Advanced search
Publication Cover
Aerosol Science and Technology Volume 57, 2023 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
1,819
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Emission rates, size distributions, and generation mechanism of oral respiratory droplets

Joshua Harrisona School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomView further author information
,
Brian Saccente-Kennedyb Department of Speech and Language Therapy (ENT), Royal National Ear, Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-3922View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Christopher M. Ortonc Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom;d Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom;e National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Imperial College London, London, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-5462View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Lauren P. McCarthya School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomView further author information
,
Justice Archera School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomView further author information
,
Henry E. Symonsa School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6926-5435View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Alicja Szczepanskaa School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-6978View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Natalie A. Watsonf Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0839-3094View further author information
ORCID Icon,
William J. Browneg School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6659-6885View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Benjamin Moseleyc Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United KingdomView further author information
,
Keir E. J. Philipc Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom;e National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Imperial College London, London, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-3580View further author information
ORCID Icon,
James H. Hullc Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom;h Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), UCL, London, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-1526View further author information
ORCID Icon,
James D. Calderi Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;j Fortius Clinic, London, United KingdomView further author information
,
Declan Costellok Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-3211View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Pallav L. Shahc Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom;d Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom;e National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Imperial College London, London, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9052-4638View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ruth Epsteinb Department of Speech and Language Therapy (ENT), Royal National Ear, Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomView further author information
,
Jonathan P. Reida School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-1778View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Bryan R. Bzdeka School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United KingdomCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-1079View further author information
ORCID Icon show all
Pages 187-199 | Received 31 May 2022, Accepted 04 Dec 2022, Published online: 06 Jan 2023

References

  • Abkarian, M., S. Mendez, N. Xue, F. Yang, and H. A. Stone. 2020. Speech can produce jet-like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 117 (41):25237–45. doi:10.1073/pnas.2012156117.
  • Abkarian, M., and H. A. Stone. 2020. Stretching and break-up of saliva filaments during speech: A route for pathogen aerosolization and its potential mitigation. Phys. Rev. Fluids 5 (10): 102301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.102301.
  • Archer, J., L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, et al. 2022. Comparing aerosol number and mass exhalation rates from children and adults during breathing, speaking and singing. Interface Focus. 12 (2):20210078. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2021.0078.
  • Asadi, S., A. S. Wexler, C. D. Cappa, S. Barreda, N. M. Bouvier, and W. D. Ristenpart. 2019. Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Sci. Rep. 9 (1):2348. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z.
  • Chao, C. Y. H., M. P. Wan, L. Morawska, G. R. Johnson, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, Y. Li, X. Xie, et al. 2009. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. J. Aerosol Sci. 40 (2):122–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003.
  • Ding, S., J. S. Lee, M. A. Mohamed, and B. F. Ng. 2022. Infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 in a dining setting: Deposited droplets and aerosols. Build. Environ. 213:108888. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108888.
  • Duguid, J. P. 1946. The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 44 (6):471–9. doi:10.1017/s0022172400019288.
  • Gregson, F. K. A., S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, et al. 2022. Analytical challenges when sampling and characterising exhaled aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 56 (2):160–75. doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1990207.
  • Gregson, F. K. A., N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, et al. 2021. Comparing aerosol concentrations and particle size distributions generated by singing, speaking and breathing. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (6):681–91. doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1883544.
  • Han, M., R. Ooka, H. Kikumoto, W. Oh, Y. Bu, and S. Hu. 2021. Measurements of exhaled airflow velocity through human coughs using particle image velocimetry. Build. Environ. 202:108020. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108020.
  • Han, Z. Y., W. G. Weng, and Q. Y. Huang. 2013. Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze. J. R Soc. Interface 10 (88):20130560. doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0560.
  • Johnson, G. R., L. Morawska, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, C. Y. H. Chao, M. P. Wan, Y. Li, X. Xie, D. Katoshevski, et al. 2011. Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions. J. Aerosol Sci. 42 (12):839–51. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009.
  • Loudon, R. G., and R. M. Roberts. 1967. Relation between the airborne diameters of respiratory droplets and the diameter of the stains left after recovery. Nature. 213 (5071):95–6. doi:10.1038/213095a0.
  • McCarthy, L. P., C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, et al. 2021. Aerosol and droplet generation from performing with woodwind and brass instruments. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (11):1277–87. doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1947470.
  • Miles, R. E. H., M. W. J. Glerum, H. C. Boyer, J. S. Walker, C. S. Dutcher, and B. R. Bzdek. 2019. Surface tensions of picoliter droplets with sub-millisecond surface age. J. Phys. Chem. A 123 (13):3021–9. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00903.
  • Morawska, L., G. R. Johnson, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, C. Y. H. Chao, Y. Li, and D. Katoshevski. 2009. Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. J. Aerosol Sci. 40 (3):256–69. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002.
  • Morawska, L., and D. K. Milton. 2020. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin. Infect. Dis. 71 (9):2311–3. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa939.
  • Newsom, R. B., A. Amara, A. Hicks, M. Quint, C. Pattison, B. R. Bzdek, J. Burridge, C. Krawczyk, J. Dinsmore, and J. Conway. 2021. Comparison of droplet spread in standard and laminar flow operating theatres: SPRAY study group. J. Hosp. Infect. 110:194–200. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.026.
  • Orton, C. M., H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, et al. 2022. A comparison of respiratory particle emission rates at rest and while speaking or exercising. Commun. Med. 2 (1):44. doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w.
  • Pöhlker, M., O. Krüger, J.-D. Förster, W. Elbert, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, U. Pöschl, C. Pöhlker, et al. 2021. Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases. arXiv:2103.01188. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2103.01188.
  • Prather, K. A., L. C. Marr, R. T. Schooley, M. A. McDiarmid, M. E. Wilson, and D. K. Milton. 2020. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science 370 (6514):303–4. doi:10.1126/science.abf0521.
  • Saccente-Kennedy, B., J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, et al. 2022. Quantification of respirable aerosol particles from speech and language therapy exercises. J. Voice. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006.
  • Schindelin, J., I. Arganda-Carreras, E. Frise, V. Kaynig, M. Longair, T. Pietzsch, S. Preibisch, C. Rueden, S. Saalfeld, B. Schmid, et al. 2012. Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods. 9 (7):676–82. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019.
  • Sies, M. F., N. F. Madzlan, N. Asmuin, A. Sadikin, and H. Zakaria. 2017. Determine spray droplets on water sensitive paper ({WSP}) for low pressure deflector nozzle using. IOP Conf. Ser: Mater. Sci. Eng. 243:012047. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/243/1/012047.
  • Stadnytskyi, V., C. E. Bax, A. Bax, and P. Anfinrud. 2020. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117 (22):11875–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117.
  • Tang, J. W., L. C. Marr, Y. Li, and S. J. Dancer. 2021. Covid-19 has redefined airborne transmission. BMJ 373:n913. doi:10.1136/bmj.n913.
  • Walker, J. S., J. Archer, F. K. A. Gregson, S. E. S. Michel, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid. 2021. Accurate representations of the microphysical processes occurring during the transport of exhaled aerosols and droplets. ACS Cent. Sci. 7 (1):200–9. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c01522.
  • Wang, C. C., K. A. Prather, J. Sznitman, L. Jimenez, J. S. Lakdawala, S. Z. Tufekci, and L. C. Marr. 2021. Airborne Transmission of respiratory viruses. Science 373 (6558): eabd9149. doi:10.1126/science.abd9149.
  • Wang, C. T., S. C. Fu, and C. Y. H. Chao. 2021. Short-range bioaerosol deposition and recovery of viable viruses and bacteria on surfaces from a cough and implications for respiratory disease transmission. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 55 (2):215–30. doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1837340.
  • Wells, W. F., and M. W. Wells. 1936. Air-borne infection. JAMA. 107 (21):1698–703. doi:10.1001/jama.1936.02770470016004.
  • Xie, X., Y. Li, H. Sun, and L. Liu. 2009. Exhaled droplets due to talking and coughing. J. R Soc. Interface 6 (Suppl_6):S703–S714. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0388.focus.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.