y., Iwamoto, T., and Kita, K. (2010). Amplification of Light Absorption of Black Carbon by Organic Coating. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44(1):46–54. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02786820903357686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, C. M. (2001). Light Scattering by Fractal Aggregates: A Review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35:648–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, R., Kok, G. L., Baumgardner, D., Clarke, A., Shinozuka, Y., Campos, T. L., Heizer, C. G., Stephens, B. B., De Foy, B., Voss, P. B., and Zaveri, R. A. (2010). Black Carbon Over Mexico: the Effect of Atmospheric Transport on Mixing State, Mass Absorption Cross-section, and BC/CO Ratios. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9:219–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Huang, R. J., Cao, J., Han, Y., Wang, G., Li, G., Wang, Y., Dai, W., Zhang, R., and Zhou, Y. (2014). Mixing State of Black Carbon Aerosol in a Heavily Polluted Urban Area of China: Implications for Light Absorption Enhancement. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48(7):689–697. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02786826.2014.917758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Heald, C. L., Ridley, D. A., Schwarz, J. P., Spackman, J. R., Perring, A. E., Coe, H., Liu, D., and Clarke, A. D. (2014). Exploiting Simultaneous Observational Constraints on Mass and Absorption to Estimate the Global Direct Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon and Brown Carbon. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14:10989–11010. Available at: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908464735&partnerID=tZOtx3y1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. L., Talancon, D. R., Winslow, R. L., Linares, X., and Gadgil, A. J. (2016). Avoided Emissions of a Fuel-efficient Biomass Cookstove Dwarf Embodied Emissions. Dev. Eng., 1:45–52. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2016.01.001.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, R., Khalizov, A. F., Pagels, J., Zhang, D., Xue, H., and McMurry, P. H. (2008). Variability in Morphology, Hygroscopicity, and Optical Properties of Soot Aerosols During Atmospheric Processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105:10291–10296. Available at: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/30/10291.full.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar