Observations of Non-Rayleigh Limit Explosions of Electrodynamically Levitated Microdroplets

References

• Aardahl , C. L. , and Davis , E. J. ( 1996 ). Gas-Aerosol Chemical Reactions in the NaOH-SO2-H2O System . Appl. Spectrosc. 50 : 71 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aardahl , C. L. , Vehring , R. , Davis , E. J. , Schweiger , G. , and Swanson , B. D. ( 1997 ). The Characterization of the Electric Field and Particle Trapping in a Double-Ring Electro-dynamic Balance . J. Aerosol Sci. , in press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas , M. A. , and Latham , J. ( 1967 ). The Instability of Evaporating Charged Drops . J. Fluid Mech. 30 : 663 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adornato , P. M. , and Brown , R. A. ( 1983 ). Shape and Stability of Electrostatically Levitated Drops . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 389 : 101 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , T. M. , Buehler , M. F. , and Davis , E. J. ( 1991 ). Radiometric Effects on Absorbing Microspheres . J. Colloid Interface Sci. 142 : 343 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , S. , and Hessel , N. ( 1985 ). Photoemission from Single Electrodynamically Levitated Microparticles . Rev. Sci. lustrum. 56 : 2066 – 2069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataman , S. , and Hanson , D. N. ( 1969 ). Measurement of Charged Drops . Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 8 : 833 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basaran , O. A. , and Scriven , L. E. ( 1989 ). Axisymmetric Shapes and Stability of Isolated Charged Drops . Phys. Fluids A 1 : 795 – 798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , T. G. O. , Trainor , R. J. , and Vaughan , U. ( 1970 ). Stable, Unstable, and Metastable Charged Droplets . J. Atmos. Sci. 27 : 1173 – 1181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund and Liu . ( 1973 ). Generation of Monodisperse Aerosol Standards . Environ. Sci. Tech. 7 : 147 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohren , C. F. , and Huffman , D. R. ( 1983 ). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley-Interscience , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Brazier-Smith , P. R. , Jennings , S. G. , and Latham , J. ( 1971 ). An Investigation of the Behavior of Drops and Drop-Pairs Subjected to Strong Electrical Forces . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 325 : 363 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloupeau , M. , and Prunet-Foch , B. ( 1994 ). Electrohydrodynamic Spraying Functioning Modes: A Critical Review . J. Aerosol Sci. 25 : 1021 – 1036 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , E. J. , and Bridges , M. A. ( 1994 ). The Rayleigh Limit of Charge Revisited: Light Scattering from Exploding Droplets . J. Aerosol Sci. 6 : 1179 – 1199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Mora , J. F. ( 1996 ). On the Outcome of the Coulombic Fission of a Charged Isolated Drop . J. Colloid Interface Sci. 178 : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , A. , Moffett , D. R. , and Vonnegut , B. ( 1964 ). Behavior of Evaporating Electrically Charged Droplets . J. Colloid Sci. 19 : 136 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Dudek , D. R. ( 1988 ). Single Particle, High Temperature, Gas-Solid Reactions in an Electrody-namic Balance. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Elghazaly , H. A. , and Castle , G. S. P. ( 1987 ). The Charge Limit of Liquid Droplets due to Electron Avalanches and Surface Disruption . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. No. 85 : Poster Session I 121–126.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez , A. , and Tang , K. ( 1994 ). Charge and Fission of Droplets in Electrostatic Sprays . Phys. Fluids 6 : 404 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good , R. H. , and Muller , E. W. ( 1956 ). Field Emission . Encyclopedia of Physics , pp. 176 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , J. M. , and Marijnissen , J. C. M. ( 1994 ). A Review of Liquid Atomization by Electrical Means . J. Aerosol Sci. 25 : 1005 – 1019 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , D. J. ( 1989 ). Introduction to Electrodynamics. Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs , NJ , 2nd ed. , p. 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Heertjes , P. M. , De Nie , L. H. , and DeVries , H. J. ( 1971 ). Drop Formation in Liquid-Liquid Systems—I: Prediction of Drop Volumes at Moderate Speed of Formation . Chem. Eng. Sci. 26 : 441 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iribarne , J. V. , and Thomson , B. A. ( 1976 ). On the Evaporation of Small Ions from Charged Drops . J. Chem. Phys. 64 : 2287 – 2294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasper , J. J. ( 1972 ). The Surface Tension of Pure Liquid Compounds . J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 1 : 841 – 1008 .
   Google Scholar
• Macky , W. A. ( 1931 ). Some Investigations on the Deformation and Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 133 : 565 – 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Maloney , D. J. , and Spann , J. F. ( 1988 ). Evaporation, Agglomeration, and Explosive Boiling Characteristics of Coal-Water Fuels under Intense Heating Conditions . Proceedings of the twenty-second International Symposium on Combustion , pp. 1999 – 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Millikan , R. A. ( 1935 ). Electrons (+ and -), Protons, Photons, Neutrons, and Cosmic Rays. The University of Chicago Press , Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Natarajan , R. , and Brown , R. A. ( 1987 ). The Role of Three-Dimensional Shapes in the Break-Up of Charged Drops . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 410 : 209 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp , J. , Lankers , M. , Schaschek , K. , Kiefer , W. , and Hodges , J. T. ( 1995 ). Observation of Sudden Temperature Jumps in Optically Levitated Microdroplets Due to Morphology-Dependent Input Resonances . Appl. Opt. 34 : 2380 – 2387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassat , S. D. , Allen , T. M. , and Davis , E. J. ( 1993 ). Raman Spectroscopy Studies of Combustion-Related Microparticles . Proc. SPIE. 1862 : 182 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Rayleigh , Lord. ( 1882 ). On the Equilibrium of Conducting Masses Charged with Electricity . Philos. Mag. 14 : 184 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , C. B. , Pigg , A. L. , and Hightower , R. L. ( 1989 ). On the Stability Limit of Charged Droplets . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 422 : 319 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roulleau , M. , and Desbois , M. J. ( 1972 ). Study of Evaporation and Instability of Charged Water Droplets . J. Atmos. Sci. 29 : 565 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer , J. W. , and Hanson , D. N. ( 1971 ). Stability Limit of Charged Drops . J. Colloid Interface Sci. 35 : 417 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitarski , M. A. ( 1987 ). Absorption of Infrared Radiation inside an Explosively Boiling Fine Coal-Water Particle . Part. Sci. Technol. 5 : 193 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Sitarski , M. A. ( 1990 ). Thermal Dynamics of a Small Vaporizing Slurry Droplet in a Hot and Radiant Environment: Feasibility of the Secondary Atomization . Combust. Sci. Technol. 71 : 53 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taflin , D. C. , Ward , T. L. , and Davis , E. J. ( 1989 ). Electrified Droplet Fission and the Rayleigh Limit . Langmuir 5 : 376 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , Sir G. ( 1964 ). Disintegration of Water Drops in an Electric Field . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 280 : 383 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsamopoulos , J. A. , Akylas , T. R. , and Brown , R. A. ( 1985 ). Dynamics of Charged Drop Break-Up . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 401 : 67 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vehring , R. , Aardahl , C. L. Davis , E. J. , Schweiger , G. , and Covert , D. S. ( 1997 ). Electrodynamic Trapping and Manipulation of Particle Clouds . Rev. Sci. lustrum. 68 : 70 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widmann , J. F. , and Davis , E. J. ( 1996 ). Photochemical Initiated Polymerization of Single Microdroplets . Colloid Polym. Sci. 274 : 525 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeleny , J. ( 1917 ). Instability of Electrified Liquid Surfaces . Phys. Rev. 10 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar