References
- ASHRAE. 2009. ASHRAE handbook fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
- Bojic, M., F. Yik, and T. Lo. 2002. Locating air-conditioners and furniture inside residential flats to obtain good thermal comfort. Energy Build. 34 (7):745–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00143-8.
- Boone, S. A., and C. P. Gerba. 2007. Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (6):1687–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02051-06.
- Cermak, R., A. K. Melikov, L. Forejt, and O. Kovar. 2004. Distribution of contaminants in the occupied zone of a room with personalized and displacement ventilation. In 9th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Chen, C., B. Zhao, D. Lai, and W. Liu. 2018. A simple method for differentiating direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in mechanically ventilated rooms. Build. Simul. 11 (5):1039–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0441-0.
- Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Exposure factors handbook. Vol. 1, EPA/600/P-95/002F a-c. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
- Fanger, P. O. 2000. Human requirements in future air-conditioned environments: A search for excellence. In IVth International Building Installation, Science and Technology Symposium, 13–22: Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Faulkner, D., W. J. Fisk, D. P. Sullivan, and D. P. Wyon. 1999. Ventilation efficiencies of desk-mounted task/ambient conditioning systems. Indoor Air. 9 (4):273–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00007.x.
- Greatorex, J. S., P. Digard, M. D. Curran, R. Moynihan, H. Wensley, T. Wreghitt, H. Varsani, F. Garcia, J. Enstone, and J. S. Nguyen-Van-Tam. 2011. Survival of influenza A(H1N1) on materials found in households: implications for infection control. PLoS One. 6 (11):e27932. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027932.
- Hall, C. B. 2007. The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: Complexities and conjectures. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3):353–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/519433.
- Kundrapu, S., V. Sunkesula, L. A. Jury, B. M. Sitzlar, and C. J. Donskey. 2012. Daily disinfection of high-touch surfaces in isolation rooms to reduce contamination of healthcare workers' hands. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 33 (10):1039–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/667730.
- Kunkel, S., P. Azimi, H. Zhao, B. Stark, and B. Stephens. 2017. Quantifying the size-resolved dynamics of indoor bioaerosol transport and control. Indoor Air. 27 (5):977–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12374.
- Lei, H., Y. Li, S. Xiao, X. Yang, C. Lin, S. L. Norris, D. Wei, Z. Hu, and S. Ji. 2017. Logistic growth of a surface contamination network and its role in disease spread. Sci. Rep. 7 (1):1–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13840-z.
- Leung, W. T., G. N. Sze‐To, C. Y. H. Chao, S. C. T. Yu, and J. K. C. Kwan. 2013. Study on the interzonal migration of airborne infectious particles in an isolation ward using benign bacteria. Indoor Air. 23 (2):148–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00797.x.
- Lin, Z., and S. Deng. 2006. A questionnaire survey on sleeping thermal environment and bedroom air conditioning in high-rise residences in Hong Kong. Energy Build. 38 (11):1302–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.04.004.
- Lindsley, W. G., F. M. Blachere, R. E. Thewlis, A. Vishnu, K. A. Davis, G. Cao, J. E. Palmer, K. E. Clark, M. A. Fisher, R. Khakoo, et al. 2010. Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs. PLoS One 5 (11):e15100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015100.
- Lipczynska, A., J. Kaczmarczyk, and A. K. Melikov. 2015. Thermal environment and air quality in office with personalized ventilation combined with chilled ceiling. Build. Environ. 92:603–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.05.035.
- Liu, Z. J., L. Q. Wang, R. Rong, S. F. Fu, G. Q. Cao, and C. C. Hao. 2020. Full-scale experimental and numerical study of bioaerosol characteristics against cross-infection in a two-bed hospital ward. Build. Environ. 186:107373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107373.
- Liu, L., Y. Li, P. V. Nielsen, J. Wei, and R. L. Jensen. 2017. Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people. Indoor Air. 27 (2):452–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12314.
- Melikov, A. K., R. Cermak, and M. Majer. 2002. Personalized ventilation: Evaluation of different air terminal devices. Energy Build. 34 (8):829–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00102-0.
- Milton, D. K., M. P. Fabian, B. J. Cowling, M. L. Grantham, and J. J. McDevitt. 2013. Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: Particle size, culturability, and effect of surgical masks. PLoS Pathog. 9 (3):e1003205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003205.
- Morawska, L., J. W. Tang, W. Bahnfleth, P. M. Bluyssen, A. Boerstra, G. Buonanno, J. Cao, S. Dancer, A. Floto, F. Franchimon, et al. 2020. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ. Int. 142:105832. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832.
- Mui, K., L. Wong, C. Wu, and A. C. Lai. 2009. Numerical modeling of exhaled droplet nuclei dispersion and mixing in indoor environments. J. Hazard. Mater. 167 (1–3):736–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.041.
- Nan, G. 2006. Human perception of local air movement in the tropics. PhD diss., National University of Singapore.
- Nicas, M., and D. Best. 2008. A study quantifying the hand-to-face contact rate and its potential application to predicting respiratory tract infection. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5 (6):347–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620802003896.
- Nicas, M., and G. Sun. 2006. An integrated model of infection risk in a health-care environment. Risk Anal. 26 (4):1085–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00802.x.
- Olmedo, I., P. V. Nielsen, M. Ruiz de Adana, R. L. Jensen, and P. Grzelecki. 2012. Distribution of exhaled contaminants and personal exposure in a room using three different air distribution strategies. Indoor Air. 22 (1):64–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00736.x.
- Otter, J. A., S. Yezli, and G. L. French. 2014. The role of contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. In Use of biocidal surfaces for reduction of healthcare acquired infections, ed. G. Borkow, 27–58. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319080567.
- Pantelic, J., G. N. Sze-To, K. W. Tham, C. Y. Chao, and Y. C. Khoo. 2009. Personalized ventilation as a control measure for airborne transmissible disease spread. J. R. Soc. Interface 6 (Suppl 6):S715–S726. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0311.focus.
- Pantelic, J., K. W. Tham, and D. Licina. 2015. Effectiveness of a personalized ventilation system in reducing personal exposure against directly released simulated cough droplets. Indoor Air. 25 (6):683–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12187.
- Park, K.-T., D.-G. Cho, J.-W. Park, S. Hong, and J. Hwang. 2015. Detection of airborne viruses using electro-aerodynamic deposition and a field-effect transistor. Sci. Rep. 5:17462. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17462.
- Raja, S., Y. Xu, A. R. Ferro, P. A. Jaques, and P. K. Hopke. 2010. Resuspension of indoor aeroallergens and relationship to lung inflammation in asthmatic children. Environ. Int. 36 (1):8–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.09.001.
- Shen, C., N. Gao, and T. Wang. 2013. CFD study on the transmission of indoor pollutants under personalized ventilation. Build. Environ. 63:69–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.02.003.
- Shi, S., and B. Zhao. 2013. Deposition of indoor airborne particles onto human body surfaces: a modeling analysis and manikin-based experimental study. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47 (12):1363–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.843772.
- Stelzer‐Braid, S., B. G. Oliver, A. J. Blazey, E. Argent, T. P. Newsome, W. D. Rawlinson, and E. R. Tovey. 2009. Exhalation of respiratory viruses by breathing, coughing, and talking. J. Med. Virol. 81 (9):1674–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21556.
- Sze To, G., M. Wan, C. Chao, L. Fang, and A. Melikov. 2009. Experimental study of dispersion and deposition of expiratory aerosols in aircraft cabins and impact on infectious disease transmission. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 43 (5):466–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820902736658.
- Tang, J. W., C. X. Gao, B. J. Cowling, G. C. Koh, D. Chu, C. Heilbronn, B. Lloyd, J. Pantelic, A. D. Nicolle, C. A. Klettner, et al. 2014. Absence of detectable influenza RNA transmitted via aerosol during various human respiratory activities-experiments from Singapore and Hong Kong. PLoS One. 9 (9):e107338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107338.
- Walther, B. A., and P. W. Ewald. 2004. Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 79 (4):849–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793104006475.
- Wan, M. P., G. N. Sze To, C. Y. H. Chao, L. Fang, and A. K. Melikov. 2009. Modeling the fate of expiratory aerosols and the associated infection risk in an aircraft cabin environment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 43 (4):322–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802641461.
- Wang, C. T., S. C. Fu, and C. Y. Chao. 2020. Short-range bioaerosol deposition and recovery of viable viruses and bacteria on surfaces from a cough and implications for respiratory disease transmission. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (2):215–230.
- Weber, D. J., W. A. Rutala, M. B. Miller, K. Huslage, and E. Sickbert-Bennett. 2010. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: Norovirus, clostridium difficile, and acinetobacter species. Am. J. Infect. Control. 38 (5 Suppl 1):S25–S33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.196.
- Wei, J., and Y. Li. 2016. Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment. Am. J. Infect. Control. 44 (9 Suppl):S102–S8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.003.
- Xie, X., Y. Li, A. Chwang, P. Ho, and W. Seto. 2007. How far droplets can move in indoor environments-revisiting the Wells evaporation-falling curve. Indoor Air. 17 (3):211–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x.
- Yang, J., C. Sekhar, D. C. K. Wai, and B. Raphael. 2013. Computational fluid dynamics study and evaluation of different personalized exhaust devices. HVAC&R Res. 19 (8):934–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.826066.
- Zhang, N., Y. Li, and H. Huang. 2018. Surface touch and its network growth in a graduate student office. Indoor Air. 28 (6):963–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12505.