Discrimination between individual dust and bioparticles using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry

References

• Andreae, M. O., and D. Rosenfeld. 2008. Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth. Sci. Rev. 89 (1–2):13–41. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelino, S., D. T. Suess, and K. A. Prather. 2001. Formation of aerosol particles from reactions of secondary and tertiary alkylamines: Characterization by aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (15):3130–8. doi:10.1021/es0015444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, J. D., B. J. Murray, M. T. Woodhouse, T. F. Whale, K. J. Baustian, K. S. Carslaw, S. Dobbie, D. O’Sullivan, and T. L. Malkin. 2013. The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds. Nature 500 (7463):490– . doi:10.1038/nature12384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, J. F., K. Suski, J. H. Seinfeld, A. Zaveri, and A. Prather. 2012. The mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol particles in northern and southern California measured during CARES and CalNex 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12:10989–1002. doi:10.5194/acp-12-10989-2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, J., T. K. Darlington, C. Fitzgerald, N. G. Schoepp, J. Beld, M. D. Burkart, and K. A. Prather. 2015. Online analysis of single cyanobacteria and algae cells under nitrogen-limited conditions using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 87 (16):8039–46. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, J. F., T. K. Darlington, X. Wang, J. Mayer, M. T. Spencer, J. C. Holecek, B. E. Reed, and K. A. Prather. 2014. Development of a high-pressure aerodynamic lens for focusing large particles (4–10 μm) into the aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (9):948–56. doi:10.1080/02786826.2014.947400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, P. G., M. V. Johnston, and A. S. Wexler. 1997. Real-time monitoring of the surface and total composition of aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 26 (4):291–300. doi:10.1080/02786829708965431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conen, F., C. E. Morris, J. Leifeld, M. V. Yakutin, and C. Alewell. 2011. Biological residues define the ice nucleation properties of soil dust. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (18):9643–8. doi:10.5194/acp-11-9643-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamean, J. M., C. Lee, T. C. Hill, A. P. Ault, P. J. DeMott, A. B. White, Ralph, F. M., and K. A. A. Prather. 2014. Chemical properties of insoluble precipitation residue particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 76:13–27. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamean, J., K. Suski, D. Rosenfeld, A. Cazorla, P. DeMott, R. Sullivan, A. White, M. Ralph, P. Minnis, J. Comstock, et al. 2013. Dust and biological aerosols from the Sahara and Asia influence precipitation in the western U.S. Science 339 (6127):1572–8. doi:10.1126/science.1227279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerwieniec, G., S. Russell, H. Tobias, M. Pitesky, D. Fergenson, P. Steele, A. Srivastava, J. Horn, M. Frank, E. Gard, et al. 2005. Stable isotope labeling of entire Bacillus atrophaeus spores and vegetative cells using bioaerosol mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 77 (4):1081–7. doi:10.1021/ac0488098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMott, P. J., A. J. Prenni, X. Liu, S. M. Kreidenweis, M. D. Petters, C. H. Twohy, M. S. Richardson, T. Eidhammer, and D. C. Rogers. 2010. Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107 (25):11217–22. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910818107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMott, P., O. Möhler, D. J. Cziczo, N. Hiranuma, M. D. Petters, S. S. Petters, F. Belosi, H. G. Bingemer, S. D. Brooks, C. Budke, M. Burkert-Kohn, K. N. Collier, A. Danielczok, O. Eppers, L. Felgitsch, S. Garimella, H. Grothe, P. Herenz, T. C. J. Hill, … J. Zenker. 2018. The Fifth International Workshop on Ice Nucleation phase 2 (FIN-02): Laboratory intercomparison of ice nucleation measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11 (11):6231–57. doi:10.5194/amt-11-6231-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMott, P., and A. J. Prenni. 2010. New Directions: Need for defining the numbers and sources of biological aerosols acting as ice nuclei. Atmos. Environ. 44 (15):1944–5. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Després, V. R., J. Alex Huffman, S. M. Burrows, C. Hoose, A. S. Safatov, G. Buryak, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, W. Elbert, M. O. Andreae, U. Pöschl, and R. Jaenicke. 2012. Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review. Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 64 (1):1–58. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelbrecht, J. P., H. Moosmüller, S. Pincock, R. K. M. Jayanty, T. Lersch, and G. Casuccio. 2016. Technical note: Mineralogical, chemical, morphological, and optical interrelationships of mineral dust re-suspensions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (17):10809–30. doi:10.5194/acp-16-10809-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelstaedter, S., I. Tegen, and R. Washington. 2006. North African dust emissions and transport. Earth. Sci. Rev. 79 (1–2):73–100. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergenson, D., M. Pitesky, H. Tobias, P. Steele, G. Czerwieniec, S. Russell, C. Lebrilla, J. Horn, K. Coffee, A. Srivastava, et al. 2004. Reagentless detection and classification of individual bioaerosol particles in seconds. Anal. Chem. 76 (2):373–8. doi:10.1021/ac034467e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., C. J. Kampf, B. Weber, J. A. Huffman, C. Pöhlker, M. O. Andreae, N. Lang-Yona, S. M. Burrows, S. S. Gunthe, W. Elbert, H. Su, P. Hoor, E. Thines, T. Hoffmann, V. R. Després, and U. Pöschl. 2016. Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions. Atmos. Res. 182:346–76. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabey, A. M., M. W. Gallagher, J. Whitehead, J. R. Dorsey, P. H. Kaye, and W. R. Stanley. 2010. Measurements and comparison of primary biological aerosol above and below a tropical forest canopy using a dual channel fluorescence spectrometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (10):4453–66. doi:10.5194/acp-10-4453-2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabey, A. M., W. R. Stanley, M. W. Gallagher, and P. H. Kaye. 2011. The fluorescence properties of aerosol larger than 0.8 μ in urban and tropical rainforest locations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 (11):5491–504. doi:10.5194/acp-11-5491-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gard, E., J. E. Mayer, B. D. Morrical, T. Dienes, D. P. Fergenson, and K. A. Prather. 1997. Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: Design and performance of a portable ATOFMS. Anal. Chem. 69 (20):4083–91. doi:10.1021/ac970540n.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, D. S., M. E. Gälli, P. J. Silva, and K. A. Prather. 2000. Relative sensitivity factors for alkali metal and ammonium cations in single-particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 72 (2):416–22. doi:10.1021/ac990434g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hader, J. D., T. P. Wright, and M. D. Petters. 2014. Contribution of pollen to atmospheric ice nuclei concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (11):5433–49. doi:10.5194/acp-14-5433-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, T. C. J., P. J. Demott, Y. Tobo, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, B. F. Moffett, G. D. Franc, and S. M. Kreidenweis. 2016. Sources of organic ice nucleating particles in soils. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (11):7195–211. doi:10.5194/acp-16-7195-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst, E., P. H. Kaye, V. Foot, J. M. Clark, and P. B. Withers. 2004. An instrument for the simultaneous acquisition of size, shape, and spectral fluorescence data from single aerosol particles. Proc. SPIE, 5617:416–23. doi:10.1117/12.578269.
   Google Scholar
• Kanji, Z. A., L. A. Ladino, H. Wex, Y. Boose, M. Burkert-Kohn, D. J. Cziczo, and M. Krämer. 2017. Overview of ice nucleating particles. Meteorol. Monogr. 58:1.1–.33. doi:10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, N. A., M. J. Flynn, J. D. Allan, and H. Coe. 2018. On-line differentiation of mineral phase in aerosol particles by ion formation mechanism using a LAAP-ToF single particle mass spectrometer. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11 (1). doi:10.5194/amt-11-195-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, N. A., R. Ullrich, O. Möhler, S. Eriksen Hammer, K. Kandler, Z. Cui, P. I. Williams, M. J. Flynn, D. Liu, J. D. Allan, and H. Coe. 2019. Mineralogy and mixing state of North African mineral dust by on-line single-particle mass spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 (4):2259–81. doi:10.5194/acp-19-2259-2019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A. C., G. C. Cornwell, S. A. Atwood, K. A. Moore, N. E. Rothfuss, H. Taylor, P. J. DeMott, S. M. Kreidenweis, M. D. Petters, and K. A. Prather. 2017. Transport of pollution to a remote coastal site during gap flow from California’s interior: Impacts on aerosol composition, clouds, and radiative balance. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (2):1491–509. doi:10.5194/acp-17-1491-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, D., B. J. Murray, T. L. Malkin, T. F. Whale, N. S. Umo, J. D. Atkinson, H. C. Price, K. J. Baustian, J. Browse, and M. E. Webb. 2014. Ice nucleation by fertile soil dusts: Relative importance of mineral and biogenic components. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (4):1853–67. doi:10.5194/acp-14-1853-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perring, A. E., J. P. Schwarz, D. G. Baumgardner, M. T. Hernandez, D. V. Spracklen, C. L. Heald, R. S. Gao, G. Kok, G. R. McMeeking, J. B. McQuaid, and D. W. Fahey. 2014. Airborne observations of regional variation in fluorescent aerosol across the United States. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 120:1153–70. doi:10.1002/2014JD022495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouguerné, E., L. de Souza, G. Sassaki, J. F. Cavalcanti, M. T. Villela Romanos, B. da Gama, R. C. Pereira, and E. Barreto-Bergter. 2013. Antiviral sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDGs) from the Brazilian brown seaweed sargassum vulgare. Mar. Drugs. 11 (11):4628–40. doi:10.3390/md11114628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, K. A., P. J. Demott, J. R. French, Z. Wang, D. L. Westphal, A. J. Heymsfield, C. H. Twohy, A. J. Prenni, and K. A. Prather. 2009a. In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals. Nat. Geosci. 2 (6):398–401. doi:10.1038/ngeo521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, K. A., L. E. Hatch, and K. A. Prather. 2009. Seasonal volatility dependence of ambient particle phase amines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (14):5276–81. doi:10.1021/es803189n.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, K., J. Mayer, J. Holecek, R. Moffet, R. Sanchez, T. Rebotier, H. Furutani, M. Gonin, K. Fuhrer, Y. Su, et al. 2009b. Development and characterization of an aircraft aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 81 (5):1792–800. doi:10.1021/ac801942r.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebotier, T. P., and K. A. Prather. 2007. Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry data analysis: A benchmark of clustering algorithms. Anal. Chim. Acta 585:38–54. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinard, M. S., and M. V. Johnston. 2008. Ion formation mechanism in laser desorption ionization of individual nanoparticles. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19 (3):389–99. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, D. C., P. J. DeMott, S. M. Kreidenweis, and Y. Chen. 1998. Measurements of ice nucleating aerosols during SUCCESS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (9):1383–6. doi:10.1029/97GL03478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansonetti, J. E., and W. C. Martin. 2005. Handbook of basic atomic spectroscopic data. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34 (4):1559–2259. doi:10.1063/1.1800011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, N. J., C. E. Krentz, T. Könemann, T. T. Han, G. Mainelis, C. Pöhlker, and J. Alex Huffman. 2017. Systematic characterization and fluorescence threshold strategies for the wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS) using size-resolved biological and interfering particles. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10 (11):4279–302. doi:10.5194/amt-10-4279-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S., J. Schneider, T. Klimach, S. Mertes, L. P. Schenk, P. Kupiszewski, J. Curtius, and S. Borrmann. 2017. Online single particle analysis of ice particle residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds using laboratory derived particle type assignment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (1):575–94. doi:10.5194/acp-17-575-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, J., F. Freutel, S. R. Zorn, Q. Chen, D. K. Farmer, J. L. Jimenez, S. T. Martin, P. Artaxo, A. Wiedensohler, and S. Borrmann. 2011. Mass-spectrometric identification of primary biological particle markers and application to pristine submicron aerosol measurements in Amazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11:11415–29. doi:10.5194/acp-11-11415-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, P. J. 2000. Source profiling and apportionment of airborne particles: A new approach using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Riverside: University of California. doi:10.16953/deusbed.74839.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, P. J., A. Carlin, and A. Prather. 2000. Single particle analysis of suspended soil dust from Southern California. Atmos. Environ. 34 (11):1811–20. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00338-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, P. J., D. Y. Liu, C. A. Noble, and K. A. Prather. 1999. Size and chemical characterization of individual particles resulting from biomass burning of local Southern California species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (18):3068–76. doi:10.1021/es980544p.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, P., and K. Prather. 2000. Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72 (15):3553–62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10952542. doi:10.1021/ac9910132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. L., K. H. Schram, and J. A. Mccloskey. 1983. The negative ion mass spectra of selected nucleosides. Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 10 (4):269–75. doi:10.1002/bms.1200100407.
   Google Scholar
• Song, X. H., P. K. Hopke, D. P. Fergenson, and A. Prather. 1999. Classification of single particles analyzed by ATOFMS using an artificial neural network, ART-2A. Anal. Chem. 71 (4):860–5. doi:10.1021/ac9809682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. T., and A. Prather. 2006. Using ATOFMS to determine OC/EC mass fractions in particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40:585–94. doi:10.1080/02786820600729138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, A., M. Pitesky, P. Steele, H. Tobias, D. Fergenson, J. Horn, S. Russell, G. Czerwieniec, C. Lebrilla, E. Gard, et al. 2005. Comprehensive assignment of mass spectral signatures from individual Bacillus atrophaeus spores in matrix-free laser desorption/ionization bioaerosol mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 77 (10):3315–23. doi:10.1021/ac048298p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, P., A. Srivastava, M. E. Pitesky, D. P. Fergenson, H. J. Tobias, E. E. Gard, and M. Frank. 2005. Desorption/ionization fluence thresholds and improved mass spectral consistency measured using a flattop laser profile in the bioaerosol mass spectrometry of single Bacillus endospores. Anal. Chem. 77 (22):7448–54. doi:10.1021/ac051329b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, P., H. Tobias, D. Fergenson, M. Pitesky, J. Horn, G. Czerwieniec, S. Russell, C. Lebrilla, E. Gard, and M. Frank. 2003. Laser power dependence of mass spectral signatures from individual bacterial spores in bioaerosol mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75 (20):5480–7. doi:10.1021/ac034419u.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelecka, D., S. Chmielinski, S. Bednarek, and J. Jemielity. 2017. Analysis of mononucleotides by tandem mass spectrometry: Investigation of fragmentation pathways for phosphate- and ribose-modified nucleotide analogues. Sci. Rep. 7(May):17–23. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09416-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana, C. M., H. Al-Mashat, and K. A. Prather. 2017. Expanding single particle mass spectrometer analyses for the identification of microbe signatures in sea spray aerosol. Anal. Chem. 89 (19):10162–70. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana, C. M., D. B. Collins, and K. A. Prather. 2017. The effect of structural heterogeneity in chemical composition on online single particle mass spectrometry analysis of sea spray aerosol particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (7):3660–8. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b06399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana, C. M., G. C. Cornwell, P. Rodriguez, and K. A. Prather. 2017. FATES: A flexible analysis toolkit for the exploration of single-particle mass spectrometer data. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10 (4):1323–34. doi:10.5194/amt-10-1323-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J., and P. A. Ariya. 2006. Atmospheric organic and bio-aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN): A review. Atmos. Environ. 40 (5):795–820. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suski, K. J., T. C. J. Hill, E. J. T. Levin, A. Miller, P. J. DeMott, and S. M. Kreidenweis. 2018. Agricultural harvesting emissions of ice-nucleating particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18 (18):13755–71. doi:10.5194/acp-18-13755-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. S., A. M. Middlebrook, and D. M. Murphy. 1997. Thresholds for laser-induced ion formation from aerosols in a vacuum using ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet laser wavelengths. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 26 (6):544–59. doi:10.1080/02786829708965452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobias, H. J., M. E. Pitesky, D. P. Fergenson, P. T. Steele, J. Horn, M. Frank, and E. E. Gard. 2006. Following the biochemical and morphological changes of Bacillus atrophaeus cells during the sporulation process using Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry. J. Microbiol. Methods. 67 (1):56–63. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2006.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobias, H. J., M. P. Schafer, M. Pitesky, D. P. Fergenson, J. Horn, M. Frank, and E. E. Gard. 2005. Bioaerosol mass spectrometry for rapid detection of individual airborne mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra particles bioaerosol mass spectrometry for rapid detection of individual airborne mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra particles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (10):6086–95. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.10.6086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobo, Y., P. J. Demott, T. C. J. Hill, A. J. Prenni, N. G. Swoboda-Colberg, G. D. Franc, and S. M. Kreidenweis. 2014. Organic matter matters for ice nuclei of agricultural soil origin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 (16):8521–31. doi:10.5194/acp-14-8521-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toprak, E., and M. Schnaiter. 2013. Fluorescent biological aerosol particles measured with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor WIBS-4: Laboratory tests combined with a one year field study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (1):225–43. doi:10.5194/acp-13-225-2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twohy, C. H., G. R. McMeeking, P. J. DeMott, C. S. McCluskey, T. C. J. Hill, S. M. Burrows, G. R. Kulkarni, M. Tanarhte, D. N. Kafle, and D. W. Toohey. 2016. Abundance of fluorescent biological aerosol particles at temperatures conducive to the formation of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (13):8205–25. doi:10.5194/acp-16-8205-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vali, G., M. Christensen, R. W. Fresh, E. L. Gaylan, L. R. Maki, and R. C. Schnell. 1976. Biogenic ice nuclei. Part II. Bacterial sources. J. Atmos. Sci. 33:1565–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varmuza, K., W. Werther, F. R. Krueger, J. Kissel, and E. R. Schmid. 1999. Organic substances in cometary grains: Comparison of secondary ion mass spectral data and californium-252 plasma desorption data from reference compounds. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 189:79–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, E. E., G. R. Farquar, P. T. Steele, E. L. McJimpsey, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. P. Fergenson. 2008. Wavelength and size dependence in single particle laser aerosol mass spectra. J. Aerosol Sci. 39 (8):657–66. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel, R. J., and K. A. Prather. 2004. Improvements in ion signal reproducibility obtained using a homogeneous laser beam for on-line laser desorption/ionization of single particles. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18 (13):1525–33. doi:10.1002/rcm.1509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wex, H., S. Augustin-Bauditz, Y. Boose, C. Budke, J. Curtius, K. Diehl, A. Dreyer, F. Frank, S. Hartmann, N. Hiranuma, E. Jantsch, Z. A. Kanji, A. Kiselev, T. Koop, O. Möhler, D. Niedermeier, B. Nillius, M. Rösch, D. Rose, … F. Stratmann. 2015. Intercomparing different devices for the investigation of ice nucleating particles using Snomax® as test substance. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (3):1463–85. doi:10.5194/acp-15-1463-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willeke, K., X. Lin, and S. A. Grinshpun. 1998. Improved aerosol collection by combined impaction and centrifugal motion. Aeros. Sci. Technol. 28 (5):439–56. doi:10.1080/02786829808965536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, E., G. D. Smith, R. E. Miller, and T. Baer. 2002. Depth profiling of heterogeneously mixed aerosol particles using single-particle mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74 (7):1642–9. doi:10.1021/ac0110909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. P., J. D. Hader, G. R. McMeeking, and M. D. Petters. 2014. High relative humidity as a trigger for widespread release of ice nuclei. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (11):i–v. doi:10.1080/02786826.2014.968244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. P., and M. D. Petters. 2013. The role of time in heterogeneous freezing nucleation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 (9):3731–43. doi:10.1002/jgrd.503652013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. P. and M. D. Petters. 2019. mdpetters/Drop-Freezing-Detection: v1 (Version v1). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3271562.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, S., R. E. Venezia, R. W. Paerl, and M. D. Petters. 2019. Characterization of ice nucleating particles over Northern India. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124:10467–82. doi:10.1029/2019JD030702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, N., T. Ichijo, A. Sakotani, T. Baba, and M. Nasu. 2012. Global dispersion of bacterial cells on Asian dust. Sci. Rep. 2 (November 2010):525–6. doi:10.1038/srep00525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadowicz, M. A., K. D. Froyd, D. M. Murphy, and D. J. Cziczo. 2017. Improved identification of primary biological aerosol particles using single-particle mass spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (11):7193–212. doi:10.5194/acp-17-7193-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadowicz, M. A., K. D. Froyd, A. E. Perring, D. M. Murphy, D. V. Spracklen, C. L. Heald, P. R. Buseck, and D. J. Cziczo. 2019. Model-measurement consistency and limits of bioaerosol abundance over the continental United States. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 (22):13859–70. doi:10.5194/acp-19-13859-2019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zender, C. S. 2004. Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets: Terminology, constraints, and current estimates. EOS 85 (48):509–12. doi:10.1029/2003JD003483.
   Google Scholar