1,555
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Transport of indoor aerosols to hidden interior spaces

, , &
Pages 94-110 | Received 16 May 2019, Accepted 26 Sep 2019, Published online: 14 Nov 2019

References

  • Adams, R. I., D. S. Lymperopoulou, P. K. Misztal, R. De Cassia Pessotti, S. W. Behie, Y. Tian, A. H. Goldstein, S. E. Lindow, W. W. Nazaroff, J. W. Taylor, et al. 2017. Microbes and associated soluble and volatile chemicals on periodically wet household surfaces. Microbiome 5 (1):128. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0347-6.
  • Adgate, J. L., G. Ramachandran, S. J. Cho, A. D. Ryan, and J. Grengs. 2008. Allergen levels in inner city homes: Baseline concentrations and evaluation of intervention effectiveness. J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18 (4):430–440. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500638.
  • Airaksinen, M., J. Kurnitski, P. Pasanen, and O. Seppänen. 2004. Fungal spore transport through a building structure. Indoor Air 14 (2):92–104. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0668.2003.00215.x.
  • Airaksinen, M., P. Pasanen, J. Kurnitski, and O. Seppänen. 2004. Microbial contamination of indoor air due to leakages from crawl space: A field study. Indoor Air 14 (1):55–64. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0668.2003.00210.x.
  • Anton, R., S. Moularat, and E. Robine. 2016. A new approach to detect early or hidden fungal development in indoor environments. Chemosphere 143:41–49. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.072.
  • Barberan, A., R. R. Dunn, B. J. Reich, K. Pacifici, E. B. Laber, H. L. Menninger, J. M. Morton, J. B. Henley, J. W. Leff, S. L. Miller, et al. 2015. The ecology of microscopic life in household dust. Proc. Roy. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 282:20151139. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1139.
  • Beggs, C., L. D. Knibbs, G. R. Johnson, and L. Morawska. 2015. Environmental contamination and hospital-acquired infection: Factors that are easily overlooked. Indoor Air 25 (5):462–474. doi:10.1111/ina.12170.
  • Bekö, G., S. Gustavsen, M. Frederiksen, N. C. Bergsøe, B. Kolarik, L. Gunnarsen, J. Toftum, and G. Clausen. 2016. Diurnal and seasonal variation in air exchange rates and interzonal airflows measured by active and passive tracer gas in homes. Build. Environ. 104:178–187. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.016.
  • Bok, G., N. Hallenberg, and O. Åberg. 2009. Mass occurrence of penicillium corylophilum in crawl spaces, South sweden. Build. Environ. 44 (12):2413–2417. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.04.001.
  • Boor, B. E., J. A. Siegel, and A. Novoselac. 2013a. Monolayer and multilayer particle deposits on hard surfaces: Literature review and implications for particle resuspension in the indoor environment. Aeros. Sci. Technol. 47 (8):831–847. doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.794928.
  • Boor, B. E., J. A. Siegel, and A. Novoselac. 2013b. Wind tunnel study on aerodynamic particle resuspension from monolayer and multilayer deposits on linoleum flooring and galvanized sheet metal. Aeros. Sci. Technol. 47 (8):848–857. doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.794929.
  • Boor, B. E., M. P. Spilak, R. L. Corsi, and A. Novoselac. 2015. Characterizing particle resuspension from mattresses: Chamber study. Indoor Air 25 (4):441–456. doi:10.1111/ina.12148.
  • Cetin, K. S., and A. Novoselac. 2015. Single and multi-family residential central all-air HVAC system operational characteristics in cooling-dominated climate. Energy Build. 96:210–220. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.03.039.
  • Chang, J. C. S., and K. A. Krebs. 1992. Evaluation of para-dichlorobenzene emissions from solid moth repellant as a source of indoor air pollution. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 42 (9):1214–1217. doi:10.1080/10473289.1992.10467071.
  • Dodson, R. E., L. J. Perovich, A. Covaci, N. Van Den Eede, A. C. Ionas, A. C. Dirtu, J. G. Brody, and R. A. Rudel. 2012. After the PBDE phase-out: A broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (24):13056–13066. doi:10.1021/es303879n.
  • Doekes, G., B. Brunekreef, J. Douwes, F. van Leusden, R. van Strien, L. Wijnands, B. van der Sluis, and A. Verhoeff. 2005. Fungal extracellular polysaccharides in house dust as a marker for exposure to fungi: Relations with culturable fungi, reported home dampness, and respiratory symptoms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103:494–500. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70476-8.
  • Douwes, J., P. Thorne, N. Pearce, and D. Heederik. 2003. Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: Progress and prospects. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47:187–200. doi:10.1093/annhyg/meg032.
  • El Orch, Z., B. Stephens, and M. S. Waring. 2014. Predictions and determinants of size-resolved particle infiltration factors in single-family homes in the U.S. Build. Environ. 74:106–118. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.006.
  • Estrada-Perez, C. E., J. P. Maestre, K. A. Kinney, M. D. King, and Y. A. Hassan. 2018. Droplet distribution and airborne bacteria in an experimental shower unit. Water Res. 130:47–57. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.039.
  • Ettinger, A. S., R. L. Bornschein, M. Farfel, C. Campbell, N. B. Ragan, G. G. Rhoads, M. Brophy, S. Wilkens, and D. W. Dockery. 2002. Assessment of cleaning to control lead dust in homes of children with moderate lead poisoning: Treatment of lead-exposed children trial. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (12):A773–A779. doi:10.1289/ehp.021100773.
  • Farmer, D. K., M. E. Vance, J. P. D. Abbatt, A. Abeleira, M. R. Alves, C. Arata, E. Boedicker, S. Bourne, F. Cardoso-Saldaña, R. Corsi, et al. 2019. Overview of HOMEChem: House observations of microbial and environmental chemistry. Environ. Sci. Proc. Impacts 21:1280–1300. doi:10.1039/C9EM00228F.
  • Ferro, A. R., N. E. Klepeis, W. R. Ott, W. W. Nazaroff, L. M. Hildemann, and P. Switzer. 2009. Effect of interior door position on room-to-room differences in residential pollutant concentrations after short-term releases. Atmos. Environ. 43 (3):706–714. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.032.
  • Ferro, A. R., R. J. Kopperud, and L. M. Hildemann. 2004. Source strengths for indoor human activities that resuspend particulate matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (6):1759–1764. doi:10.1021/es0263893.
  • Glorennec, P., J.-P. Lucas, C. Mandin, and B. L. Bot. 2012. French children’s exposure to metals via ingestion of indoor dust, outdoor playground dust and soil: Contamination data. Environ. Int. 45:129–134. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.010.
  • Guerrero, P. A., and R. L. Corsi. 2012. Emissions of p-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene from consumer products. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 62 (9):1075–1084. doi:10.1080/10962247.2012.694399.
  • Happo, M., A. Markkanen, P. Markkanen, P. Jalava, K. Kuuspalo, A. Leskinen, O. Sippula, K. Lehtinen, J. Jokiniemi, and M. R. Hirvonen. 2013. Seasonal variation in the toxicological properties of size-segregated indoor and outdoor air particulate matter. Toxicol. In Vitro 27 (5):1550–1561. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.001.
  • Hayashi, M., H. Osawa, K. Hasegawa, and Y. Honma. 2014. Numerical experiments on indoor air quality considering infiltration of mould from crawl space. J. Environ. Protect. 5 (10):835–844. doi:10.4236/jep.2014.510086.
  • Hoek, G., G. Kos, R. Harrison, J. de Hartog, K. Meliefste, H. ten Brink, K. Katsouyanni, A. Karakatsani, M. Lianou, A. Kotronarou, et al. 2008. Indoor-outdoor relationships of particle number and mass in four European cities. Atmos. Environ. 42 (1):156–169. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.026.
  • Hospodsky, D., J. Qian, W. W. Nazaroff, N. Yamamoto, K. Bibby, H. Rismani-Yazdi, and J. Peccia. 2012. Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria. PLoS One 7 (4):e34867. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034867.
  • Hospodsky, D., N. Yamamoto, W. W. Nazaroff, D. Miller, S. Gorthala, and J. Peccia. 2015. Characterizing airborne fungal and bacterial concentrations and emission rates in six occupied children’s classrooms. Indoor Air 25 (6):641–652. doi:10.1111/ina.12172.
  • Hussein, T., T. Glytsos, J. Ondráček, P. Dohányosová, V. Ždímal, K. Hämeri, M. Lazaridis, J. Smolík, and M. Kulmala. 2006. Particle size characterization and emission rates during indoor activities in a house. Atmos. Environ. 40 (23):4285–4307. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.053.
  • Johansson, P., T. Svensson, and A. Ekstrand-Tobin. 2013. Validation of critical moisture conditions for mould growth on building materials. Build. Environ. 62:201–209. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.01.012.
  • Ju, C., and J. D. Spengler. 1981. Room-to-room variations in concentration of respirable particles in residences. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15 (5):592–596. doi:10.1021/es00087a600.
  • Keskikuru, T., J. Salo, P. Huttunen, H. Kokotti, M. Hyttinen, R. Halonen, and J. Vinha. 2018. Radon, fungal spores and MVOCs reduction in crawl space house: A case study and crawl space development by hygrothermal modelling. Build. Environ. 138:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.026.
  • Kolarik, B., C.-G. Bornehag, K. Naydenov, J. Sundell, P. Stavova, and O. F. Nielsen. 2008. The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family. Atmos. Environ. 42 (37):8553–8559. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.028.
  • Kolarik, B., K. Naydenov, M. Larsson, C.-G. Bornehag, and J. Sundell. 2008. The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among bulgarian children. Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (1):98–103. doi:10.1289/ehp.10498.
  • Krauter, P., A. Biermann, and L. D. Larsen. 2005. Transport efficiency and deposition velocity of fluidized spores in ventilation ducts. Aerobiologia 21 (3–4):155–172. doi:10.1007/s10453-005-9001-z.
  • Kwan, S. E., R. J. Shaughnessy, B. Hegarty, U. Haverinen-Shaughnessy, and J. Peccia. 2018. The reestablishment of microbial communities after surface cleaning in schools. J. Appl. Microbiol. 125 (3):897–906. doi:10.1111/jam.13898.
  • Langer, S., M. Fredricsson, C. J. Weschler, G. Bekö, B. Strandberg, M. Remberger, J. Toftum, and G. Clausen. 2016. Organophosphate esters in dust samples collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. Chemosphere 154:559–566. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.016.
  • Liu, D.-L., and W. W. Nazaroff. 2003. Particle penetration through building cracks. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37 (7):565–573. doi:10.1080/02786820300927.
  • Long, C. M., H. H. Suh, L. Kobzik, P. J. Catalano, Y. Y. Ning, and P. Koutrakis. 2001. A pilot investigation of the relative toxicity of indoor and outdoor fine particles: In vitro effects of endotoxin and other particulate properties. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (10):1019–1026. doi:10.1289/ehp.011091019.
  • Long, C. M., H. H. Suh, and P. Koutrakis. 2000. Characterization of indoor particle sources using continuous mass and size monitors. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50 (7):1236–1250. doi:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464154.
  • McConnell, R., C. Jones, J. Milam, P. Gonzalez, K. Berhane, L. Clement, J. Richardson, J. Hanley-Lopez, K. Kwong, N. Maalouf, et al. 2003. Cockroach counts and house dust allergen concentrations after professional cockroach control and cleaning. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 91 (6):546–552. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61532-3.
  • Miller, S. L., and W. W. Nazaroff. 2001. Environmental tobacco smoke particles in multizone indoor environments. Atmos. Environ. 35 (12):2053–2067. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00506-9.
  • Monn, C., and S. Becker. 1999. Cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes exposed to fine (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) in outdoor and indoor air. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 155 (3):245–252. doi:10.1006/taap.1998.8591.
  • Muise, B., and D.-C. Seo. 2009. Lateral fungal spore movement inside a simulated wall. Aerobiologia. 25 (1):7–14. doi:10.1007/s10453-008-9103-5.
  • Naumova, Y. Y., S. J. Eisenreich, B. J. Turpin, C. P. Weisel, M. T. Morandi, S. D. Colome, L. A. Totten, T. H. Stock, A. M. Winer, S. Alimokhtari, et al. 2002. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of three cities in the U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (12):2552–2559. doi:10.1021/es015727h.
  • Nazaroff, W. W. 2004. Indoor particle dynamics. Indoor Air 14 (s7):175–183. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00286.x.
  • Ogulei, D., P. K. Hopke, and L. A. Wallace. 2006. Analysis of indoor particle size distributions in an occupied townhouse using positive matrix factorization. Indoor Air 16 (3):204–215. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00418.x.
  • Ormstad, H. 2000. Suspended particulate matter in indoor air: Adjuvants and allergen carriers. Toxicology 152 (1–3):53–68. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00292-4.
  • Ott, W. R., N. E. Klepeis, and P. Switzer. 2003. Analytical solutions to compartmental indoor air quality models with application to environmental tobacco smoke concentrations measured in a house. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 53 (8):918–936. doi:10.1080/10473289.2003.10466248.
  • Pessi, A.-M., J. Suonketo, M. Pentti, M. Kurkilahti, K. Peltola, and A. Rantio-Lehtimaki. 2002. Microbial growth inside insulated external walls as an indoor air biocontamination source. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2):963–967. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.2.963-967.2002.
  • Prussin, A. J., and L. C. Marr. 2015. Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. Microbiome 3 (1):78–78. doi:10.1186/s40168-015-0144-z.
  • Qian, J., D. Hospodsky, N. Yamamoto, W. W. Nazaroff, and J. Peccia. 2012. Size-resolved emission rates of airborne bacteria and fungi in an occupied classroom. Indoor Air 22 (4):339–351. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00769.x.
  • Rao, J., G. Miao, D. Q. Yang, K. Bartlett, and P. Fazio. 2006. Experimental evaluation of potential movement of airborne mold spores out of building envelope cavities using full size wall panels. In Research in building physics and building engineering, ed. P. Fazio, J. Rao, and G. Desmarais, 845–852. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Rasmussen, P. E., C. Levesque, M. Chénier, and H. D. Gardner. 2018. Contribution of metals in resuspended dust to indoor and personal inhalation exposures: Relationships between PM10 and settled dust. Build. Environ. 143:513–522. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.044.
  • Rim, D., and A. Novoselac. 2008. Transient simulation of airflow and pollutant dispersion under mixing flow and buoyancy driven flow regimes in residential buildings. ASHRAE Trans. 114:130–142.
  • Satsangi, P. G., S. Yadav, A. S. Pipal, and N. Kumbhar. 2014. Characteristics of trace metals in fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) particles and its health risk assessment along with in-silico approach in indoor environment of India. Atmos. Environ. 92:384–393. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.047.
  • Shao, L., J. Li, H. Zhao, S. Yang, H. Li, W. Li, T. Jones, K. Sexton, and K. BéruBé. 2007. Associations between particle physicochemical characteristics and oxidative capacity: An indoor PM10 study in Beijing, China. Atmos. Environ. 41 (26):5316–5326. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.02.038.
  • Siegel, J. A., and I. S. Walker. 2001. Deposition of biological aerosols on HVAC heat exchangers. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).
  • Skulberg, K. R., K. Skyberg, K. Kruse, W. Eduard, P. Djupesland, F. Levy, and H. Kjuus. 2004. The effect of cleaning on dust and the health of office workers: An intervention study. Epidemiology 15 (1):71–78. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000101020.72399.37.
  • Sorensen, J. H. 2002. Will duct tape and plastic really work? Issues related to expedient shelter-in-place. Accessed September 29, 2019. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/814573.
  • Spilak, M. P., B. E. Boor, A. Novoselac, and R. L. Corsi. 2014. Impact of bedding arrangements, pillows, and blankets on particle resuspension in the sleep microenvironment. Build. Environ. 81:60–68. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.010.
  • Srikanth, P., S. Sudharsanam, and R. Steinberg. 2008. Bio-aerosols in indoor environment: Composition, health effects and analysis. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 26 (4):302–312. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43555.
  • Stapleton, H. M., S. Klosterhaus, S. Eagle, J. Fuh, J. D. Meeker, A. Blum, and T. F. Webster. 2009. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. House dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (19):7490–7495. doi:10.1021/es9014019.
  • Täubel, M., H. Rintala, M. Pitkäranta, L. Paulin, S. Laitinen, J. Pekkanen, A. Hyvärinen, and A. Nevalainen. 2009. The occupant as a source of house dust bacteria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124 (4):834. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.045.
  • Thatcher, T. L., A. C. K. Lai, R. Moreno-Jackson, R. G. Sextro, and W. W. Nazaroff. 2002. Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors. Atmos. Environ. 36 (11):1811–1819. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00157-7.
  • Touchie, M. F., and J. A. Siegel. 2018. Residential HVAC runtime from smart thermostats: Characterization, comparison, and impacts. Indoor Air 28 (6):905–915. doi:10.1111/ina.12496.
  • Turner, A., and L. Simmonds. 2006. Elemental concentrations and metal bioaccessibility in UK household dust. Sci. Total Environ. 371 (1–3):74–81. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.011.
  • Vojta, P. J., S. P. Randels, J. Stout, M. Muilenberg, H. A. Burge, H. Lynn, H. Mitchell, G. T. O’Connor, and D. C. Zeldin. 2001. Effects of physical interventions on house dust mite allergen levels in carpet, bed and upholstery dust in low-income, urban homes. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (8):815–819. doi:10.1289/ehp.01109815.
  • Wainman, T., J. Zhang, C. J. Weschler, and P. J. Lioy. 2000. Ozone and limonene in indoor air: A source of submicron particle exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (12):1139–1145. doi:10.1289/ehp.001081139.
  • Wallace, L. 1996. Indoor particles: A review. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46 (2):98–126. doi:10.1080/10473289.1996.10467451.
  • Wang, F., Y. Zhou, D. Meng, M. Han, and C. Jia. 2018. Heavy metal characteristics and health risk assessment of PM2.5 in three residential homes during winter in Nanjing, China. Build. Environ. 143:339–348. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.011.
  • Waring, M. S., and J. A. Siegel. 2008. Particle loading rates for HVAC filters, heat exchangers, and ducts. Indoor Air 18 (3):209–224. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00518.x.
  • Weikl, F., C. Tischer, A. J. Probst, J. Heinrich, I. Markevych, S. Jochner, and K. Pritsch. 2016. Fungal and bacterial communities in indoor dust follow different environmental determinants. PLoS One 11 (4):e0154131–15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154131.
  • Wilford, B. H., M. Shoeib, T. Harner, J. Zhu, and K. C. Jones. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for sources and exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (18):7027–7035. doi:10.1021/es050759g.
  • Wu, Y., A. Chen, I. Luhung, E. T. Gall, Q. Cao, V. W. C. Chang, and W. W. Nazaroff. 2016. Bioaerosol deposition on an air-conditioning cooling coil. Atmos. Environ. 144:257–265. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.004.
  • Zhou, B., B. Zhao, and Z. Tan. 2011. How particle resuspension from inner surfaces of ventilation ducts affects indoor air quality—A modeling analysis. Aeros. Sci. Technol. 45 (8):996–1009. doi:10.1080/02786826.2011.576281.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.