Performance of bipolar diffusion chargers: Experiments with particles in the size range of 100 to 900 nm

References

• Adachi, M., Okuyama, K., Kousaka, Y., and Takahashi, T. (1980). Electrical Charging of Uncharged Aerosol Particles Under at Bipolar Ion Concentrations. J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 13:55–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricard, J., and Pradel, J. (1966). Electric Charge and Radioactivity of Naturally Occurring Aerosols. In Aerosol Science (Edited by C. N. Davies), Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• BS ISO 15900: 2009(E) (2009). Determination of particle size distribution –differential electrical mobility analysis for aerosol particles. British Standards Institute.
   Google Scholar
• de la Verpilliere, J. L., Swanson, J. J., and Boies, A. M. (2015). Unsteady bipolar diffusion charging in aerosol neutralisers: a non-dimensional approach to predict charge distribution equilibrium behavior. J. Aerosol Sci., 86:55–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, B., Liu, B. Y. H., and Romay, F. J. (1998). Particle Charge Distribution Measurement for Commonly Generated Laboratory Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 28:489–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, N. A. (1963). On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere. Geofis pura e applicate, 56:185–193.
   Google Scholar
• He, M., Dhaniyala, S., and Wagner, M. (2015). Aerosol Filtration with Mobility-Classified Particles: Role of Multiply Charged Particles in Skewing Penetration Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 49:705–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, M., and Dhaniyala, S. (2014). Experimental Characterization of Flowrate-Dependent Bipolar Diffusion Charging Efficiencies of Sub-50nm Particles. J. Aerosol Sci., 76:175–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussin, A., Scheibel, H. G., Becker, K. H., and Porstendörfer, J. (1983). Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles – I: Experimental Results Within the Diameter Range 4–30 nm. J. Aerosol Sci., 14:671–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J-Fatokun, F., Jayaratne, R., Morawska, L., Birtwhistle, D., Rachman, R., and Mengersen, K. (2010). Corona Ions from Overhead Transmission Voltage Powerlines: Effect on Direct Current Electric Field and Ambient Particle Concentration Levels. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44:526–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, J., Kim, C., Wang, X., Stolzenburg, M. R., Kaufman, S. L., Qi, C., Sem, G. J., Sakurai, H., Hama, N., and McMurry, P. H. (2014). Aerosol Charge Fractions Downstream of Six Bipolar Chargers: Effects of Ion Source, Source Activity, and Flowrate. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48:1207–1216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, W., and Davis, J. W. (1974). The Measurement of the Charge Distribution on Monodisperse Aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 8:1029–1034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallinger, P., and Szymanski, W. W. (2015). Experimental Determination of the Steady-State Charging Probabilities and Particle Size Conservation in Non-Radioactive and Radioactive Bipolar Aerosol Chargers in the Size Range of 5–40 nm. J. Nanoparticle Res., 17(4):171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson, E. O., and Whitby, K. T. (1975). Aerosol Classification by Electric Mobility: Apparatus, Theory, and Applications. J. Aerosol Sci., 6:443–451.
   Google Scholar
• Kojima, H. (1978). Measurements of Equilibrium Charge Distribution on Aerosols in Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 12:2363–2368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. M., Kim, C. S., Shimada, M., and Okuyama, K. (2005). Bipolar Diffusion Charging for Aerosol Nanparticle Measurement Using a Soft X-Ray Charger. J. Aerosol Sci., 36:813–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. Y. H., Pui, D. Y. H., and Lin, B. (1986). Aerosol Charge Neutralization by a Radioactive Alpha Source. Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 3:111–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. Y. H., and Pui, D. Y. H. (1974a). Equilibrium Bipolar Charge Distribution of Aerosols. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 49:305–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. Y. H., and Pui, D. Y. H. (1974b). Electrical Neutralization of Aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci., 5:465–472.
   Google Scholar
• Quant, F. R., Caldow, R., Sem, G. J., and Addison, T. J. (1992). Performance of Condensation Particle Counters with Three Continuous-Flow Designs. J. Aerosol Sci., 23:405–408.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, S. W., Turpin, B. J., Cai, X., Huang, P.-F., and McMurry, P. H. (1994). Measurements of Relative Humidity-Dependent Bounce and Density for Atmospheric Particles using the DMA-Impactor Technique. Atmos. Environ., 28:1739–1746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. W., and Rimberg, D. (1967). A Simple Method for Measuring the Average Charge on a Monodisperse Aerosol. Staub-Reinhalt, Luft, 27:18–22.
   Google Scholar
• Tigges, L., Wiedensohler, A., Weinhold, K., Gandhi, J., and Schmid, H.-J. (2015). Bipolar Charge Distribution of a Soft X-ray Diffusion Charger. J. Aerosol Sci., 90:77–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedensohler, A. (1988). An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range. J. Aerosol Sci., 19:387–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y. H., Bong, C., and Kim, D. S. (2015). Evaluation of the Performance of a Soft X-ray Charger for the Bipolar Charging of Nanoparticles. Particuology, 18:165–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar