An Analysis of the Time Scales Associated with Aerosol Processes during Dry Deposition

REFERENCES

• Binkowski , E. S. and Roselle , S. J. 2003 . Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model Aerosol Component. 1: Model Description . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 (Art No. 4183)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkowski , F. S. and Shankar , U. 1995 . The Regional Particulate Matter Model: Part I, Model Description and Preliminary Results . J. Geophys. Res. , 100 ( 12 ) : 26191 – 26209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhardt , J. and Eiden , R. 1994 . Thin Water Films on Coniferous Needles (with an Appendix “A New Device for the Study of Water Vapour Condensation and Gaseous Deposition to Plant Surfaces and Particle Samples” by J. Burkhardt, and J. Gerchau) . Atmas. Environ. , 28 ( 1 2 ) : 2001 – 2017 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzorius , G. , Rannik , U. , Makela , J. M. , Keronen , P. , Vesala , T. and Kulmala , M. 2000 . Vertical Aerosol Fluxes Measured bythe Eddy Covariance Method and Deposition of Nucleation Mode Particles Above a Scots Pine Forest in Southern Finland . J. Geophys. Res. , 105 ( DI5 ) : 19905 – 19916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzorius , G. , Rannik , U. , Nilsson , E. D. , Vesala , T. and Kumala , M. 2003 . Analysis of Measurement Techniques to Determine Dry Deposition Velocities of Aerosol Particles with Diameters Less Than 100 nm . J. Aerosol. Sci. , 34 : 747 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleaver , J. W. and Yates , B. 1973 . Mechanism of Detachment of Collodial Particles from a Flat Substrate in a Turbulent Flow . J. Colloid Inteface Sci. , 44 : 464 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Arellano , J. 2003 . Bridging the Gap Between Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry in Studies of Small-Scale Turbulence . Bull. Am. Meleorol. Soc. , 84 : 51 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Arellano , J. and Duynkerke , P. 1992 . Influence ofChemistry on the Fluxgradient Relationships in the NO-03-NO2 System . Boundary-Layer Meteorol. , 61 : 375 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Arellano , J. V.-G. , Duynkerke , P. G. and Builtjes , P. J. H. 1993 . The Divergence of the Turbulent Diffusion Flux in the Surface Layer Due to Chemical Reactions: The NO-O3-NO2 System . Tellus , 45B : 23 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Draaijers , G. P. J. , Vanek , R. and Bleuten , W. 1994 . Atmospheric Deposition in Complex Forest Landscapes . Boundary-Layer Meteorol. , 69 ( 4 ) : 343 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erisman , J. , Draaijers , G. , Duyzer , J. , Hofschreuder , P. , Van Leeuwen , N. , Romer , F. , Ruijgrok , W. and Wyers , P. 1997a . The AEROSOL Project: Introduction and Some Background Information . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 315 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erisman , J. , Draaijers , G. , Duyzer , J. , Hofschreuder , P. , Van Leeuwen , N. , Romer , E. , Ruijgrok , W. , Wyers , P. and Gallagher , M. 1997b . Particle Deposition to Forests—Summary of Results and Application . Atmas. Environ. , 31 : 321 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher , M. W. , Fontan , J. , Wyers , P. , Ruijgrok , W. , Duyzer , J. , Hummelshoj , P. , Pilegaard , K. and Fowler , D. 1997 . “ Atmospheric Particles and Their Interactions with Natural Surfaces. ” . In EUROTRAC: Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances Edited by: Slanina , S. Vol. 4 , 45 – 92 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , M. W. , Nemitz , E. , Dorsey , J. R. , Fowler , D. , Sutton , M. A. , Flynn , M. and Duyzer , J. 2002 . Measurements and Parameterizations of Small Aerosol Deposition Velocities to Grassland, Arable Crops, and Forest: Influence of Surface Roughness Length on Deposition . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 107 ( D12 ) (Art No. 4154)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi , F. 1986 . A Particle Dry-Deposition Parameterization Scheme for Use in Tracer Transport Models . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 91 : 9794 – 9806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb , D. , Barry , E. , Fisher , G. , Varanusupakul , P. , Koleda , M. and Rooney , T. 2001 . Atmospheric Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Near New England Coastal Waters . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 6245 – 6258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , B. B. , Meyers , T. , Hosker , R. Jr. and Artz , R. 2001 . Climatological Features of Regional Surface Air Quality from the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) in the USA . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1053 – 1068 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummelsh⊘j , P. , Jensen , N. O. and Larsen , S. E. 1992 . “ Particle Dry Deposition to a Sea Surface. ” . In 5th International Conference on Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Processes Richland, WA : Hemisphere Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski , A. 2001 . Deliquescence Induces Eddy Covariance and Estimable Dry Deposition Errors. . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 4843 – 4851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramm , G. and Dlugi , R. 1994 . Modelling the Vertical Fluxes of Nitric Acid, Ammonia and Ammonium Nitrate . J. Atmos. Chem. , 18 : 319 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques , M. , Gravenhorst , G. and Ibrom , A. 2001 . Input of Atmospheric Particles into Forest Stands by Dry Deposition . Water. Air Soil Poll. , 130 : 571 – 576 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurry , P. 2000 . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 1959 – 1999 . A Review of Atmospheric Aerosol Measurements
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemitz , E. , Gallagher , M. W. , Duyzer , J. H. and Fowler , D. 2002 . Quarterly J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. , 128 : 2281 – 2300 . Micrometeorological Measurements of Particle Deposition Velocities to Moorland Vegetation
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ould-Dada , Z. , Copplestone , D. , Toal , M. and Shaw , G. 2002 . Effect of Forest Edges on Deposition of Radioactive Aerosols . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 5595 – 5606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , K. and Eiden , R. 1992 . Modelling the Dry Deposition Velocity of Aerosol Particles to a Spruce Forest . Atmos. Environ. , 26A : 2555 – 2564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilinis , C. , Seinfeld , J. H. and Grosjean , D. 1989 . Water Content of Atmospheric Aerosols . Atmos. Environ. , 23 : 1601 – 1606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruijgrok , W. , Davidson , C. I. and Nicholson , K. W. 1995 . Dry Deposition of Particles . Tellus , 47B : 587 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruijgrok , W. , Tieben , H. and Eisinga , P. 1997 . The Dry Deposition of Particles to a Forest Canopy: A Comparison of Model and Experimental Results . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 399 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , C. , Hudischewskyi , A. , Seinfeld , J. , Whitby , K. , Whitby , E. , Brock , J. R. and Barnes , H. 1986 . Simualtion of Aerosol Dynamics: A Comparative Review of Mathematical Models . Aerosol. Sci. Technol. , 5 : 205 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievering , H. 1989 . Discussion: The Dry Deposition of Small Particles: A Review of Experimental Measurement . Atmos. Environ. , 23 : 2863 – 2864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievering , H. and Pueschel , R. 1982 . Impact of Particle Characterization in Confounding Reported Particle Deposition Velocities . Atmas. Environ. , 16 : 359 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slinn , W. 1982 . Predictions for Particle Deposition to Vegetative Canopies . Atmos. Environ. , 16 : 1785 – 1794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiulis , D. , Ceburnis , D. , Sakalys , J. and Kvietkus , K. 2002 . Estimation of Atmospheric Trace Metal Emissions in Vilnius City, Lithuania, Using Vertical Concentration Gradient and Road Tunnel Measurement Data . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 6001 – 6014 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesley , M. L. , Cook , R. and Hart , R. L. 1983 . Fluxes of Gases and Particles Above a Deciduous Forest in Wintertime . Boundary-Layer Meteorol. , 27 : 237 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesley , M. L. , Cook , R. , Hart , R. L. and Speer , R. 1985 . Measurements and Parameterizations of Particulate Sulfur Dry Deposition Over Grass . J. Geophys. Res. , 90 : 2131 – 2143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitby , E. R. , McMurray , P. H. , Shankar , U. and Binkowski , F S. 1991 . Modal Aerosol Dynamics Modeling Research Triangle Park, NC : USEPA .
   Google Scholar
• Wiman , B. and Agren , G. 1985 . Aerosol Depletion and Deposition in Forests—A Model Analysis . Atmos. Environ. , 19 : 335 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiman , B. , Agren , G. and Lannefors , H. 1985 . Aerosol Concentration Profiles within a Mature Coniferous Forest-Model Versus Field Results. . Atmos. Environ. , 19 : 363 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Y. L. , Davidson , C. I. , Lindberg , S. and Russell , A. 1992 . Resuspension of Particulate Chemical Species at Forested Sites . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 2428 – 2435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , K. and Wexler , A. 2002 . Modeling the Number Distributions of Urban and Regional Aerosols: Theoretical Foundations . Atmos. Environ , 36 : 1863 – 1874 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Gong , S. , Padro , J. and Barrie , L. 2001 . A Size-Segregated Particle Dry Deposition Scheme for an Atmospheric Aerosol Model . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 549 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Seigneur , C. , Seinfeld , J. , Jacobson , M. and Binkowski , F. 1999 . Simulation of Aerosol Dynamics: A Comparative Review of Algorithms Used in Air Quality Models . Aerosol. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 487 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zufall , M. J. and Davidson , C. I. 1998 . “ Dry Deposition of Particles. In Atmospheric Particles ” . Edited by: Harrison , R. M. and van Grieken , R. E. Vol. 5 , 425 – 473 . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar