The Historical Shift in the Perception of Opiates: From Medicine to Social Menace

REFERENCES

• Beeching , J. 1975 . The Chinese Opium Wars. San Diego : Harvest/HBJ. .
   Google Scholar
• Boswell , T. E. 1986 . A split labormarket analysis of discrimination against Chinese immigrants, 1850–1882 . American Sociological Review , Vol. 51 : 352 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brecher , E. 1972 . Licit and Illicit Drugs. Boston : Little, Brown. .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , H. P. 1964 . Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Courtwright , D. 1982 . Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940. Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Courtwright , D. 1978 . Opiate addiction as a consequence of the Civil War . Civil War History , Vol. 24 : 101 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duster , T. 1970 . The Legislation of Morality: Laws, Drugs and Moral Judgment. New York : Free Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Eberle , E. and Gordon , F. 1903 . Report of the Committee on the Acquirements of Drug Habits . American Journal of Pharmacy , Vol. 75 : 474 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Embree , S. 1977 . “ The State Department as moral entrepreneur. Racism and imperialism as factors in the passage of the Harrison Narcotics Act. ” . In Corrections and Punishment. Edited by: Greenberg , D. Beverly Hills , California : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Fay , P. W. 1975 . The Opium War: 1840–1842. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Grinspoon , L. and Bakalar , J. 1987 . “ Medical uses of illicit drugs. ” . In Dealing With Drugs. Edited by: Hamoway , R. San Francisco : Pacific Research Institute. .
   Google Scholar
• Grinspoon , L. and Bakalar , J. 1976 . Cocaine: A Drug and Its Social Evolution. New York : Basic Books. .
   Google Scholar
• Gusfield , J. 1963 . Symbolic Crusade. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison Narcotics Act . 1914 . Public Law 63–223, 38 Stat. 785
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. P. 1988 . Ideology and racism: A structural interpretation of drug prohibition Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Humphries , D. and Greenberg , D. 1981 . “ The dialectics of crime control. ” . In Crime and Capitalism. Edited by: Greenberg , D. Palo Alto , California : Mayfield. .
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. 1986 . The War on Drugs. Palo Alto , California : Mayfield. .
   Google Scholar
• King , R. 1972 . The Drug Hang-Up. New York : Norton. .
   Google Scholar
• Latimer , D. and Goldberg , J. 1981 . Flowers in the Blood: The Story of Opium. New York : Franklin Watts. .
   Google Scholar
• Lauderdale , P. and Inverarity , J. 1984 . Regulation of opiates . Journal of Drug Issues , Vol. 14 : 567 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. 1978 . The legislation of drug law: Economic crisis and social control . Journal of Drug Issues , Vol. 8 : 53 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto , D. 1987 . “ Legislative control over opium, cocaine, and their derivatives. ” . In Dealing With Drugs. Edited by: Hamoway , R. San Francisco : Pacific Research Institute. .
   Google Scholar
• Musto , D. 1973 . The American Disease—Origins of Narcotic Control. New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Musto , D. 1971 . The American and-narcotic movement: Clinical research and public policy . Clinical Research , Vol. 19 : 601 – 605 .
   Google Scholar
• Nolan , D. W. 1881 . The opium habit . Catholic World , Vol. 33 : 827 – 835 .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , D. 1934 . British Opium Policy in China and India. New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Reiman , J. and Headlee , S. 1981 . Marxism and criminal justice policy . Crime and Delinquency , Vol. 27 : 24 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saper , A. 1974 . The making of policy through myth, fantasy, and historical accident: The making of America's narcotics laws . British Journal of the Addictions , Vol. 69 : 183 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Shukla , B. K. 1970 . A note on drinks and drugs in historical perspective . Eastern Anthropologist , Vol. 23 : 299 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , R. K. 1989 . Intoxication: Life in the Pursuit of Artificial Paradise. New York : E.P. Dutton. .
   Google Scholar
• Takagi , P. and Platt , T. 1978 . Beyond the gilded cage: An analysis of race, class and crime in Chinatown . Crime and Social Justice , Vol. 9 : 2 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , A. 1969 . American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900–1939. Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Terry , C. and Pellens , M. 1928 . The Opium Problem. New York : Committee on Drug Addictions. .
   Google Scholar
• Tieman , C. 1981 . “ From victims to criminals to victims. ” . In The Drugs-Crime Connection. Edited by: Inciardi , J. Beverly Hills , California : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , C. 1980 . Race, crime and social policy: The Chinese in Oregon, 1871–1885 . Crime and Social Justice , Vol. 14 : 11 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Trebach , A. 1981 . The Heroin Solution. New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press. .
   Google Scholar