Efficacy of aerosol reduction measures for dental aerosol generating procedures

References

• Al-Amad, S. H., M. A. Awad, F. M. Edher, K. Shahramian, and T. A. Omran. 2017. The effect of rubber dam on atmospheric bacterial aerosols during restorative dentistry. J. Infect. Public Health. 10 (2):195–200. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, J. R., C. Dowson, K. Pickering, G. Červinskytė, J. Durham, N. S. Jakubovics, and R. Holliday. 2021a. Local exhaust ventilation to control dental aerosols and droplets. J. Dent. Res. doi:10.1177/00220345211056287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, J. R., D. C. Edwards, C. Bowes, K. Pickering, C. Dowson, S. J. Stone, J. Lumb, J. Durham, N. Jakubovics, and R. Holliday. 2021b. The effect of high-speed dental handpiece coolant delivery and design on aerosol and droplet production. J. Dent. 112. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASME. 2019. AG-1: Code on nuclear air and gas treatment. In FC: HEPA filters. New York, NY: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell, T. C., and P. C. Fox. 2006. Reduction in MRSA environmental contamination with a portable HEPA-filtration unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 63 (1):47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourouiba, L. 2021. The fluid dynamics of disease transmission. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 53 (1):473–508. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. S., T. Gordon, O. Price, and B. Asgharian. 2013. Thoracic and respirable particle definitions for human health risk assessment. Part Fibre Toxicol. 10:12. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-10-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDA. 2020. Return-to-practice office manual. Ottawa: Canadian Dental Association.
   Google Scholar
• Curtius, J., M. Granzin, and J. Schrod. 2021. Testing mobile air purifiers in a school classroom: Reducing the airborne transmission risk for sars-cov-2. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (5):586–99. doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1877257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabisch, P., M. Schuit, A. Herzog, K. Beck, S. Wood, M. Krause, D. Miller, W. Weaver, D. Freeburger, I. Hooper, et al. 2021. The influence of temperature, humidity, and simulated sunlight on the infectivity of sars-cov-2 in aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (2):142–53. doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1829536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devker, N. R., J. Mohitey, A. Vibhute, V. S. Chouhan, P. Chavan, S. Malagi, and R. Joseph. 2012. A study to evaluate and compare the efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinsing and high volume evacuator attachment alone and in combination in reducing the amount of viable aerosols produced during ultrasonic scaling procedure. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 13 (5):681–9. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehtezazi, T., D. G. Evans, I. D. Jenkinson, P. A. Evans, V. J. Vadgama, J. Vadgama, F. Jarad, N. Grey, and R. P. Chilcott. 2021. Sars-cov-2: Characterisation and mitigation of risks associated with aerosol generating procedures in dental practices. Br. Dent. J. doi:10.1038/s41415-020-2504-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisinger, M. L., and E. Iaonnidou. 2021. Up in the air? Future research strategies to assess aerosols in dentistry. JDR Clin. Trans. Res. 6 (2):128–31. doi:10.1177/2380084420982506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, P., H. Li, L. J. Walsh, and S. Ivanovski. 2021. Splatters and aerosols contamination in dental aerosol generating procedures. Appl. Sci. 11 (4):1914. doi:10.3390/app1104.
   Google Scholar
• Harrel, S. K., and J. Molinari. 2004. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 135 (4):429–37. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday, R., J. R. Allison, C. C. Currie, D. C. Edwards, C. Bowes, K. Pickering, S. Reay, J. Durham, J. Lumb, N. Rostami, et al. 2021. Evaluating contaminated dental aerosol and splatter in an open plan clinic environment: Implications for the covid-19 pandemic. J. Dent. 105:103565. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, N., I. G. Johnson, W. Al-Yaseen, R. Harris, R. Jones, S. Kc, S. McGregor, M. Robertson, W. G. Wade, and J. E. Gallagher. 2021. A systematic review of droplet and aerosol generation in dentistry. J. Dent. 105:103556. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireland, A. J., T. Moreno, and R. Price. 2003. Airborne particles produced during enamel cleanup after removal of orthodontic appliances. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 124 (6):683–6. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(03)00623-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO. 2017. ISO 29463: High efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles from air. In Part 1: Classification, performance, testing and marking. Switzerland: International Standards Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Karimzadeh, S., R. Bhopal, and H. Nguyen Tien. 2021. Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of covid-19 caused by the sars-cov-2: Comparison with other respiratory viruses. Epidemiol. Infect. 149:e96. doi:10.1017/S0950268821000790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020. Covid-19 transmission—up in the air. Lancet Respir. Med. 8 (12):1159. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30514-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsley, W. G., F. M. Blachere, B. F. Law, D. H. Beezhold, and J. D. Noti. 2021. Efficacy of face masks, neck gaiters and face shields for reducing the expulsion of simulated cough-generated aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (4):449–57. doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1862409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Z. Ning, Y. Chen, M. Guo, Y. Liu, N. K. Gali, L. Sun, Y. Duan, J. Cai, D. Westerdahl, et al. 2020. Aerodynamic analysis of sars-cov-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature 582 (7813):557–60. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matys, J., and K. Grzech-Leśniak. 2020. Dental aerosol as a hazard risk for dental workers. Materials 13 (22):5109. doi:10.3390/ma13225109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meethil, A. P., S. Saraswat, P. P. Chaudhary, S. M. Dabdoub, and P. S. Kumar. 2021. Sources of sars-cov-2 and other microorganisms in dental aerosols. J. Dent. Res. 100 (8):817–23. doi:10.1177/00220345211015948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micik, R. E., R. L. Miller, M. A. Mazzarella, and G. Ryge. 1969. Studies on dental aerobiology. I. Bacterial aerosols generated during dental procedures. J. Dent. Res. 48 (1):49–56. doi:10.1177/00220345690480012401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monarca, S., M. Grottolo, D. Renzi, C. Paganelli, P. Sapelli, I. Zerbini, and G. Nardi. 2000. Evaluation of environmental bacterial contamination and procedures to control cross infection in a sample of Italian dental surgeries. Occup. Environ. Med. 57 (11):721–6. doi:10.1136/Foem.57.11.721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais, F. G., V. K. Sakano, L. N. d. Lima, M. A. Franco, D. C. Reis, L. M. Zanchetta, F. Jorge, E. Landulfo, L. H. Catalani, H. M. J. Barbosa, et al. 2021. Filtration efficiency of a large set of covid-19 face masks commonly used in brazil. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (9):1028–41. doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1915466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi, E. S., K. J. Godri Pollitt, J. Sherman, and R. A. Martinello. 2020. Performance analysis of portable HEPA filters and temporary plastic anterooms on the spread of surrogate coronavirus. Build. Environ. 183:107186. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagraj, S. K., P. Eachempati, M. Paisi, M. Nasser, G. Sivaramakrishnan, and J. H. Verbeek. 2020. Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD013686. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013686.pub2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayana, T., L. Mohanty, G. Sreenath, and P. Vidhyadhari. 2016. Role of preprocedural rinse and high volume evacuator in reducing bacterial contamination in bioaerosols. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol. 20 (1):59. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.180931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ODQ. 2021. Phase 4: Prestation des services buccodentatires en contexte de pandémie. Directives intermédiaires: Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux (MSSS).
   Google Scholar
• Polednik, B. 2014. Aerosol and bioaerosol particles in a dental office. Environ. Res. 134:405–9. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polednik, B. 2021. Exposure of staff to aerosols and bioaerosols in a dental office. Build. Environ. 187:107388. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, H., Y. Li, H. Sun, P. V. Nielsen, X. Huang, and X. Zheng. 2010. Particle removal efficiency of the portable HEPA air cleaner in a simulated hospital ward. Build. Simul. 3 (3):215–24. doi:10.1007/s12273-010-0005-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghava, N., and B. Vidovic. 2021. Using computational fluid dynamics to evaluate the role of air purification in reducing fallow time in dentistry. Int. J. Dent. Oral Health 7 (3):1–7. doi:10.16966/2378-7090.362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randall, K., E. T. Ewing, L. Marr, J. Jimenez, and L. Bourouiba. 2021. How did we get here: What are droplets and aerosols and how far do they go? A historical perspective on the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases. Interface Focus. 11 (6). doi:10.1098/rsfs.2021.0049.
   Google Scholar
• RCDSO. 2021. Covid-19: Managing infection risks during in-person dental care. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Ren, Y.-F., Q. Huang, T. Marzouk, R. Richard, K. Pembroke, P. Martone, T. Venner, H. Malmstrom, and E. Eliav. 2021. Effects of mechanical ventilation and portable air cleaner on aerosol removal from dental treatment rooms. J. Dent. 105:103576. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahdad, S., T. Patel, A. Hindocha, N. Cagney, J.-D. Mueller, N. Seoudi, C. Morgan, and A. Din. 2020. The efficacy of an extraoral scavenging device on reduction of splatter contamination during dental aerosol generating procedures: An exploratory study. Br. Dent. J. doi:10.1038/s41415-020-2112-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sills, J., K. A. Prather, L. C. Marr, R. T. Schooley, M. A. McDiarmid, M. E. Wilson, and D. K. Milton. 2020. Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370 (6514):303–4. doi:10.1126/science.abf0521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotiriou, M., S. F. Ferguson, M. Davey, J. M. Wolfson, P. Demokritou, J. Lawrence, S. N. Sax, and P. Koutrakis. 2008. Measurement of particle concentrations in a dental office. Environ. Monit. Assess. 137 (1–3):351–61. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9770-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J. W., W. P. Bahnfleth, P. M. Bluyssen, G. Buonanno, J. L. Jimenez, J. Kurnitski, Y. Li, S. Miller, C. Sekhar, L. Morawska, et al. 2021. Dismantling myths on the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). J. Hosp. Infect. 110:89–96. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman, M. F., L. Menso, J. Steinfort, A. J. Van Winkelhoff, and G. A. Van Der Weijden. 2004. Atmospheric contamination during ultrasonic scaling. J. Clin. Periodontol. 31 (6):458–62. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00511.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSI Incorporated. 2013. Model 3330 optical particle sizer spectrometer operation and service manual. Shoreview, MN: TSI Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Veena, H. R., S. Mahantesha, P. A. Joseph, S. R. Patil, and S. H. Patil. 2015. Dissemination of aerosol and splatter during ultrasonic scaling: A pilot study. J. Infect. Public Health 8 (3):260–5. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2014.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon, J. J., E. V. I. Black, T. Dennis, D. A. Devine, L. Fletcher, D. J. Wood, and B. R. Nattress. 2021. Dental mitigation strategies to reduce aerosolization of sars-cov-2. J. Dent. Res. 100 (13):1461–7. doi:10.1177/00220345211032885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, X., Y. Li, A. T. Chwang, P. L. Ho, and W. H. Seto. 2007. How far droplets can move in indoor environments-revisiting the Wells evaporation-falling curve. Indoor Air 17 (3):211–25. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., T. K. Saldi, P. K. Gonzales, E. Lasda, C. J. Decker, K. L. Tat, M. R. Fink, C. R. Hager, J. C. Davis, C. D. Ozeroff, et al. 2021. Just 2% of sars-cov-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118 (21):e2104547118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2104547118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, H.-C., and G. M. Schum. 1980. Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 42 (3):461–80. doi:10.1007/BF02460796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangmeister, C. D., J. G. Radney, E. P. Vicenzi, and J. L. Weaver. 2020. Filtration efficiencies of nanoscale aerosol by cloth mask materials used to slow the spread of sars-cov-2. ACS Nano 14 (7):9188–200. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c05025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemouri, C., H. de Soet, W. Crielaard, and A. Laheij. 2017. A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. PLOS One 12 (5):e0178007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, N., D. Zhang, W. Wang, X. Li, B. Yang, J. Song, X. Zhao, B. Huang, W. Shi, R. Lu, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team, et al. 2020. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (8):727–33. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuraimi, M. S., G. J. Nilsson, and R. J. Magee. 2011. Removing indoor particles using portable air cleaners: Implications for residential infection transmission. Build. Environ. 46 (12):2512–9. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar