References
- Angelo, M. 2008. Automatic particle monitoring technology. Presentation for the SICK Company.
- Bäfver, L. S., B. Leckner, C. Tullin, and M. Berntsen. 2011. Particle emissions from pellets stoves and modern and old-type wood stoves. Biomass and Bioenergy 35 (8):3648–3655. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.05.027.
- Bainschab, M., L. Landl, J. Andersson, A. Mamakos, S. Hausberger, and A. Bergmann. 2020. Measuring sub-23 nanometer real driving particle number emissions using the portable DownToTen sampling system. Journal of Visualized Experiments 159 (159):e61287. doi:https://doi.org/10.3791/61287.
- Biswas, P., and E. Thimsen. 2011. High temperature aerosols: Measurement and deposition of nanoparticle film. In Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques, and applications, ed. P. Kulkarni, P. A. Baron, K. Willeke,Chapter 33, 723–738. Hoboken, New Jersey:Wiley. .
- Bølling, A. K., J. Pagels, K. E. Yttri, L. Barregard, G. Sallsten, P. E. Schwarze, and C. Boman. 2009. Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: the importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 6:29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-29.
- Boman, C. 2005. Particulate and gaseous emissions from residential biomass combustion. PhD thesis, Tillämpad fysik och elektronik.
- Brunner, T. 2006. Aerosols and coarse fly ashes in fixed-bed biomass combustion: formation, characterisation and emissions. PhD thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
- CEN/TS 15883, 2009. CEN/TS 15883: 2009 Residential solid fuel burning appliances − emission test methods. Standard. European Committee for Standardization.
- Cornette, J. F., T. Coppieters, D. Desagher, J. Annendijck, H. Lepaumier, N. Faniel, I. Dyakov, J. Blondeau, and S. Bram. 2020. Influence of the dilution system and electrical low pressure impactor performance on particulate emission measurements from a medium-scale biomass boiler. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 20:499–519. doi:https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.10.0487.
- Dekati, 2010. Dekati axial dilutor DAD-100. User Manual ver. 2.0. Tampere, Finland: Dekati Ltd.
- Dekati, 2016. Dekati ELPI+. User Manual ver. 1.54. Tampere, Finland: Dekati Ltd.
- EN 13229. 2007., NBN EN 13229/A2/AC: 2007 Inset appliances including open fires fired by solid fuels − Requirements and test methods. Standard. Belgian Bureau for Standardization.
- EN 13284 − 1. 2002. NBN EN 13284 − 1: 2002 − 04: Stationary source emissions. Determination of low range mass concentration of dust. Part 1: Manual gravimetric method. Standard. Belgian Bureau for Standardization
- Fachinger, F., F. Drewnick, R. Gieré, and S. Borrmann. 2017. How the user can influence particulate emissions from residential wood and pellet stoves: Emission factors for different fuels and burning conditions. Atmospheric Environment 158:216–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.027.
- Fernandes, U., and M. Costa. 2012. Particle emissions from a domestic pellets-fired boiler. Fuel Processing Technology 103:51–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.08.020.
- Fine, P. M., G. R. Cass, and B. R. Simoneit. 2001. Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from fireplace combustion of woods grown in the northeastern United States. Environmental Science and Technology 35 (13):2665–2675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es001466k.
- Forbes, E., D. Easson, G. Lyons, and W. McRoberts. 2014. Physico-chemical characteristics of eight different biomass fuels and comparison of combustion and emission results in a small scale multi-fuel boiler. Energy Conversion and Management 87:1162–1169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.06.063.
- Fournel, S., J. Palacios, R. Morissette, J. Villeneuve, S. Godbout, M. Heitz, and P. Savoie. 2015. Influence of biomass properties on technical and environmental performance of a multi-fuel boiler during on-farm combustion of energy crops. Applied Energy 141:247–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.022.
- Gaegauf, C., M. Sattler, H. Burtscher, A. Keller, T. Grin, J. Wüest, and M. Bertschi. 2015. Determination of particulate matter emissions from solid biomass fuel burning appliances and boilers – Proposal for a common European test method. Technical Report. EN-PME-TEST-Project.
- Garcia-Maraver, A., M. Zamorano, U. Fernandes, M. Rabaçal, and M. Costa. 2014. Relationship between fuel quality and gaseous and particulate matter emissions in a domestic pellet-fired boiler. Fuel 119:141–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.11.037.
- Giechaskiel, B., M. Arndt, W. Schindler, A. Bergmann, W. Silvis, and Y. Drossinos. 2012. Sampling of non-volatile vehicle exhaust particles: A simplified guide. SAE International Journal of Engines 5 (2):379–399. doi:https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0443.
- Giechaskiel, B., L. Ntziachristos, and Z. Samaras. 2009. Effect of ejector dilutors on measurements of automotive exhaust gas aerosol size distributions. Measurement Science and Technology 20 (4):045703. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/4/045703.
- Giechaskiel, B., A. A. Zardini, and M. Clairotte. 2019. Exhaust gas condensation during engine cold start and application of the dry-wet correction factor. Applied Sciences 9 (11):2263. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/app9112263.
- Hildemann, L., G. Cass, and G. Markowski. 1989. A dilution stack sampler for collection of organic aerosol emissions: design, characterization and field tests. Aerosol Science and Technology 10 (1):193–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02786828908959234.
- Johansson, L. S., C. Tullin, B. Leckner, and P. Sjövall. 2003. Particle emissions from biomass combustion in small combustors. Biomass and Bioenergy 25 (4):435–446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00036-9.
- Jöller, M., T. Brunner, and I. Obernberger. 2005. Modelling of aerosol formation. In Proceedings of the Workshop Aerosols in Biomass Combustion, 79–105.
- Kinsey, J. S., P. H. Kariher, and Y. Dong. 2009. Evaluation of methods for the physical characterization of the fine particle emissions from two residential wood combustion appliances. Atmospheric Environment 43 (32):4959–4967. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.008.
- Kittelson, D. B., W. F. Watts, and J. P. Johnson. 2006. On-road and laboratory evaluation of combustion aerosols – Part 1: Summary of diesel engine results. Journal of Aerosol Science 37 (8):913–930. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.08.005.
- Koppejan, J., and S. Van Loo (Eds.). 2012. The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. Routledge.
- Lamberg, H., K. Nuutinen, J. Tissari, J. Ruusunen, P. Yli-Pirilä, O. Sippula, M. Tapanainen, P. Jalava, U. Makkonen, K. Teinilä, et al. 2011. Physicochemical characterization of fine particles from small-scale wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment 45 (40):7635–7643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.072.
- Lim, M. T., A. Phan, D. Roddy, and A. Harvey. 2015. Technologies for measurement and mitigation of particulate emissions from domestic combustion of biomass: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49:574–584. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.090.
- Lipsky, E. M., and A. L. Robinson. 2006. Effects of dilution on fine particle mass and partitioning of semivolatile organics in diesel exhaust and wood smoke. Environmental Science and Technology 40 (1):155–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es050319p.
- Lyyränen, J., J. Jokiniemi, E. I. Kauppinen, U. Backman, and H. Vesala. 2004. Comparison of different dilution methods for measuring diesel particle emissions. Aerosol Science and Technology 38 (1):12–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820300983.
- Mathis, U., J. Ristimäki, M. Mohr, J. Keskinen, L. Ntziachristos, Z. Samaras, and P. Mikkanen. 2004. Sampling conditions for the measurement of nucleation mode particles in the exhaust of a diesel vehicle. Aerosol Science and Technology 38 (12):1149–1160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290891497.
- Mertens, J., H. Lepaumier, P. Rogiers, D. Desagher, L. Goossens, A. Duterque, E. Le Cadre, M. Zarea, J. Blondeau, and M. Webber. 2020. Fine and ultrafine particle number and size measurements from industrial combustion processes: Primary emissions field data. Atmospheric Pollution Research 11 (4):803–814. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.01.008.
- Nussbaumer, T. 2003. Combustion and co-combustion of biomass: Fundamentals, technologies, and primary measures for emission reduction. Energy and Fuels 17 (6):1510–1521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef030031q.
- Nussbaumer, T. 2010. Overview on technologies for biomass combustion and emission levels of particulate matter. Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Zürich, Switzerland.
- Oser, M., and T. Nussbaumer. 2006. Low particle furnace for wood pellets based on advanced staged combustion. Science in Thermal and Chemical Biomass Conversion 30.
- Pagels, J., L. Johansson, M. Hagström, A. Wierzbicka, M. Bohgard, C. Tullin, and M. Sanat. 2002. Intercomparison of SMPS, ELPI and APS 3320 during sampling of particles emitted from a domestic wood pellet burner. Paper presented at 6th International Aerosol Conference. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/
- Palas, 2007. VKL − 10 Dilution System, https://www.palas.de/en/product/vkl10. User Manual. Palas.
- Sippula, O., J. Hokkinen, H. Puustinen, P. Yli-Pirilä, and J. Jokiniemi. 2009. Particle emissions from small wood-fired district heating units. Energy and Fuels 23 (6):2974–2982. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900098v.
- Sippula, O., K. Hytönen, J. Tissari, T. Raunemaa, and J. Jokiniemi. 2007. Effect of wood fuel on the emissions from a top-feed pellet stove. Energy and Fuels 21 (2):1151–1160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060286e.
- Sippula, O., T. Koponen, and J. Jokiniemi. 2012. Behavior of alkali metal aerosol in a high-temperature porous tube sampling probe. Aerosol Science and Technology 46 (10):1151–1162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.700741.
- Sippula, O., T. Lind, and J. Jokiniemi. 2008. Effects of chlorine and sulphur on particle formation in wood combustion performed in a laboratory scale reactor. Fuel 87 (12):2425–2436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.02.004.
- Tissari, J., O. Sippula, J. Kouki, K. Vuorio, and J. Jokiniemi. 2008. Fine particle and gas emissions from the combustion of agricultural fuels fired in a 20 kW burner. Energy and Fuels 22 (3):2033–2042. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef700766y.
- Torvela, T., J. Tissari, O. Sippula, T. Kaivosoja, J. Leskinen, A. Virén, A. Lähde, and J. Jokiniemi. 2014. Effect of wood combustion conditions on the morphology of freshly emitted fine particles. Atmospheric Environment 87:65–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.028.
- Verma, V., S. Bram, G. Gauthier, and J. De Ruyck. 2011a. Evaluation of the performance of a multi-fuel domestic boiler with respect to the existing European standard and quality labels: Part-1. Biomass and Bioenergy 35 (1):80–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.028.
- Verma, V., S. Bram, G. Gauthier, and J. De Ruyck. 2011b. Performance of a domestic pellet boiler as a function of operational loads: Part-2. Biomass and Bioenergy 35 (1):272–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.043.
- Wilnhammer, M., S. Wittkopf, K. Richter, and G. Weber-Blaschke. 2017. The impact of a new emission control act on particulate matter emissions from residential wood energy use in Bavaria, Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production 145:134–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.039.
- World Health Organization, 2006. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. A EURO Publication. World Health Organization. ISBN 9289021926, 9789289021920 (484 pages).
- Zhang, K. M., and A. S. Wexler. 2004. Evolution of particle number distribution near roadways – Part I: Analysis of aerosol dynamics and its implications for engine emission measurement. Atmospheric Environment 38 (38):6643–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.043.