Techniques for Dispersion of Microorganisms into Air

References

• Baron , P. A. , and Willeke , K. ( 1993 ). Aerosol Fundamentals. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications ( K. Willeke and P. A. Baron , eds. ). Van Nostrand Reinhold , New York , pp. 8 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Burge , H. A. ( 1995 ). Airborne Contagious Disease . In Bioaerosols ( H. A. Burge , ed. ). Lewis Publishers , Boca Raton , FL , pp. 25 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Buttner , M. P. , and Stetzenbach , L. D. ( 1993 ). Monitoring Airborne Fungal Spores in an Experimental Indoor Environment to Evaluate Sampling Methods and the Effects of Human Activity on Air Sampling . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 : 219 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttner , M. P. , Willeke , K. , and Grinshpun , S. A. ( 1997 ). Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Microorganisms. In Manual of Environmental Microbiology ( C. J. Hurst , G. Y. Knodsen , M. J. McInerney , L. D. Stetzenbach , and M. V. Walter eds. ). American Society of Microbiology , Washington , DC , pp. 629 – 640 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , S.-K. Velsey , D. , Brosseau , L. M. , and Vincent , J. H. ( 1994 ). Evaluation of Single-Use Masks and Respirators for Protection of Health Care Workers against Mycobacterial Aerosols . Am. J. Infect. Control 22 : 65 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , C. S. ( 1970 ). Aerosol Survival o. Escherichia coli B, Disseminated from Dry State , Appl. Microbiol. 19 : 604 – 607 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox , C. S. ( 1987 ). The Aerobiological Pathway of Microorganisms. Wiley , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Fradkin , A. , Tobin , R. S. , Tarlo , S. M. , Tucin-Poretta , M. , and Malloch , D. ( 1987 ). Species Identification of Airborne Molds and Its Significance for the Detection of Indoor Air Pollution . JAPCA 37 : 51 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , P. H. ( 1973 ). The Microbiology of the Atmosphere. Leonard Hill Books , Plymouth , Great Britain .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , W. D. , and DeCosemo , G. A. L. ( 1994 ). The Assessment of Bioaerosols: A Critical Review . J. Aerosol Sci. 25 : 1425 – 1458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , W. D. , Stewart , I. W. , Reading , A. R. , and Futter , S. J. ( 1996 ). Effect of Aerosolization, Growth Phase and Residence Time in Spray and Collection Fluids on the Culturability of Cells and Spores . J. Aerosol Sci. 27 : 803 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds , W. C. ( 1980 ). Dry-Dispersion Aerosol Generation. In Generation of Aerosols and Facilities for Exposure Experiments ( K. Willeke , ed. ). Ann Arbor Science , Ann Arbor , MI , pp. 171 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Israeli , E. , Gitelman , J. , and Lighthart , B. ( 1994 ). Death Mechanisms in Microbial Bioaerosols with Special Reference to the Freeze-Dried Analog. In Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols, Theory and Applications ( B. Lighthart and A. J. Mohr , eds. ). Chapman and Hall , New York , pp. 166 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , P. A. , Lighthart , B. , Mohr , A. J. , and Schaffer , B. T. ( 1994 ). Instrumentation Used with Microbial Bioaerosol. In Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols, Theory and Applications ( B. Lighthart and A. J. Mohr , eds. ). Chapman and Hall , New York , pp. 226 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , P. A. , Todd , W. F. , Davis , G. N. , and Scarpino , P. V. ( 1992 ). Evaluation of Eight Bioaerosol Samplers Challenged with Aerosols of Free Bacteria . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53 : 660 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , W. ( 1993 ). The Characteristics of Environmental and Laboratory-Generated Aerosols. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications ( K. Willeke and P. A. Baron , eds. ). Van Nostrand Reinhold , New York , pp. 54 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Juozaitis , A. , Willeke , K. , Grinshpun , S. A. , and Donnelly , J. ( 1994 ). Impaction onto a Glass Slide or Agar versus Impingement into a Liquid for the Collection and Recovery of Airborne Microorganisms . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 : 861 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey , J. , and Dutkiewicz , J. ( 1994 ). Bioaerosols and Occupational Lung Disease . J. Aerosol Sci. 25 : 1371 – 1404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madelin , T. M. , and Johnson , H. E. ( 1992 ). Fungal and Actinomycete Spore Aerosols Measured at Different Humidities with an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer . J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72 : 400 – 409 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madelin , T. M. , and Madelin , M. F. ( 1995 ). Biological Analysis of Fungi and Associated Molds. In Bioaerosol Handbook ( C. S. Cox and C. M. Wathes , eds. ). CRC Lewis Publishers , Boca Raton , FL , pp. 361 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Marple , V. A. , and Rubow , K. L. ( 1980 ). Aerosol Generation Concepts and Parameters. In Generation of Aerosols and Facilities for Exposure Experiments ( K. Willeke , ed. ). Ann Arbor Science , Ann Arbor , MI , pp. 3 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Masuda , H. , Gotoh , K. , Fukada , H. , and Banda , Y. ( 1994 ). The Removal of Particles from Flat Surfaces Using a High-Speed Air Jet . Advanced Powder Technol. 5 : 205 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr , A. J. ( 1991 ). Development of Models to Explain the Survival of Viruses and Bacteria in Aerosols. In Modeling the Environmental Fate of Microorganisms ( C. J. Hurst , ed. ). American Society of Microbiology , Washington , DC , pp. 160 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Moss , C. W. , and Speck , M. L. ( 1966 ). Identification of Nutritional Components in Trypticase Responsible for Recovery o. Escherichia coli Injured by Freezing , J. Bacteriol. 91 : 1098 – 1104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nevalainen , A. ( 1988 ). Bacterial Aerosols in Indoor Air. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Nevalainen , A. , Willeke , K. , Liebhaber , F. , Pastuzka , J. , Burge , H. , and Henningson , E. ( 1993 ). Bioaerosol Sampling. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications ( K. Willeke and P. A. Baron , eds. ). Von Nostrand Reinhold , New York , pp. 471 – 492 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson , K. W. ( 1988 ). A Review of Particle Resuspension . Atmos. Environ. 22 : 2639 – 2651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palleroni , N. J. ( 1984 ). Family I. Pseudomonacaceae, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bateriology ( N. R. Kreig and J. G. Holt , eds. ). Williams and Wilkins , Baltimore , MD , p. Vol. 1 , 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Pasanen , A.-L. , Pasanen , P. , Jantunen , M. J. , and Kalliokoski , P. ( 1991 ). Significance of Air Humidity and Air Velocity for Fungal Spore Release into the Air . Atmos. Environ. 25A : 459 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , Y. , Willeke , K. , Ulevicius , V. , Grinshpun , S. A. , and Donnelly , J. ( 1995 ). Dynamic Size Spectrometry of Airborne Microorganisms: Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration . Atmos. Environ. 29 : 1123 – 1129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reponen , T. , Willeke , K. , Ulevicius , V. , Reponen , A. , and Grinshpun , S. A. ( 1996 ). Effect of Relative Humidity on the Aerodynamic Diameter and Respiratory Deposition of Fungal Spores . Atmos. Environ. 30 : 3967 – 3974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson , R. A. , Hoekstra , E. , Frisvald , J. C. , and Filtenborg , O. ( 1995 ). Introduction to Food-Borne Fungi , 3rd ed. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures , Baarn , Delft .
   Google Scholar
• Sorenson , W. G. , Frazer , F. G. , Jarvis , B. B. , Simpson , J. , and Robinson , V. A. ( 1987 ). Trichotecene Mycotoxins in Aerosolized Conidia o . Stachybotrys atra, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53 : 1370 – 1375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , S. L. , Grinshpun , S. A. , Willeke , K. , Terzieva , S. , Ulevicius , V. , and Donnelly , J. ( 1995 ). Effect of Impact Stress on Microbial Recovery on an Agar Surface . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 : 1232 – 1239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzieva , S. , Donnelly , J. , Ulevicius , V. , Grinshpun , S. A. , Willeke , K. , Stelma , G. , and Brenner , K. ( 1996 ). Comparison of Methods for Detection and enumeration of Airborne Microorganisms Collected by Liquid Impingement . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 : 2264 – 2272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulevicius , V. , Willeke , K. , Grinshpun , S. A. , Donnelly , J. , Lin , X. , and Mainelis , G. ( 1997 ). Aerosolization of Particles from a Bubbling Liquid: Characteristics and Generator Development . Aerosol Sci. Technol. 26 : 175 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeff , A. P. , van Wijnen , J. H. Boleij , J. S. M. , Brunekreef , B. , van Reenen-Hoekstra , E. , and Samson , R. A. ( 1990 ). Enumeration and Identification of Airborne Viable Mould Propagules in Houses. A Field Comparison of Selected Techniques . Allergy 45 : 275 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar