Particle charge-size distribution measurement using a differential mobility analyzer and an electrical low pressure impactor

References

• Balachandran, W., Machowski, W., Gaura, E., and Hudson, C. (1997). Control of Drug Aerosol in Human Airways Using Electrostatic Forces. J. Electrostat., 40–41:579–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bau, S., Bémer, D., Grippari, F., Appert-Collin, J.C., and Thomas, D. (2014). Determining the Effective Density of Airborne Nanoparticles Using Multiple Charging Correction in a Tandem DMA/ELPI Setup. J. Nanopart. Res., 16:2629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de La Verpilliere, J. L., Swanson, J., and Boies, A. M. (2015). Unsteady Bipolar Diffusion Charging in Aerosol Neutralisers: A Non-Dimensional Approach to Predict Charge Distribution Equilibrium Behaviour. J. Aerosol Sci., 86:55–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emets, E.P., Kascheev, V.A., and Poluektov, P.P. (1991). Simultaneous Measurement of Aerosol Particle Charge and Size Distributions. J. Aerosol Sci., 22:389–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fierz, M., Meier, D., Steigmeier, P., and Butscher, H. (2014). Aerosol Measurement by Induced Currents. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48:350–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fissan, H., Neumann, S., Trampe, A., Pui, D.Y.H., and Shin, W.G. (2007). Rationale and Principle of an Instrument Measuring Lung Deposited Nanoparticle Surface Area. J. Nanopart. Res., 9:53–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, B., Liu, B.Y.H., and Romay, F.J. (1998). Particle Charge Distribution Measurement for Commonly Generated Laboratory Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 28:489–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, N.A. (1963). On the stationary charge distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere. Geofis. Pura Appl., 56:185–193.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, P.C. (1998). Rank-deficient and discrete ill-posed problems: numerical aspects of linear inversion. Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, G.W. (1957). The Charging of Small Particles for Electrostatic Precipitation. Trans. Am. Inst. Elect. Engrs, 76:300–306.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsikko, A., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Vartiainen, E., Laakso, L., Hussein, T., and Kulmala, M. (2007). Indoor and Outdoor Air Ions and Aerosol Particles in the Urban Atmosphere of Helsinki: Characteristics, Sources and Formation. Boreal Env. Res., 12:295–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högström, R., Yli-Ojanperä, J., Rostedt, A., Iisakka, I., Mäkelä, J.M., Heinonen, M., and Keskinen, J. (2011). Validating the Single Charged Aerosol Reference (SCAR) as a Traceable Particle Number Concentration Standard for 10 nm to 500 nm Aerosol Particles. Metrologia, 48:426–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intra, P., and Tippayawong, N. (2011). An Overview of Unipolar Charger Developments for Nanoparticle Charging. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 11:187–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, A., Aitomaa, M., Rostedt, A., Keskinen, J., and Yli-Ojanperä, J. (2014). Calibration of the New Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI+). J. Aerosol Sci., 69:150–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaratne, E.R., Ling, X., and Morawska, L. (2014). Observation of Ions And Particles Near Busy Roads using a Neutral Cluster And Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS). Atmos. Environ., 84:198–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T., Caldow, R., Pöcher, A., Mirme, A., and Kittelson, D. (2004). A New Electrical Mobility Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Engine Exhaust Particle Measurements. SAE Technical Paper, 2004–01-1341.
   Google Scholar
• Kaminski, H., Kuhlbusch, T., Fissan, H., Ravi, L., Horn, H.-G., Han, H.-S., Caldow, R., and Asbach, C. (2012). Mathematical Description of Experimentally Determined Charge Distributions of a Unipolar Diffusion Charger. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 46:708–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskinen, J., Pietarinen, K., and Lehtimäki, M. (1992). Electrical Low Pressure Impactor. J. Aerosol Sci., 23:353–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S.H., Woo, K.S., Liu, B.Y.H., and Zachariah, M.R. (2005). Method of Measuring Charge Distribution Of Nanosized Aerosols. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 282:46–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulvanich, P., and Stewart, J. (1987). An Evaluation of the Air Stream Faraday Cage in the Electrostatic Charge Measurement of Interactive Drug System. Int. J. Pharm., 36:243–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuuluvainen, H., Karjalainen, P., Bajamundi, C.J.E., Maunula, J., Vainikka, P., Roppo, J., Keskinen, J., and Rönkkö, T. (2015). Physical Properties of Aerosol Particles Measured from a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler. Fuel, 139:144–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, P. C. L., and Chan, H.-K. (2008). Effect of Relative Humidity on the Electrostatic Charge Properties of Dry Powder Inhaler Aerosols. Pharm. Res., 25:277–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E.S., Xu, B., and Zhu, Y. (2012). Measurements of Ultrafine Particles Carrying Different Number of Charges in on- and Near-Freeway Environments. Atmos. Environ., 60:564–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lähde, T., Rönkkö, T., Virtanen, A., Schuck, T.J., Pirjola, L., Hämeri, K., Kulmala, M., Arnold, F., Rothe, D., and Keskinen, J. (2009). Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Aerosol Particle and Ion Measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43:163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M.M. (2004). Size and charge of soot particles in rich premixed ethylene flames. Combust. Flame,137:340–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M.M., and Xu, N. (2004). The Effective Density and Fractal Dimension of Soot Particles from Premixed Flames and Motor Vehicle Exhaust. J. Aerosol Sci., 35:1251–1274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M.M. (2005). The Dynamics of Electrically Charged Soot Particles in a Premixed Ethylene Flame. Combust. Flame, 141:406–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M.M. (2006). On the Electrical Charge Of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 37:858–874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjamäki, M., Keskinen, J., Chen, D.-R., and Pui, D. Y. H. (2000). Performance Evaluation of the Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI). J. Aerosol Sci., 31:249–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medved, A., Dorman, F., Kaufman, S., and Pocher, A. (2000). New Corona-Based Charger for Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 31:S616–S617.
   Google Scholar
• Murtomaa, M., and Laine, E. (2000). Electrostatic Measurement On Lactose-Glucose Mixtures. J. Electrostat., 48:155–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, C., Asbach, C., Shin, W.G., Fissan, H., and Pui, D.Y.H. (2009). The Effect of Particle Pre-Existing Charge on Unipolar Charging and Its Implication on Electrical Aerosol Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43:232–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristimäki, J., Virtanen, A., Marjamäki, M., Rostedt, A., and Keskinen, J. (2002). On-line measurement of size distribution and effective density of submicron aerosol particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 33:1541–1557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostedt, A., Arffman, A., Janka, K., Yli-Ojanperä, J., and Keskinen, J. (2014). Characterization and Response Model of the PPS-M Aerosol Sensor. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48:1022–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, X., Bau, S., Bémer, D., and Duquenne, P. (2015). Measurement of Electrical Charges Carried by Airborne Bacteria Laboratory-Generated Using a Single-Pass Bubbling Aerosolizer. Particuology, 18:179–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiitta, P., Miettinen, P., Vaattovaara, P., Laaksonen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Hirsikko, A., Aalto, P., and Kulmala, M. (2007). Road-Side Measurements of Aerosol and Ion Number Size Distributions: A Comparison with Remote Site Measurements. Boreal Env. Res., 12:311–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vishnyakov, V.I., Kiro, S.A., Oprya, M.V., and Ennan, A.A. (2016). Charge Distribution of Welding Fume Particles after Charging by Corona Ionizer. J. Aerosol Sci., 94:9–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S.C., and Flagan, R.C. (1990). Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 13:230–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedensohler, A. (1988). An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range. J. Aerosol Sci., 19:387–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winklmayr, W., Reischl, G.P., Lindner, A.O., and Berner, A. (1991). A New Electromobility Spectrometer for the Measurement of Aerosol Size Distributions in the Size Range from 1 to 1000 nm. J. Aerosol Sci., 22:289–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yli-Ojanperä, J., Mäkelä, J.M., Marjamäki, M., Rostedt, A., and Keskinen, J. (2010). Towards Traceable Particle Number Concentration Standard: Single Charged Aerosol Reference (SCAR). J. Aerosol Sci., 41:719–728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yli-Ojanperä, J., Ukkonen, A., Järvinen, A., Layzell, S., Niemelä, V., and Keskinen, J. (2014). Bipolar Charge Analyzer (BOLAR): A New Aerosol Instrument for Bipolar Charge Measurements. J. Aerosol Sci., 77:16–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, Y., Jin Kim, Y., Gyu Lee, T., and Biswas, P. (2000). Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Ultra-Fine Particle Behavior in Electrostatic Precipitators. J. Electrostat., 48:245–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar