Nonvolatile ultrafine particles observed to form trimodal size distributions in non-road diesel engine exhaust

References

• Alanen, J., E. Saukko, K. Lehtoranta, T. Murtonen, H. Timonen, R. Hillamo, P. Karjalainen, H. Kuuluvainen, J. Harra, J. Keskinen, et al. 2015. The formation and physical properties of the particle emissions from a natural gas engine. Fuel 162:155–61. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanatidis, S., L. Ntziachristos, P. Karjalainen, E. Saukko, P. Simonen, N. Kuittinen, P. Aakko-Saksa, H. Timonen, T. Rönkkö, and J. Keskinen. 2018. Comparative performance of a thermal denuder and a catalytic stripper in sampling laboratory and marine exhaust aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 52 (4):420–32. doi:10.1080/02786826.2017.1422236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arffman, A., J. Yli-Ojanperä, J. Kalliokoski, J. Harra, L. Pirjola, P. Karjalainen, T. Rönkkö, and J. Keskinen. 2014. High-resolution low-pressure cascade impactor. J. Aerosol Sci. 78:97–109. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.08.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett, R., H. Chen, M. Szyszkowicz, N. Fann, B. Hubbell, C. A. Pope, J. S. Apte, M. Brauer, A. Cohen, S. Weichenthal, et al. 2018. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115 (38):9592–7., doi:10.1073/pnas.1803222115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone, S., H. Timonen, A. Rostedt, M. Happonen, T. Rönkkö, J. Keskinen, J. Ristimäki, H. Korpi, P. Artaxo, M. Canagaratna, et al. 2019. Distinguishing fuel and lubricating oil combustion products in diesel engine exhaust particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 53 (5):594–607. doi:10.1080/02786826.2019.1584389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, R., P. Yin, X. Meng, L. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Niu, Y. Liu, J. Liu, J. Qi, J. You, et al. 2019. Associations between coarse particulate matter air pollution and cause-specific mortality: A nationwide analysis in 272 Chinese cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 127 (1):17008. doi:10.1289/EHP2711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A., M. Brauer, R. Burnett, H. Anderson, J. Frostad, K. Estep, K. Balakrishnan, B. Brunekreef, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, et al. 2017. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. Lancet 389 (10082):1907–18. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippo, A., and M. M. Maricq. 2008. Diesel nucleation mode particles: Semivolatile or solid? Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (21):7957–62. doi:10.1021/es8010332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, P., X. Guo, F. Cheung, and K. Yung. 2019. The association between PM2.5 exposure and neurological disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 655:1240–8. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fushimi, A., K. Saitoh, Y. Fujitani, S. Hasegawa, K. Takahashi, K. Tanabe, and S. Kobayashi. 2011. Organic-rich nanoparticles (diameter: 10–30 nm) in diesel exhaust: Fuel and oil contribution based on chemical composition. Atmos. Environ. 45 (35):6326–36. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel, B., A. Mamakos, J. Andersson, P. Dilara, G. Martini, W. Schindler, and A. Bergmann. 2012. Measurement of automotive nonvolatile particle number emissions within the European legislative framework: A review. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 46 (7):719–49. doi:10.1080/02786826.2012.661103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel, B., and G. Martini. 2014. Engine exhaust solid sub-23 nm particles: II. Feasibility study for particle number measurement systems. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 (3):935–49. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2832.
   Google Scholar
• Heikkilä, J., T. Rönkkö, T. Lähde, M. Lemmetty, A. Arffman, A. Virtanen, J. Keskinen, L. Pirjola, and D. Rothe. 2009a. Effect of open channel filter on particle emissions of modern diesel engine. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 59 (10):1148–54. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkilä, J., A. Virtanen, T. Rönkkö, J. Keskinen, P. Aakko-Saksa, and T. Murtonen. 2009b. Nanoparticle emissions from a heavy-duty engine running on alternative diesel fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (24):9501–6. doi:10.1021/es9013807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helin, A., J. Niemi, A. Virkkula, L. Pirjola, K. Teinilä, J. Backman, M. Aurela, S. Saarikoski, T. Rönkkö, E. Asmi, et al. 2018. Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 190:87–98. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihalainen, M., P. Jalava, T. Ihantola, S. Kasurinen, O. Uski, O. Sippula, A. Hartikainen, J. Tissari, K. Kuuspalo, A. Lähde, et al. 2019. Design and validation of an air–liquid interface (ALI) exposure device based on thermophoresis. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 53 (2):133–45., doi:10.1080/02786826.2018.1556775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IRCRP. 1994. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. A report of a Task Group of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann. ICRP 24:1–482. doi:10.1093/annhyg/38.inhaled_particles_VII.251.
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, P., L. Pirjola, J. Heikkilä, T. Lähde, T. Tzamkiozis, L. Ntziachristos, J. Keskinen, and T. Rönkkö. 2014. Exhaust particles of modern gasoline vehicles: A laboratory and an on-road study. Atmos. Environ. 97:262–70. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, P., S. Saari, H. Kuuluvainen, T. Kalliohaka, A. Taipale, and T. Rönkkö. 2017. Performance of ventilation filtration technologies on characteristic traffic related aerosol down to nanocluster size. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 51 (12):1398–408. doi:10.1080/02786826.2017.1356904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittelson, D. B. 1998. Engines and nanoparticles: A review. J. Aerosol Sci. 29 (5–6):575–88. doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(97)10037-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagarias, J., J. Reeds, M. Wright, and P. Wright. 1998. Convergence properties of the Nelder–Mead simplex method in low dimensions. SIAM J. Optim. 9 (1):112–47. doi:10.1137/S1052623496303470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lähde, T., T. Rönkkö, M. Happonen, C. Söderström, A. Virtanen, A. Solla, M. Kytö, D. Rothe, and J. Keskinen. 2011. Effect of fuel injection pressure on a heavy-duty diesel engine nonvolatile particle emission. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (6):2504–9. doi:10.1021/es103431p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lähde, T., T. Rönkkö, A. Virtanen, T. Schuck, L. Pirjola, K. Hämeri, M. Kulmala, F. Arnold, D. Rothe, and J. Keskinen. 2009. Heavy duty diesel engine exhaust aerosol particle and ion measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (1):163–8. doi:10.1021/es801690h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lähde, T., T. Rönkkö, A. Virtanen, A. Solla, M. Kytö, C. Söderström, and J. Keskinen. 2010. Dependence between nonvolatile nucleation mode particle and soot number concentrations in an EGR equipped heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (8):3175–80. doi:10.1021/es903428y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lähde, T., A. Virtanen, M. Happonen, C. Söderström, M. Kytö, and J. Keskinen. 2014. Heavy-duty, off-road diesel engine low-load particle number emissions and particle control. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 64 (10):1186–94. doi:10.1080/10962247.2014.936985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D., A. Miller, D. Kittelson, and M. Zachariah. 2006. Characterization of metal-bearing diesel nanoparticles using single-particle mass spectrometry. J. Aerosol Sci. 37 (1):88–110. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelieveld, J., J. Evans, M. Fnais, D. Giannadaki, and A. Pozzer. 2015. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525 (7569):367–71. doi:10.1038/nature15371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., L. Jin, and H. Kan. 2019. Air pollution: A global problem needs local fixes. Nature 570 (7762):437–9. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01960-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liati, A., D. Schreiber, Y. Arroyo Rojas Dasilva, and P. Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler. 2018. Ultrafine particle emissions from modern gasoline and diesel vehicles: An electron microscopic perspective. Environ. Pollut. 239:661–9. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, B., I. Ahmed, V. Karloukovski, D. MacLaren, P. Foulds, D. Allsop, D. Mann, R. Torres-Jardón, and L. Calderon-Garciduenas. 2016. Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 (39):10797–801. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605941113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis, U., J. Ristimäki, M. Mohr, J. Keskinen, L. Ntziachristos, Z. Samaras, and P. Mikkanen. 2004. Sampling conditions for the measurement of nucleation mode particles in the exhaust of a diesel vehicle. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 38 (12):1149–60. doi:10.1080/027868290891497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A., C. Stipe, M. Habjan, and G. Ahlstrand. 2007. Role of lubrication oil in particulate emissions from a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (19):6828–35. doi:10.1021/es070999r.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neoh, K., J. Howard, and A. Sarofim. 1985. Effect of oxidation on the physical structure of soot. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 20 (1):951–7. doi:10.1016/S0082-0784(85)80584-1.
   Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos, L., B. Giechaskiel, P. Pistikopoulos, Z. Samaras, U. Mathis, M. Mohr, J. Ristimäki, J. Keskinen, P. Mikkanen, R. Casati, et al. 2004. Performance evaluation of a novel sampling and measurement system for exhaust particle characterization. SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271/2004-01-1439
   Google Scholar
• Paul, B., A. Datta, A. Datta, and A. Saha. 2013. A comparison of chemical structures of soot precursor nanoparticles from liquid fuel combustion in flames and engine. J. Nanopart. Res. 15 (4), art. no. 1550. doi:10.1007/s11051-013-1550-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paur, H. R., F. Cassee, J. Teeguarden, H. Fissan, S. Diabate, M. Aufderheide, W. Kreyling, O. Hänninen, G. Kasper, M. Riediker, et al. 2011. In-vitro cell exposure studies for the assessment of nanoparticle toxicity in the lung – A dialog between aerosol science and biology. J. Aerosol Sci. 42 (10):668–92. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L., P. Karjalainen, J. Heikkilä, S. Saari, T. Tzamkiozis, L. Ntziachristos, K. Kulmala, J. Keskinen, and T. Rönkkö. 2015. Effects of fresh lubricant oils on particle emissions emitted by a modern gasoline direct injection passenger car. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (6):3644–52. doi:10.1021/es505109u.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L., J. Niemi, S. Saarikoski, M. Aurela, J. Enroth, S. Carbone, K. Saarnio, H. Kuuluvainen, A. Kousa, T. Rönkkö, et al. 2017. Physical and chemical characterization of urban winter-time aerosols by mobile measurements in Helsinki, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 158:60–75. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, T., A. Arffman, P. Karjalainen, T. Lähde, J. Heikkilä, L. Pirjola, D. Rothe, and J. Keskinen. 2011. Diesel exhaust nanoparticle volatility studies by a new thermodenuder with low solid nanoparticle losses. Technology 43:9501–6.
   Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, T., A. Virtanen, J. Kannosto, J. Keskinen, M. Lappi, and L. Pirjola. 2007. Nucleation mode particles with a nonvolatile core in the exhaust of a heavy duty diesel vehicle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (18):6384–9. doi:10.1021/es0705339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai, H., H. Tobias, K. Park, D. Zarling, K. Docherty, D. Kittelson, P. McMurry, and P. Ziemann. 2003. On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility. Atmos. Environ. 37 (9–10):1199–210. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01017-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seong, H., S. Choi, and K. Lee. 2014. Examination of nanoparticles from gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Int. J. Automot. Technol. 15 (2):175–81. doi:10.1007/s12239-014-0019-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgro, L. A., A. Borghese, L. Speranza, A. C. Barone, P. Minutolo, A. Bruno, A. D'Anna, and A. D'Alessio. 2008. Measurements of nanoparticles of organic carbon and soot in flames and vehicle exhausts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (3):859–63. doi:10.1021/es070485s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgro, L., P. Sementa, B. Vaglieco, G. Rusciano, A. D’Anna, and P. Minutolo. 2012. Investigating the origin of nuclei particles in GDI engine exhausts. Combust. Flame 159 (4):1687–92. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiruvengadam, A., M. Besch, S. Yoon, J. Collins, H. Kappanna, D. Carder, A. Ayala, J. Herner, and M. Gautam. 2014. Characterization of particulate matter emissions from a current technology natural gas engine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (14):8235–42. doi:10.1021/es5005973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar