Sampling artifacts in denuders during phase partitioning measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds

References

• Bai, H., C. S. Lu, and Y. M. Lin. 1995. A theoretical study on the evaporation of dry ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 29 (3):313–321. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00257-L.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidleman, T. F. 1988. Atmospheric processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 (4):361–367. doi: 10.1021/es00169a002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas, P., C. S. Lu, M. Xu, and S. E. Pratsinis. 1990. Design equations for gas sampling in diffusion denuders and the effects of particle dissociation, in Transactions: Visibility and Fine Particles, C. V. Mathai, ed., Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 131–145.
   Google Scholar
• Boström, C. E., P. Gerde, A. Hanberg, B. Jernström, C. Johansson, T. Kyrklund, A. Rannug, M. Törnqvist, K. Victorin, and R. Westerholm. 2002. Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environ. Health. Perspect. 110 (Suppl 3):451–488. doi: 10.1289/ehp.110-1241197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabada, J. C., S. Rees, S. Takahama, A. Khlystov, S. N. Pandis, C. I. Davidson, and A. L. Robinson. 2004. Mass Size Distributions and Size Resolved Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter at the Pittsburgh Supersite. Atmos. Environ. 38 (20):3127–3141. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cincinelli, A., F. Pieri, T. Martellini, M. Passaponti, M. Del Bubba, S. Del Vento, and A. A. Katsoyiannis. 2014. Atmospheric occurrence and gas-particle partitioning of PBDEs in an industrialised and urban area of Florence, Italy. Aerosol Air Qual. Res 14 (4):1121–1130. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado-Saborit, J. M., C. Stark, and R. M. Harrison. 2013. Use of a versatile high efficiency multiparallel denuder for the sampling of PAHs in ambient air: Gas and particle phase concentrations, particle size distribution and artifact formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (1):499–507. doi: 10.1021/es402937d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMarcus, W., and J. W. Thomas. 1952. Theory of a diffusion battery (No. ORNL-1413), Oak Ridge National Lab, Y-12 Area.
   Google Scholar
• Donahue, N. M., A. L. Robinson, C. O. Stanier, and S. N. Pandis. 2006. Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (8):2635–2643. doi: 10.1021/es052297c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander, S. K. 2000. Smoke, dust, and haze: Fundamentals of aerosol dynamics. topics in chemical engineering, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galarneau, E., and T. F. Bidleman. 2006. Modelling the temperature-induced blow-off and blow-on artefacts in filter-sorbent measurements of semivolatile substances. Atmos. Environ. 40 (23):4258–4268. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. H., and I. E. Galbally. 2007. Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth’s atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (5):1514–1521. doi: 10.1021/es072476p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallquist, M., J. C. Wenger, U. Baltensperger, Y. Rudich, D. Simpson, M. Claeys, J. Dommen, N. M. Donahue, C. George, A. H. Goldstein, et al. 2009. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 (14):5155–5236. doi: 10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heudorf, U., V. Mersch-Sundermann, and J. Angerer. 2007. Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 210 (5):623–634. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildemann, L. M., M. A. Mazurek, G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit. 1991. Quantitative characterization of urban sources of organic aerosol by high-resolution gas chromatography. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 (7):1311–1325. doi: 10.1021/es00019a014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ianniello, A., F. Spataro, G. Esposito, I. Allegrini, E. Rantica, M. P. Ancora, M. Hu, and T. Zhu. 2010. Occurrence of gas phase ammonia in the area of Beijing (China). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (19):9487–9503. doi: 10.5194/acp-10-9487-2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacman-VanWertz, G., L. D. Yee, N. M. Kreisberg, R. Wernis, J. A. Moss, S. V. Hering, S. S. De Sá, S. T. Martin, M. L. Alexander, B. B. Palm, et al. 2016. Ambient gas-particle partitioning of tracers for biogenic oxidation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (18):9952–9962. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo, D. S., R. J. Park, M. J. Kim, and D. V. Spracklen. 2013. Effects of chemical aging on global secondary organic aerosol using the volatility basis set approach. Atmos. Environ. 81:230–244. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. H., A. W. Chan, N. L. Ng, R. C. Flagan, and J. H. Seinfeld. 2007. Reactions of semivolatile organics and their effects on secondary organic aerosol formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (10):3545–3550. doi: 10.1021/es062059x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, T. E., N. M. Donahue, and S. N. Pandis. 2008. Simulating secondary organic aerosol formation using the volatility basis-set approach in a chemical transport model. Atmos. Environ. 42 (32):7439–7451. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., F. M. Schwandner, H. J. Sewell, A. Zivkovich, M. Tigges, S. Raja, S. Holcomb, J. V. Molenar, L. Sherman, C. Archuleta, et al. 2014. Observations of Ammonia, nitric acid, and fine particles in a rural gas production region. Atmos. Environ. 83:80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., B. Hu, J. Zhang, Y. Yu, and Y. Wang. 2016. Characteristics of aerosol size distributions and chemical compositions during wintertime pollution episodes in Beijing. Atmos. Res. 168:1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.08.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longnecker, M. P., W. J. Rogan, and G. Lucier. 1997. The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 18 (1):211–244. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu, C., H. Bai, and Y. M. Lin. 1995. A model for predicting performance of an annular denuder system. J. Aerosol Sci. 26 (7):1117–1129. doi: 10.1016/0021-8502(95)00035-B.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankow, J. F. 1987. Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 21 (11):2275–2283. doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90363-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Possanzini, M., V. Di Palo, P. Gigliucci, M. C. T. Scianò, and A. Cecinato. 2004. Determination of phase-distributed PAH in Rome ambient air by denuder/GC-MS method. Atmos. Environ. 38 (12):1727–1734. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrivastava, M., J. Fast, R. Easter, W. I. Gustafson, Jr., R. A. Zaveri, J. L. Jimenez, P. Saide, and A. Hodzic. 2011. Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: Comparison of simple and complex representations of the volatility basis set approach. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (13):6639–6662. doi: 10.5194/acp-11-6639-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, C., and J. Thomas. 1972. Aerosol penetration through a parallel-plate diffusion battery. J. Aerosol Sci. 3 (1):39–43. doi: 10.1016/0021-8502(72)90139-5.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, M., M. P. Hannigan, and K. C. Barsanti. 2014. Gas/particle partitioning of n-alkanes, PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in urban Denver. Atmos. Environ. 95:355–362. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., N. M. Kreisberg, D. R. Worton, A. P. Teng, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein. 2013. Development of an in situ thermal desorption gas chromatography instrument for quantifying atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47 (3):258–266. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2012.747673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar