3,273
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Analytical challenges when sampling and characterising exhaled aerosol

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 160-175 | Received 24 Jun 2021, Accepted 01 Oct 2021, Published online: 25 Oct 2021

References

  • Almstrand, A. C., B. Bake, E. Ljungström, P. Larsson, A. Bredberg, E. Mirgorodskaya, and A. C. Olin. 2010. Effect of airway opening on production of exhaled particles. J. Appl. Physiol. 108:584–8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2009.
  • Alsved, M., A. Matamis, R. Bohlin, M. Richter, P. E. Bengtsson, C. J. Fraenkel, P. Medstrand, and J. Löndahl. 2020. Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 54:1245–8. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1812502.
  • Asadi, S., A. S. Wexler, C. D. Cappa, S. Barreda, N. M. Bouvier, and W. D. Ristenpart. 2019. Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Sci. Rep. 9:1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z.
  • Bar-On, Y. M., A. Flamholz, R. Phillips, and R. Milo. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers. Elife 9:e57309. doi: 10.7554/eLife.57309.
  • Bourouiba, L. 2020. Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. JAMA Insights 323:1837–8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4756.
  • Bourouiba, L. 2021. The fluid dynamics of disease transmission. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 53:473–508. doi: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712.
  • Bourouiba, L., E. Dehandschoewercker, and J. W. M. Bush. 2014. Violent expiratory events: On coughing and sneezing. J. Fluid Mech. 745:537–63. doi: 10.1017/jfm.2014.88.
  • Brown, J., F. K. A. Gregson, A. Shrimpton, T. M. Cook, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering. 2020. A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during tracheal intubation and extubation. Anaesthesia 76:174–181. doi: 10.1111/anae.15292.
  • Carroll, R. G. 2007. Elsevier’s integrated physiology, 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 99–115.
  • Charlotte, N. 2020. High rate of SARS-CoV-2 transmission due to choir practice in France at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Voice. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.11.029.
  • Damit, B., C. Y. Wu, and M. D. Cheng. 2014. On the validity of the Poisson assumption in sampling nanometer-sized aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48:562–70. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2014.899682.
  • Doggett, N., C.-W. Chow, and S. Mubareka. 2020. Characterization of experimental and clinical bioaerosol generation during potential aerosol-generating procedures. Chest 158:2467–73. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.026.
  • Gaeckle, N. T., J. Lee, Y. Park, G. Kreykes, M. D. Evans, and C. J. Hogan. 2020. Aerosol generation from the respiratory tract with various modes of oxygen delivery. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 202:1115–24. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2309oc.
  • Gregson, F. K. A., A. J. Shrimpton, F. W. Hamilton, T. M. Cook, J. P. Reid, A. E. Pickering, D. J. Pournaras, B. R. Bzdek, and J. M. Brown. 2021. Identification of the source events for aerosol generation during oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. Gut. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324588.
  • Gregson, F. K. A., N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, et al. 2021. Comparing aerosol concentrations and particle size distributions generated by singing, speaking and breathing. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55:681–91. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1883544.
  • Hamilton, F. W., D. Arnold, B. R. Bzdek, J. W. Dodd, Aerator Group, J. P. Reid, and N. Maskell. 2021a. Aerosol generating procedures: are they of relevance for transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Lancet Respir. Med. 2600:1–2. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00216-2.
  • Hamilton, F. W., F. K. A. Gregson, D. T. Arnold, S. Sheikh, K. Ward, J. Brown, E. Moran, C. White, A. Morley, B. R. Bzdek, et al. 2021b. Aerosol emission from the respiratory tract: an analysis of relative risks from oxygen delivery systems. medRxiv 1–19. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.29.21250552.
  • Herfst, S., E. J. A. Schrauwen, M. Linster, S. Chutinimitkul, E. de Wit, V. J. Munster, E. M. Sorrell, T. M. Bestebroer, D. F. Burke, D. J. Smith, et al. 2012. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336:1534–41. doi: 10.1126/science.1213362.
  • Holmgren, H., E. Ljungström, A.-C. Almstrand, B. Bake, and A.-C. Olin. 2010. Size distribution of exhaled particles in the range from 0.01 to 2.0μm. J. Aerosol Sci. 41:439–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.02.011.
  • Johnson, G. R., L. Morawska, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, C. Y. H. Chao, M. P. Wan, Y. Li, X. Xie, D. Katoshevski, et al. 2011. Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions. J. Aerosol Sci. 42:839–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009.
  • Larsen, M. L. 2007. Spatial distributions of aerosol particles: Investigation of the poisson assumption. J. Aerosol Sci. 38:807–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.06.007.
  • Lednicky, J. A., M. Lauzard, Z. H. Fan, A. Jutla, T. B. Tilly, M. Gangwar, M. Usmani, S. N. Shankar, K. Mohamed, A. Eiguren-Fernandez, et al. 2020. Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 100:476–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.025.
  • Li, Y., X. Huang, I. T. S. Yu, T. W. Wong, and H. Qian. 2005. Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong. Indoor Air 15:83–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00317.x.
  • Liu, Y., Ning, Z. Chen, Y., M. Guo, Y.Liu, N. K. Gali, L. Sun, Y. Duan, J. Cai, D. Westerdahl, X. Liu, K Xu, et al. 2020. Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature 582:557–60. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3.
  • Liu, L., J. Wei, Y. Li, and A. Ooi. 2017. Evaporation and dispersion of respiratory droplets from coughing. Indoor Air. 27 (1):179–90. doi:10.1111/ina.12297.
  • Llandro, H., J. R. Allison, C. C. Currie, D. C. Edwards, C. Bowes, J. Durham, N. Jakubovics, N. Rostami, and R. Holliday. 2021. Evaluating splatter and settled aerosol during orthodontic debonding: implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. Br. Dent. J. doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2503-9.
  • McCarthy, L. P., C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, et al. 2021. Aerosol and droplet generation from performing with woodwind and brass instruments. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55:1277–87. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1947470.
  • McGhee, C. N. J., S. Dean, S. E. N. Freundlich, A. Gokul, M. Ziaei, D. V. Patel, R. L. Niederer, and H. V. Danesh-Meyer. 2020. Microdroplet and spatter contamination during phacoemulsification cataract surgery in the era of COVID-19. Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 48:1168–74. doi: 10.1111/ceo.13861.
  • Mellies, U., and C. Goebel. 2014. Optimum insufflation capacity and peak cough flow in neuromuscular disorders. Annals Ats. 11:1560–8. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406-264OC.
  • Morawska, L., G. R. Johnson, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, C. Y. H. Chao, Y. Li, and D. Katoshevski. 2009. Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. J. Aerosol Sci. 40:256–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002.
  • Mürbe, D., M. Fleischer, J. Lange, H. Rotheudt, and M. Kriegel. 2020. Aerosol emission is increased in professional singingof classical music. Sci. Rep. 11:14861. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93281-x.
  • Newsom, R. B., A. Amara, A. Hicks, M. Quint, C. Pattison, B. R. Bzdek, J. Burridge, C. Krawczyk, J. Dinsmore, and J. Conway. 2021. Comparison of droplet spread in standard and laminar flow operating theatres: SPRAY study group. J. Hosp. Infect. 110:194–200. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.026.
  • Ng, C. S., K. L. Chong, R. Yang, M. Li, R. Verzicco, and D. Lohse. 2021. Growth of respiratory droplets in cold and humid air. Phys. Rev. Fluids 6:054303. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.054303.
  • Pöhlker, M. L., O. O. Krüger, J.-D. Förster, W. Elbert, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, U. Pöschl, C. Pöhlker, G. Bagheri, E. Bodenschatz, J. A. Huffman, et al. 2021. Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases. arXiv 1–50, arXiv: 2103.01188v4
  • Prather, K. A., L. C. Marr, R. T. Schooley, M. A. McDiarmid, M. E. Wilson, and D. K. Milton. 2020. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science 370:303–4. doi: 10.1126/science.abf0521.
  • Ramachandran, G., and D. W. Cooper. 2011. Size distribution data analysis and presentation. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, eds. P. Kulkarni, P.A. Baron, K. Willeke, 488, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ratnesar-Shumate, S., K. Bohannon, G. Williams, B. Holland, M. Krause, B. Green, D. Freeburger, and P. Dabisch. 2021. Comparison of the performance of aerosol sampling devices for measuring infectious SARS-CoV-2 aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55:975–86 doi: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1910137.
  • Sagami, R., H. Nishikiori, T. Sato, H. Tsuji, M. Ono, K. Togo, K. Fukuda, K. Okamoto, R. Ogawa, K. Mizukami, et al. 2021. Aerosols produced by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A quantitative evaluation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116:202–5. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000983.
  • Shrimpton, A., F. K. A. Gregson, J. M. Brown, T. M. Cook, B. R. Bzdek, F. Hamilton, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering. 2021. A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during supraglottic airway insertion and removal. Anaesthesia. 76:16–18 doi: 10.1111/anae.15345.
  • Shrimpton, A., F. K. A. Gregson, T. M. Cook, J. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering. 2021. A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during tracheal intubation and extubation: a reply. Anaesthesia 76:16–29. doi: 10.1111/anae.15345.
  • Stadnytskyi, V., C. E. Bax, A. Bax, and P. Anfinrud. 2020. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117:11875–877. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006874117.
  • Tellier, R., Y. Li, B. J. Cowling, and J. W. Tang. 2019. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: A commentary. BMC Infect. Dis. 19:101. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y
  • Tran, K., K. Cimon, M. Severn, C. L. Pessoa-Silva, and J. Conly. 2011. Aerosol-generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections: a systematic review [Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Accessed March 2021. Available from: http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/M0023__Aerosol_Generating_Procedures_e.pdf/.
  • Vette, A. F., A. W. Rea, G. Evans, V. R. Highsmith, L. Sheldon, P. A. Lawless, and C. E. Rodes. 2001. characterization of indoor-outdoor aerosol concentration relationships during the fresno PM exposure studies. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34:118–26. doi: 10.1080/02786820117903.
  • Volckens, J., and T. M. Peters. 2005. Counting and particle transmission efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer. J. Aerosol Sci. 36:1400–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.03.009.
  • Vuorinen, V., M. Aarnio, M. Alava, V. Alopaeus, N. Atanasova, M. Auvinen, N. Balasubramanian, H. Bordbar, P. Erästö, R. Grande, et al. 2020. Modelling aerosol transport and virus exposure with numerical simulations in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission by inhalation indoors. Saf. Sci. 130:104866. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104866.
  • Walker, J. S., J. Archer, F. K. A. Gregson, S. E. S. Michel, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid. 2021. Accurate representations of the microphysical processes occurring during the transport of exhaled aerosols and droplets. ACS Cent. Sci. 7:200–9. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01522.
  • Wilson, N. M., G. B. Marks, A. Eckhardt, A. M. Clarke, F. P. Young, F. L. Garden, W. Stewart, T. M. Cook, and E. R. Tovey. 2021. The effect of respiratory activity, non-invasive respiratory support and facemasks on aerosol generation and its relevance to COVID-19. Anaesthesia 76:1465–74. doi: 10.1111/anae.15475.
  • Xie, X.,. Y. Li, A. T. Y. Chwang, P. L. Ho, and W. H. Seto. 2007. How far droplets can move in indoor environments – revisiting the Wells evaporation–falling curve. Indoor Air. 17:211–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00469.x.
  • Yan, J., M. Grantham, J. Pantelic, P. J. B. De Mesquita, B. Albert, F. Liu, S. Ehrman, and D. K. Milton. 2018. Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115:1081–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716561115.