Technology Status of Particulate Removal from High-Temperature High-Pressure Combustion Gases

REFERENCES

• Abrahamson , J. , Martin , C. G. , and Wong , K. K. ( 1978 ). The physical mechanisms of dust collection in a cyclone , Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 56 : 168 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Aerodyne Development Corporation ( 1975 ). Aerodyne series “SV” dust collector , Bull. No. 1275-SV.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , J. C. , and Melcher , J. R. ( 1977 ). Alternating field electrofluidized beds in the collection of submicron aerosols , Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 16 ( 3 ): 311 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , R. McK. ( 1949 ). Fundamentals of cyclone design and operation, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, new Ser . Nos. 152–153, 203–228.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , R. McK. ( 1950 ). Pressure drop in cyclone separators , Engineering 170 : 63 .
   Google Scholar
• American Petroleum Institute ( 1975 ). Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes , volume on Atmospheric Emissions, Cyclone separators, in API Publ. 931, ch. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , G. L. ( 1979 ). Hot gas cleanup in coal conversion processes , Symposium Papers: Advances in Coal Utilization Technology , 14–18 May, Louisville, Inst, Gas. Technology, Chicago, pp. 577 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia , M. V. , and Cheremisinoff , P. N. ( 1977 ). Cyclones , in Air Pollution Control and Design Handbook, Part I ( P. N. Cheremisinoff and R. A. Young , Eds. ), New York , Ch. 10, pp. 281 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Boericke , R. R. , Hantman , R. , Kuo , J. , and Mullen , T. ( 1980 ). Assessment of gas turbine erosion by PFB combustion products, Proc. 6th International Conference on Fluidized-Bed Combustion CONF-800428 , Vol. 2 , Technical Sessions, pp. 724 – 736 .
   Google Scholar
• Boericke , R. R. , Kuo , J. T. , and Murphy , K. R. ( 1981a ). Technical and economic evaluation of two novel particulate control devices , 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Orlando , FL .
   Google Scholar
• Boericke , R. , Dietz , P. , Snaddon , R. , Alexander , J. , and Presser , A. ( 1981b ). Electrostatic granular bed filter development program, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. Department of Energy, Contractor's Meeting Morgantown, WV, pp. 491 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , L. W. ( 1946 ). Effect of dust concentration on cyclone performance , Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 42 : 511 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , J. R. , Feldman , P. L. , and Robinson , M. ( 1977 ). Development of a high-temperature/high-pressure electrostatic precipitator , EPA-600/7–77–132.
   Google Scholar
• Bush , J. R. , Feldman , P. L. , and Robinson , M. ( 1979 ). High temperature, high pressure electrostatic precipitators, Symp Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications EPA-600/7–79–044c , pp. 417 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Cain , W. C. , Jahnig , C. E. , and Shaw , H. ( 1980 ). Environmental R&D needs for advanced power plants , Chem. Eng. Prog. 76 ( 10 ): 62 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Calvert , S. , Patterson , R. B. , and Drehmel , D. C. ( 1977 ). Fine particle collection efficiency in the A.P. T. dry scrubber, EPA/DOE Symp . High Temperature, High Pressure Particulate Control, EPA-600/9–78–004, pp. 319 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Calvert , S. , Patterson , R. , and Yung , S. ( 1979 ). A.P. T. dry scrubber for particle collection at high temperature and pressure, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications , EPA-600/7–79–044c , Vol. 3 , pp. 405 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Caplan , K. J. ( 1977 ). Source control by centrifugal force and gravity , in Air Pollution , 3rd ed. , Vol. 4 , Engineering Control of Air Pollution ( A. C. Stern , Ed. ), Academic , New York , Ch. 3, pp. 97 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Carls , E. L. , Kaden , M. , Smith , D. , Wright , S. J. , and Jack , A. R. ( 1980 ). The IEA Grimethrope pressurized fluidized bed combustion experimental facility, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Fluidized Bed Combustion, CONF-800428 , Vol. 2 , pp. 225 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , B. M. , et al. ( 1975 ). Advanced coal gasification system for electric power generation, Quarterly Progress Report, First Quarter, Fiscal Year 1976 , Heat Transfer Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation , Rep. No. FE-1514–176.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , B. M. , et al. ( 1976 ). Advanced coal gasification systems for electric power generation, Quarterly Progress Report, Second Quarter, Fiscal Year 1976, Heat Transfer Division , Westinghouse Electric Corporation , Rep. No. FE-1514-45.
   Google Scholar
• Ciliberti , D. F. , and Lancaster , B. W. ( 1976 ). Fine dust collection in a rotary flow cyclone , Chem. Eng. Sci. 31 : 499 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• Ciliberti , D. F. , Ranadive , A. Y. , Alvin , M. A. , and Keairns , D. L. ( 1981 ). Hot gas cleanup using ceramic cross-flow membrane filters, High-Temperature, High-Pressured Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, Morgantown, WV, 3–5 February, pp. 97 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Curtiss-Wright ( 1982 ). Engineer, design, construct, test and evaluate a pressurized fluidized-bed pilot plant using high sulfur coal for production of electric power, PFB/SGT Technol . Unit Extended Test Rep., U.S. DOE, in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Drehmel , D. C. , and Shackleton , M. ( 1977 ). High-temperature filtration, Proc. 3rd Symp. Fabric Filters for Particle Collection , U.S. EPA , Tucson , AZ .
   Google Scholar
• Fedarko , W. , Gatti , A. , and McCreight , L. R. ( 1979 ). High temperature glass entrainment of fly ash, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications, EPA-600/7–79–044c , pp. 395 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Fedarko , W. , Gatti , A. , and McCreight , L. R. ( 1980 ). Hot gas cleanup by glass entrainment of combustion byproducts, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technoloy , Vol. 4 , Special Applications for Air Pollution Measurement and Control, EPA-600/9–80–039d , pp. 64 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , P. L. , and Bush , J. R. ( 1980 ). Performance of electrostatic precipitators at high temperatures and pressures , VDI-Berichte 363, pp. 87 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , P. L. , and Kumar , K. S. ( 1981 ). Operating results of electrostatic precipitators at high temperature and high pressure , 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Furlong , D. A. , and Shevlin , T. S. ( 1980 ). Fabric filtration at high temperatures, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Fluidized-Bed Combustion, CONF-800428 , Vol. 2 , Tech. Sessions , pp. 294 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Furlong , D. A. , and Shevlin , T. S. ( 1981 ). Fabric filtration at high temperatures , Chem. Eng. Progr. 77 : 89 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Geffken , J. , Guillory , J. L. , and Phillips , K. E. ( 1979 ). Performance characteristics of moving-bed granular filters, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications, EPA-600/7–79–044c , pp. 471 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• General Electric ( 1978 ). PFB coal fired combined cycle development program, Performance Guidelines for Commercial Plant (Task 4.1.2), DOE Rep. FE-2357–37 .
   Google Scholar
• General Electric ( 1980a ). PFB coal fired combined cycle development program, Gas Cleanup Performance Requirements Report, U.S. DOE Rep. FE-2357–66.
   Google Scholar
• General Electric ( 1980b ). PFB coal fired combined cycle development program, Annual Rep . July 1978—June 1979, U.S. DOE Rep. FE-2357–61.
   Google Scholar
• General Electric ( 1980c ). PFB coal fired combined cycle development program, Advanced Hot Gas Cleanup Concept Evaluation (Task 4.3), Volume A, Aerodyne Cyclone Evaluation, U.S. DOE Rep. FE-2357–39.
   Google Scholar
• General Electric ( 1981 ). PFB coal fired combined cycle development program, Advanced Cleanup Device Performance Design Report (Task 4.3) , Volume A, Cyclone Theory and Data Correlation, DOE Rep. FE-2357–70.
   Google Scholar
• Golan , L. P. , and Matulevicius , E. S. ( 1981 ). Summary report on demonstration of the feasibility of a magnetically stabilized bed for the removal of particulate and alkali, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, Morgantown, WV, pp. 559 – 572 .
   Google Scholar
• Goren , S. L. ( 1979 ). Aerosol filtration by granular beds, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications, EPA-600/7–79–044c , pp. 459 – 469 .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , D. S. , Guillory , J. L. , and Placer , F. M. ( 1980 ). Electrostatic Enhancement of Moving-Bed Granular Filtration, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Particulate Control Devices, EPA-600/9–80–039c , pp. 289 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Guillory , J. L. ( 1978 ). Filtration performance of a moving bed granular filter: Experimental cold flow data, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Fluidized-Bed Combustion , Vol. 3 , Developmental Activities , pp. 567 – 582 .
   Google Scholar
• Gutfinger , C. , Tardos , G. I. , and Degani , D. ( 1977 ). Particulate removal from hot gases using the fluidized-bed cross-flow filter, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Fluidized-Bed Combustion , Vol. 3 , Developmental Activities , pp. 551 – 565 .
   Google Scholar
• Gutfinger , C. , Tardos , G. I. , and Abuaf , N. ( 1979 ). Analytical and experimental studies on granular-bed filtration, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications, EPA-600/7–79–044c , pp. 243 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Gutfinger , C. , Degani , D. , and Pnueli , D. ( 1980 ). Granular bed filter for high temperature particulate removal , Int. Conf. Gas Cleaning at High Temperatures and High Pressures, VDI-Berichte 363 , pp. 83 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Helfritch , D. , and Kirsten , L. ( 1981 ). A summary of performance testing of the Apitron electrostatically augmented fabric filter, 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Orlando , FL .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , R. F. , and Podolski , W. F. ( 1981a ). Cyclone performance estimates for pressurized fluidized-bed combustion , Argonne National Laboratory Rep. ANL/CEN/FE-81–4.
   Google Scholar
• Henry , R. F. , and Podolski , W. F. ( 1981b ). Fluidized-bed combustion, Quarterly Rep. October-December 1978, and other devices , 3rd Symp. the transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Hoke , R. C. et al. ( 1980 ). Miniplant and bench studies of pressurized fluidized-bed combustion , Final Rep. EPA-600–7–80–013.
   Google Scholar
• Iinoya , K. , and Orr , C. ( 1977 ). Filtration , in Air Pollution , 3rd ed. , Vol. IV , Engineering Control of Air Pollution ( A. C. Stern , Ed. ), Academic , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. ( 1963 ). Mechanical equipment for removing grit and dust from gases. The British Coal Utilization Research Association , Leatherhead , England .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , T. W. , and Melcher , J. R. ( 1975 ). Electro-mechanics of electrofluidized beds , Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamental 14 ( 3 ): 146 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , I. et al. ( 1979 ). Support studies in fluidized-bed combustion, Quarterly Rep. October-December 1978, Argonne National Laboratory Rep . ANL/CEN/FE-79–3.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , I. , et al. ( 1980a ). Exploratory and basic fluidized-bed combustion studies, Quarterly Rep. October-December 1979, Argonne National Laboratory Rep . ANL/CEN/FE-80–7.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , I. , et al. ( 1980b ). Support studies in fluidized-bed combustion, Annual Rep. October 1978–September 1979, Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL/CEN/FE-79–14.
   Google Scholar
• Kalen , B. , and Zenz , F. A. ( 1974 ). Theoretical-empirical approach to saltation velocity in cylone design , Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 70 : 388 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalinowski , T. W. , and Leith , D. ( 1980 ). Aerosol filtration by a concurrent moving granular bed: Design and performance, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Particulate Control Devices, EPA-600/9–80–039c , pp. 363 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallio , G. A. Dietz , P. W. , and Gutfinger , C. ( 1980 ). Theoretical and experimental filtration efficiencies in electrostatically augmented granular beds, 2nd Symp Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Particulate Control Devices, EPA-600/9–80–039c , pp. 344 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Keairns , D. L. Archer , D. H. , Hamm , J. R. , Jansson , S. A. , Lancaster , B. W. , O'Neill , E. P. , Peterson , C. H. , Sun , C. C. , Sverdrup , E. F. , Vidt , E. J. , and Yang , W. C. ( 1975 ). Fluidized bed combustion process evaluation phase II—pressurized fluidized-bed coal combustion development , EPA-650/2–75–027c.
   Google Scholar
• Koch , W. H. , and Licht , W. ( 1977 ). New design approach boosts cyclone efficiency , Chem. Eng. 84 ( 24 ): 80 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , K. S. ( 1981 ). High temperature, high pressure electrostatic precipitator, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, Morgantown, WV, pp. 155 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Lapple , C. E. , and Shepherd , C. B. ( 1940 ). Calculation of particle trajectories , Ind. Eng. Chem. 32 : 605 – 617 .
   Google Scholar
• Leith , D. , and Licht , W. ( 1972 ). The collection efficiency of cyclone type particle collectors—a new theoretical approach , Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 68 : 196 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Leith , D. , and Mehta , D. ( 1973 ). Cyclone performance and design , Atmos. Environ. 7 : 527 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippert , T. E. , Ciliberti , D. F. , Bachovchin , D. M. , Piermann , R. A. , and Zenz , F. A. ( 1981 ). Testing and verification of granular bed filters for removal of particulates and alkalies, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting , pp. 471 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• McCain , J. D. Cavanaugh , P. R. , Felix , L. G. , and Merritt , R. L. ( 1979 ). Evaluation of an Apitron electrostatically augmented fabric filter, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications, EPA-600/7–79–044c , pp. 311 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• McCarron , R. L. , and Grey , D. A. ( 1980 ). Materials problems in fluidized-bed combustion systems, Rev. Information on Gas Turbine Materials in Coal Combustion Environments , Interim Rep. EPRI CS-1469, Project 1337–1.
   Google Scholar
• McClung , J. D. ( 1981 ). Curtiss-Wright pilot program, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 27 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• McCreight , L. R. ( 1981 ). Glass entrainment of fly ash at high temperatures, High-Temperature High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 583 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• McCreight , L. R. , Gatti , A. , Rauch , H. W. , and Noone , M. J. ( 1977 ). Hot gas clean-up by particle entrainment in coal slag based glasses, EPA/DOE Symp. on High Temperature High Pressure Particulate Control, EPA-600/9–78–005 , pp. 417 – 428 .
   Google Scholar
• McIlvaine , R. W. ( 1979 ). Developments and trends in air pollution control equipment, Second World Filtration Congr. , London , pp. 309 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Mednikov , E. ( 1965 ). Acoustic coagulation and precipitation of aerosols, Consultants Bureau Translation , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Menguturk , M. , and Sverdrup , E. F. ( 1979 ). Calculated tolerance of a large electric utility gas turbine to erosion damage by coal gas ash particle erosion: Prevention and useful applications , ASTM STP 664 ( W. F. Adler , Ed. ), Am. Soc. Testing and Materials , pp. 193 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J. P. , and Edwards , M. S. ( 1978a ). Survey of industrial coal conversion equipment capabilities: High temperature, high pressure gas purification , Oak Ridge National Lab. Rep. No. ORNL/TM-6027.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J. P. , and Edwards , M. S. ( 1978b ). A survey of processes for high temperature-high pressure gas purification , Oak Ridge national Lab. Rep. No. ORNL/TM-6178 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , R. H. , Schiefelbin , G. F. , Stegan , G. E. , and Ham , D. G. ( 1977 ). Molten salt scrubbing for removal of particles and sulfur from producer gas, EPA/DOE Symp. High Temperature High Pressure Particulate Control , EPA-600/9–78–005 , pp. 429 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Moresco , L. L. , and Cooper , J. L. ( 1981 ). The high temperature moving granular bed filter development program at Combustion Power Company, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 507 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Moresco , L. L. , Cooper , J. L. , and Guillory , J. L. ( 1980 ). High temperature particulate removal by granular bed filtration , 7th Nat. Conf. Energy and Environment, Phoenix, AZ.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , G. F. ( 1979 ). Hot gas cleanup , IEA Coal Res. Rep. No. ICTIS/TR03.
   Google Scholar
• National Coal Board. CURL fluidized bed combustion 1000 hour test programme in a pressurized fluidized bed combustion facility, U.S. DOE Rep. FE-3121–15(a-d).
   Google Scholar
• Nutkis , M. S. , Hoke , R. C. , Gregory , M. W. , and Bertrand , R. R. ( 1978 ). Evaluation of granular bed filter for particulate control in fluidized-bed combustion, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Fluidized-Bed Combustion , Vol. 3 , Developmental Activities , pp. 504 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Oglesby , S. , and Nichols , G. B. ( 1977 ). Electrostatic precipitation , in Air Pollution , 3rd ed. , Vol. IV , Engineering Control of Air Pollution ( A. C. Stern , Ed. ), Academic , New York , Ch. 5, pp. 189 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Parent , J. D. ( 1946 ). Efficiency of small cyclones (Aerotec) as a function of loading, temperature and pressure drop , Trans. Am. Int. Chem. Eng. 42 : 989 – 999 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , R. , Jain , R. , Le , T. , and Calvert , S. ( 1981 ). The A.P. T. dry plate scrubber for particulate control, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 535 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Parquet , D. ( 1981 ). The electroscrubber filter applications and particulate collection performance , 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , R. G. , Calvert , S. , and Taheri , M. ( 1980 ). The A.P.T. P × P dry scrubber for high temperature and pressure particulate control, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 4 , Special Applications for Air Pollution Measurement and Control, EPA-600/9–80–309d , pp. 84 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollution Engineering ( 1981 ). 13(4): 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Presser , A. M. , and Alexander , J. C. ( 1981 ). Non-plugging retaining structure for granular-bed filter for HTHP applications , 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Rao , A. K. , Schrag , M. P. , and Shannon , L. J. ( 1975 ). Particulate removal from gas streams at high temperature/high pressure , Rep. EPA-600/2–75–020.
   Google Scholar
• Razgaitis , R. ( 1977 ). An analysis of the high-temperature particulate collection problems , Argonne National Lab. Rep. ANL-77–14.
   Google Scholar
• Reethof , G. ( 1981 ). Acoustic agglomeration of power plant fly ash, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 219 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Rietema , K. , and Verver , C. G. , Eds. ( 1961 ). Cyclones in Industry , Elsevier , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Rinard , G. , Rugg , D. , Gyepes , R. , and Armstrong , J. ( 1980 ). Progress on electrostatic precipitators for use at high temperature and pressure, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 4 , Special Applications for Air Pollution Measurement and Control, EPA-600/9–80–039d , pp. 126 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Rinard , G. , Durham , M. , Armstrong , J. and Gyepes , R. ( 1981 ). The DRI High Temperature/High Pressure Electrostatic Precipitator Test Facility, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams, Proceedings of U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting , 163 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , A. G. , Phillips , R. N. , Pillai , K. K. , Raven , P. , and Wood , P. ( 1980 ). Fluidised-bed combustion—1000hour test programme in a pressurised fluidised bed combustion facility , U.S. DOE Rep. FE-3121–14.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. ( 1971 ). In Electrostatic Precipitation in Air Pollution Control ( W. Strauss , Ed. ), Wiley Interscience , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Rollbuhler , R. J. ( 1979 ). Variable operating characteristics of a conical pressurized , fluidized bed research reactor, private communication.
   Google Scholar
• Rosin , P. , Rammler , E. , and Intelmann , W. ( 1932 ). Grundlagen und Grenzen der Zylonentstaubung , V.D.I. 76 : 433 – 437 .
   Google Scholar
• Rush , W. F. , Onischak , M. , Anderson , G. L. , and Babu , S. P. ( 1980 ). An exploratory combined sonic and cross-flow filtration system for hot gas cleanup , 73rd Annual Meeting Am. Inst. Chem. Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Saxena , S. C. ( 1980 ). Mechanistic modeling of granular bed filters for the removal of particulate matter from high temperature-high pressure gas streams: A critical assessment, Morgantown Energy Technology Center Rep. DOE/METC/SP-80/24.
   Google Scholar
• Saxena , S. C. , and Swift , W. M. ( 1978 ). Dust removal from hot compressed gas streams by fibrous- and granular-bed filters: A state of the art review , Argonne National Lab. Rep. ANL/CEN/FE-77–9.
   Google Scholar
• Scholz , P. D. , Byrd , L. W. , and Paul , P. H. ( 1979 ). The effects of electric and acoustic fields in the collision rate of submicron sized DOP aerosol particles, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , EP A-600/7–79–044c, pp. 279 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. S. Swift , W. M. , and Vogel , G. J. ( 1977 ). Pulse-jet acoustic dust conditioning in high temperature/pressure applications, EPA/DOE Symp. High Temperature High Pressure Particulate Control , EPA-600/9-78-004, pp. 309 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Self , S. A. , Cross , R. H. , and Eustis , R. H. ( 1980 ). Electrical augmentation of granular bed filters, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Vol. 3, Particulate Control Devices, EPA-600/9-80-039c , pp. 309 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , M. A. ( 1978 ). Feasibility of barrier filtration using ceramic fibers, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Fluidized-Bed Combustion , Vol. 3 , Developmental Activities , pp. 620 – 639 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , M. A. ( 1980a ). Ceramic fiber filter media for high-temperature, high-pressure gas cleanup, Int. Conf. Gas Cleaning at High Temperatures and Pressures , VDI-Berichte 363, pp. 69 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , M. A. ( 1980b ). Ceramic fiber media for high-temperature, high-pressure gas cleanup, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Fluidized-Bed Combustion , Vol. 2 , Technical Sessions , pp. 300 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , M. A. , and Drehmel , D. C. ( 1979 ). Barrier filtration for HTHP Particulate control, Symp. Trans. and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 3 , Scrubbers, Advanced Technology and HTP Applications , EPA-600/7-79-044c, pp. 441 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , M. A. , and Kennedy , J. ( 1978 ). Ceramic fabric filtration at high temperatures and pressures, EPA/DOE Symp. High Temperature/High Pressure Particulate Control , EPA-600/9-78-004, CONF-770970, pp. 194 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , M. A. , Chang , R. , Sawyer , J. , and Kuby , B. ( 1981 ). Hot gas cleaning with ceramic filters, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc. U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 83 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Shale , C. C. , and Fasching , G. E. ( 1969 ). Operating characteristics of a high-temperature electrostatic precipitator , U. S. Bureau of Mines Rep. Investigations 7276 .
   Google Scholar
• Shale , C. C. , Bowie , W. S. , Holden , J. H. , and Strimbeck , G. R. ( 1963 ). Feasibility of electrical precipitation at high temperatures and pressures , U. S. Bureau of Mines Rep. Investigation 6325 .
   Google Scholar
• Shale , C. C. , Bowie , W. S. , Holden , J. H. , and Strimbeck , G. R. ( 1964 ). Characteristics of positive corona for electrical precipitation at high temperatures and pressures , U. S. Bureau of Mines Rep. Investigation 6397 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. T. ( 1978 ). Acoustic agglomeration of aerosols , in Recent Developments in Aerosol Science ( D. T. Shaw , Ed. ), Wiley Interscience , New York , Ch. 13, pp. 279 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. T. ( 1981 ). Acoustic agglomeration theory, High-Temperature, High-Pressure Particulate and Alkali Control in Coal Combustion Process Streams , Proc U.S. DOE Contractor's Meeting, pp. 185 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. T. , and Wegrzyn , J. ( 1977 ). The application of sonic agglomeration for the control of Particulate emission, EPA/DOE Symp. High Temperature, High Pressure Particulate Control, EPA-600/9-78-004 , pp. 325 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. T. , Patel , S. , Cheng , M. T. , and Wegrzyn , J. ( 1978 ). Applications of acoustic agglomeration for fine particle emission control , EPRI Rep. FP-887.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. T. , Chou , K. H. , Patel , S. , and Lee , P. S. ( 1981 ). Pressurized and non-pressurized agglomerators for hot gas cleanup applications , 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd , C. B. , and Lapple , C. E. ( 1939 ). Flow pattern and pressure drop in cyclone dust collectors , Ind. Eng. Chem. 31 : 972 – 984 .
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd , C. B. , and Lapple , C. E. ( 1940 ). Flow pattern and pressure drop in cyclone dust collectors, cyclone without inlet vane , Ind. Eng. Chem. 32 : 1246 – 1248 .
   Google Scholar
• Shui , V. H. , Strickler , D. B. , Clark , S. W. , and Tong , K. O. ( 1980 ). Hot gas cleanup by a confined vortex scrubber , Chem. Eng. Progr. 76 ( 10 ): 79 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Stairmand , C. J. ( 1949 ). Pressure drop in cyclone separators , Engineering 168 : 409 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Stairmand , C. J. ( 1951a ). The design and performance of cyclone separators , Trans. Inst. Chem. Engr. 29 : 356 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Stairmand , C. J. ( 1951b ). The sampling of dust-laden gases , Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 29 : 15 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Stairmand , C. J. ( 1956 ). The design and performance of modern gas—cleaning equipment , J. Inst. Fuel 29 : 58 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Stairmand , C. J. ( 1965 ). Removal of grit, dust and fume from exhaust gases from chemical engineering processes , Chem. Eng. , No. 194, 310–326.
   Google Scholar
• Stern , A. C. , Caplan , K. J. , and Bush , P. D. ( 1955 ). Cyclone dust collectors , Eng. Rep. , Am. Petroleum Inst. New York .
   Google Scholar
• Tardos , G. I. , and Pfeffer , R. ( 1980 ). Chem. Eng. Commun. 4 : 665 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardos , G. I. , Gutfinger , C. , and Pfeffer , R. ( 1979 ). Triboelectric effects in filtration of small dust particles in a granular bed , Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 18 : 433 —435.
   Google Scholar
• ter Linden , A. J. ( 1949a ). Investigations into cyclone dust collectors , Inst. Mech. Eng. 160 : 233 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• ter Linden , A. J. ( 1949b ). Cyclone dust collectors, Engineering 167 : 165 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Department of Energy ( 1979 ). Solicitation RA 01–79 ET 15055.
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( 1979 ). New stationary sources performance standards , Federal Register 44 : 33580 .
   Google Scholar
• van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen , H. J. ( 1965 ). Dust cyclones-law of similarity—influence of the dust concentration , 77 : W1–W8 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Tongeren , H. ( 1935 ). A modern dust collector—a study of the principles governing its design and operation , Mech. Eng. 57 : 753 – 759 .
   Google Scholar
• Venditti , F. P. , Armstrong , J. A. , and Durham , M. ( 1979 ). Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Vol. I, Electrostatic Precipitators, EPA-600/7-79–044a.
   Google Scholar
• Venditti , F. P. , Armstrong , J. A. , and Durham , M. ( 1980 ). 2nd Symp. the Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , Vol. 2 , Electrostatic Precipitators, EPA-600/9-80-039b.
   Google Scholar
• Venditti , F. P. , Armstrong , J. A. , and Durham , M. ( 1981 ). 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Electrostatic Precipitators, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Wade , G. L. ( 1977 ). Performance and modeling of moving granular-bed filters, EPA/DOE Symp. High Temperature High Pressure particulate Control, EPA-600/9-78-004, CONF-770970 , pp. 134 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , E. ( 1977 ). Problems of gas purification occurring in the use of new technologies for power generation, EPA/DOE Symp. High Temperature High Pressure Particulate Control , EPA-600/9-78-004, pp. 249 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , E. , Hubner , K. , Pape , H. G. , and Schultz , R. ( 1980 ). Gas cleaning under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, 2nd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of particulate Control Technology , Vol. 4 , Special Applications for Air Pollution Measurement and Control , EPA-600/9-80-039d, pp. 98 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Wegryzn , J. , Shaw , D. T. , and Rudinger , G. ( 1979 ). The use of acoustic agglomerators for particle control, Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology , EPA-600/7-79-044c, pp. 233 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Wigton , H. F. ( 1978 ). Mathematical model of a cross-flow moving bed granular filter, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Fluidized-Bed Combustion , Vol. 3 , Developmental Activities , pp. 583 – 605 .
   Google Scholar
• Yellott , J. I. , and Broadley , P. R. ( 1955 ). Fly ash separators for high pressures and temperatures , Ind. Eng. Chem. 47 : 944 – 952 .
   Google Scholar
• Yung , S. , Patterson , R. , Parker , R. , and Calvert , S. ( 1979 ). Evaluation of granular bed filters for high-temperature/high-pressure particulate control , EPA-600/7-79-020.
   Google Scholar
• Yung , S. , Le , T. , Patterson , R. , and Calvert , S. ( 1981 ). High temperature particle collection with A.P.T.P × P dry scrubber , 3rd Symp. Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Yuu , S. , Jotaki , T. Tomita , Y. , and Yoshida , K. ( 1978 ). The reduction of pressure drop due to dust loading in a conventional cyclone , Chem. Eng. Sci. 33 : 1573 —1580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahedi , K. , and Melcher , J. R. ( 1976 ). Electrofluidized beds in the filtration of a submicron aerosol , J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 26 : 345 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziminski , R. W. ( 1977 ). Electrostatic precipitators , in Air Pollution Control and Design Handbook, Part I ( P. N. Cheremisinoff and R. A. Young , Eds. ), New York , Ch. 13, pp. 385 – 398 .
   Google Scholar