299
Views
51
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Bufo Toads and Bufotenine: Fact and Fiction Surrounding an Alleged Psychedelic

, &
Pages 267-290 | Published online: 23 Jan 2012

BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • Abel , J. J. and Macht , D. I. 1911 . The poisons of the tropical toad . Journal of the American Medical Association , 56 : 1531 – 536 .
  • Abel , J. J. and Macht , D. I. 1911–1912 . Two crystalline pharmacological agents obtained from the tropical toad, Bufo agua . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 3 : 319 – 77 .
  • Ahlborg , U. , Holmstedt , B. and Lindgren , J.-E. 1968 . Fate and metabolism of some hallucinogenic indolealkylamines . Advances in Pharmacology , 6B : 213 – 29 .
  • Akera , T. 1977 . Membrane adenosinetriphosphatease: A digitalis receptor? . Science , 198 : 569
  • Akizawa , T. , Mukai , T. Maatsukawa , M. 1994 . Structures of novel bufodienolides in the eggs of a toad, Bufo marinus . Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin , 42 ( 3 ) : 754 – 56 .
  • Alexander , J. 1990 . Toad licker kills himself . Weekly World News , : 21 October 2
  • Allegro , J. 1970 . The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross. New York : Bantam Books. .
  • Allen , A. 1994 . Toadies . History Today , 44 ( 8 ) : 50 – 52 .
  • Allen , A. 1979 . Toads: The biochemistry of the witches cauldron . History Today , 29 : 265 – 68 .
  • Andary , C. 1978a . Derives 5-hydroxy-indoliques chezles amanites–etude chimiquc et pharmacologiquc . Collect. Med. Leg. Toxicol. Med. , 106 : 43 – 54 .
  • Andary , C. 1978b . Mise en evidence et dosage flourodensimetrique des derives 5-hydroxy-indoliques . Trav. Soc. Pharm. Montpellier , 38 : 247 – 56 .
  • Anden , N. E. , Corrodi , H. and Fuxe , K. 1971 . Hallucinogenic drugs of the indolealkylamine type and central monamine neurons . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 179 ( 2 ) : 236 – 49 .
  • Anderson , I. 1993 . Keep taking the frog skin . New Scientist , : 10 October 9
  • Anderson , I. 1994 . Cane toads on the export menu . New Scientist , 142 : 7
  • Andrew , C. S. 1992 . [Letter] We wouldn't run this if we weren't devoted to basic science . Mushroom, The Journal , : 37 Spring
  • Angst , B. 1991 . Clucky, chunky and plucky: The Colorado River toad . Reptile and Amphibian Magazine , : 58 – 60 . November/December
  • Anonymous . 1886 . Toad lore . Popular Science Monthly , 29 : 429 – 30 .
  • Anonymous . 1896 . Asokanthera Schimperi–Source of the Wa-Nyikaî Arrow Poison . Proceedings of the American Pharmalcological Association , 44 : 573 – 74 .
  • Anonymous . 1961 . Hallucinogenic drugs . Lancet , 1 : 444 – 45 .
  • Anonymous . 1965 . North Dade woman poisoned after her dog bites toad . Miami Herald , : 2b September 12
  • Anonymous . 1967 . Hallucinogens and psychosis . Nature , 216 : 538
  • Anonymous . 1968 . The chemistry of the brain . Nature , 219 : 838
  • Anonymous . 1972 . New mind-altering sacraments . Bark-Leaf: Church of the Tree of Life Quarterly Bulletin , 1 : 1
  • Anonymous . 1974 . Frogs bad news . High Times , 2 : 14
  • Anonymous . 1975 . Bufotoxin, bufagin, bufolenin . Encyclopedia Britannica Micropcdia , II : 349 – 50 .
  • Anonymous . 1975 . Toad . Encyclopedia Britannica Micropcdia , X : 16 – 17 .
  • Anonymous . 1981 . Toad away . Drug Survival News , September/October. (Do It Now Publications)
  • Anonymous . 1986 . It could have been an extremely grim fairy tale . Discover , 7 ( 8 ) : 12
  • Anonymous . 1988a . Rare toad keeps druggies hopping . Weekly World News , : 28 May 31
  • Anonymous . 1988b . Terror toads . New York Times , : A24 June 28
  • Anonymous . 1989a . Drug prevention experts warn against a new high–toad licking [Abstracted and reprinted from the San Erancisco Examiner in the Montreal Gazette] June 1 :H10
  • Anonymous . 1989b . Colorado River toad licking . National Enquirer , : 6 August 8
  • Anonymous . 1989c . Number 1466=Bufotalin; No. 1467=Bufolenin. No. 1468=Bufotoxin . The Merck Index. , 11th ed.
  • Anonymous . 1989d . Original or crispy? . High Times , : 26 Octobcr
  • Anonymous . 1990a . Australia's investment in cane toads . Chicago Tribune , : 14a April 9, Sect. 1
  • Anonymous . 1990b . A dark invasion in the sunshine state . Chicago Tribune , 1 : 12a August 4
  • Anonymous . 1990c . Minds go loose from toad juice . Albany Times Union , : A2 August 4
  • Anonymous . 1990d . Spreading toads divide Australians and biologists . New Scientist , 125 : 19
  • Anonymous . 1990c . Toad lickers gamble with death . Sea Frontiers , 36 ( May/June ) : 5 – 6 .
  • Anonymous . 1991a . Batrachophobia, anyone? . Patient Care , 25 : 16 23
  • Anonymous . 1991b . [Reuters News Service, Vancouver, B.C., Canada] Drug addicts licking giant toads to get high . Palm Beach Post , : 9a July 31
  • Anonymous . 1991c . Toady politicians . High Times , 195 : 10
  • Anonymous . 1991d . Toad licking the latest drug craze . The Sun (Australia) , : D24 July 14
  • Anonymous . 1994a . Missionary for load venom is facing charges . Special to the New York Times , : 19 February 20, (National edition)
  • Anonymous . 1994b . No jail in toad case . New York Newsday , : A11 April 30
  • Anonymous . 1994c . Toadally stoned . High Times , : 16 June
  • Anonymous . 1994d . [Letter] Toads II . Entheogen Review , 3 ( 1 ) : 13
  • Asimov , I. 1978 . Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare. New York : Avenal Books. .
  • Associated Press . 1994a . Angels Camp, California. Psychedelic toads: Would you believe stronger than LSD? General wire service report, January 30
  • Associated Press . 1994b . Sonora, California. Couple avoid jail in toad extract case General wire service report, May 1
  • Associated Press . 1995 . U.S. says four died in New York eating an alleged aphrodisiac . New York Times , : 26 November 25
  • Bachtold-Stauabli , H. and Hoffmann-Krayer , E. 1987 . Handworterbuch des Deutschcn Aberglaubens Vol. Band 5 , 608 – 633 . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. .
  • Bancroft , A. 1994 . Couple who smoked toad venom avoid jail . San Erancisco Chronicle , : B5 April 29
  • Banks , L. 1994 . A new craze hops into the drug culture . Los Angeles Times , : E1 E3 April 19
  • Barbier , M. , Schroter , H. Meyeer , K. 1959 . Die Bufogenine des Parotoidensekretes von Bufo marinus (L.) Schneider . Helvetica Chimica Acta , 42 : 2486 – 505 .
  • Barlow , R. B. and Khan , I. 1959 . Actions of some analogues of 5-HT on the isolated rat uterus and the rat fundus strip preparations . British Journal of Pharmacology , 14 : 265 – 72 .
  • Bedford , P. G. C. 1974 . Toad venom toxicity and its clinical occurrence in small animals in the United Kingdom . Veterinary Record , 94 : 613 – 14 .
  • Ben-Harari , R. R. , Dalton , B. A. , Osman , R. and Maayani , S. 1991 . Kinetic characterization of 5-HT receptor desensitization in isolated guinea pig trachea and rabbit aorta . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 257 : 416 – 24 .
  • Bennington , F. , Morin , R. D. and Clark , L. C. 1958 . Synthesis of O- and N-methylated derivatives of serotonin . Journal of Organic Chemistry , 23 : 1977 – 979 .
  • Bennington , F. , Morin , R. D. and Clark , L. C. 1965 . 5-MeO-DMT, a possible endogenous psychologen . Alabama Journal of Medical Science , 2 ( 4 ) : 397 – 403 .
  • Berendsen , H. H. and Broekkamp , C. L. 1991 . A peripheral 5-HT1D-like receptor involved in serotonincrgic induced hindlimb scratching . European Journal of Pharmacology , 194 ( 2–3 ) : 201 – 8 .
  • Bernal , I. 1970 . “ Yugos de la coleccion del Museo Nacional de Antropologia. ” . In Union Acedemique Internacionale. Corpus Anliquilatum Americanensium. IV Mexico
  • Bertaccini , G. and Zamboni , P. 1961 . The relative potency of 5-HT-like substances . Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamic , 133 : 138 – 56 .
  • Bertrand , G. 1902 . Sur la nature de la bufotenine . Comptes Rendus de L'Academic des Sciences , 135 : 49 – 51 .
  • Beutler , J. and Der Marderosian , A. 1981 . Chemical variations in Amanita . Journal of Natural Products , 44 : 422 – 31 .
  • Bharucha , M. , Chen , K. K. , Weiss , E. and Reichstein , T. 1961 . Regularobufagin . Helvetica Chimica Acta , 44 : 844 – 46 .
  • Bhattacharya , S. K. and Sanyal , A. K. 1971 . Anticholinesterase activity of bufotenine . Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology , 15 : 133 – 34 .
  • Bhattacharya , S. K. , Sanyal , A. K. , Lal , R. and Ghosal , S. 1971 . Histamine releasing activity of some indole-33-alkylamines . Aspects of Allergy and Applied Immunology , 4 : 189 – 92 .
  • Bianchi , A. 1991 . Amanita muscaria: Mycopharmacological outline and personal experiences . Psychedelic Monographs and Essays , 5 : 209 – 50 .
  • Black , P. 1969 . Drugs and the Brain: Papers on the Action, Use and Abuse of Psychotropic Agents. Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins Press. .
  • Blair , W. F. 1972 . Evolution in the Genus Bufo. Austin : University of Texas Press. .
  • Blair , W. F. and Pettus , D. 1954 . The mating call and its significance in the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius Girard . Texas Journal of Science , 6 : 72 – 77 .
  • Blaschko , H. 1952 . Amine oxidase and amine metabolism . Pharmacological Reviews , 4 : 415 – 58 .
  • Blaschko , H. and Philpot , F. J. 1953 . Enzymic oxidation of triptamine derivatives . Journal of Physiology , 122 : 403 – 8 .
  • Bogert , C. 1954 . “ Amphibian pioneers on land. ” . In Animal Kingdom. New York : Doubleday. .
  • Bogoras , W. 1904–1909 . The Chukchee . Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History II , : 1 – 276 . (Part 1)
  • Bogoras , W. 1904–1909 . “ The Chukchee–Material Culture. ” . In The Jesup North Pacific Expedition Edited by: Boas , F. Vol. 7 , 205 – 7 .
  • Bogrou , A. Y. , Roukkowapprina , N. Feddrova , O. 1993 . Digitalislike and vasoconstrictor effects of endogenous digoxin-like factor(s) from the venom of Bufo marinus toad . European Journal of Pharmacology , 234 ( 2,3 ) : 165 – 72 .
  • Boire , R. G. 1994 . Criminalizing nature and knowledge . The Enlheogen Law Reporter , 2 : 1 – 3 .
  • Bonhour , A. , Fischer , E. and Melgar , M. C. 1967 . Estudios psicofarmacologicos con bufotenina . Revista Psiquiatria y Psicologia , 8 : 123 – 43 .
  • Bonting , S. L. and Caravaggio , L. L. 1963 . Studies on sodium-potassium activated adenosine-triposphatease v. correlation of enzyme activity with cation influx in six tissues . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 101 : 37 – 46 .
  • Bom , W. 1939 . Votive animals . Ciba Symposia , 1 ( 4 ) : 129 – 32 .
  • Bosveld , J. 1989 . Toad tripping . Omni , : 42 December
  • Boszormenyi , Z. , Der , P. and Nagy , T. 1959 . Observations on the psychotogenic effect of N,N-DET, a new tryptamine derivative . Journal of Mental Science , 105 : 171 – 81 .
  • Boulenguez , P. , Chauvveau , J. Segu , L. 1991 . A new 5-hydroxy-indole derivative with preferential affinity for 5-HT1B binding sites . European Journal of Pharmacology , 194 ( 1 ) : 91 – 98 .
  • Bourke , J. G. 1891 . Scatologic Rites of All Nations; A Dissertation Upon the Employment of Excrementitious Remedial Agents in Religion, Therapeutics, Divination, Witchcraft, Love - Philters, etc., in all Parts of the Globe. Based upon Original Notes and Personal Observation, and upon Compilation from over One Thousand Authorities. Edited by: Freud , Sigmund . Washington , D.C. : Lowdermilk. . Captain, U.S. Third Army, [1934], (1891). New York: American Anthropological Society (1934)
  • Boys , F. 1959 . Poisonous Amphibians and Reptiles. Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas. .
  • Bradley , P. B. and Briggs , I. 1974 . Further studies on the mode of action of psychotomimetic drugs: Antagonism of the excitatory actions of serotonin by methylated derivatives of tryptamine . British Journal of Pharmacology , 50 : 345 – 54 .
  • Brady , F. 1991–1992 . Did you know? Sonoran Desert Toad aka Colorado River Toad–Bufo alvarius . The Desert Monitor Newsletter (Phoenix, Arizona) , : 20 December/January
  • Brady , L. R. and Tyler , V. E. 1959 . A chromatographic examination of the alkaloidal fraction of Amanita pantherina . Journal of the American Pharmacological Association , 48 : 417 – 19 .
  • Brawley , P. and Duffield , J. C. 1972 . The pharmacology of hallucinogens . Pharmacological Reviews , 24 ( 1 ) : 31 – 66 .
  • Brekman , I. I. and Sam , Y. A. 1967 . “ Ethnopharmacological investigation of some psychoactive drugs used by Siberian and Far Eastern Minor Nationalities of the U. S. S. R. ” . In Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. , Holmstedt , B. and Kline , N. S. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645
  • Brieger , J. 1959 . 5-HT and Bufo: An attempt at synthesis . British Homeopathic Journal , 48 ( 3 ) : 1930 – 195 .
  • Briggs , I. 1972 . The effects of methylated tryptamine derivatives on brainstem neurones . British Journal of Pharmacology , 45 : 177 – 78 .
  • Brimblecombe , R. W. 1973 . Psychotomimetic drugs: Biochemistry and pharmacology . Advances in Drug Research , 7 : 165 – 206 .
  • Brimblecomb , R. W. 1967 . Hyperthermic effects of some tryptamine derivatives in relation to their behavioral activity . International Journal of Neuropharmacology , 6 : 423 – 29 .
  • Brimblecombe , R. W. and Pinder , R. M. 1975 . “ Hallucinogenic agents. ” . In Wright Scientechnica. Bristol , , England
  • Bristol , C. L. and Bartelmez , G. W. 1908 . The poison glands of Bufo agua . Science , 27 : 455
  • Brodie , B. B. and Hogben , C. A. M. 1957 . Some psychochemical factors in drug action . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 9 : 345 – 80 .
  • Brodie , E. D. Jr. 1977 . Hedge hogs use toad venom in their own defense . Nature , 268 : 627 – 28 .
  • Brune , G. G. , Hohl , H. H. and Himwich , H. E. 1963 . Urinary excretion of bufotenine-like substance in psychotic patients . Journal of Neuropsychiatry , 5 ( 1 ) : 14 – 17 .
  • Bucherl and Buckley . 1971 . Venomous Animals and their Venoms. New York : Academic Press. .
  • Budge , E. 1971 . Egyptian Magic. New York : Dover. .
  • Bumpus , F. M. and Page , I. H. 1955 . Serotonin and its methylated derivatives in human urine . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 212 : 111 – 16 .
  • Burr , G. 1914 . Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases (1648–1706) New York : Barnes & Noble. .
  • 1990 . They're beautiful, and people like them, but there is this problem . Mushroom, The Journal. , : 21 – 22 . C. D., Summer
  • Calmels , M. 1884 . Sur le venin des batraciens . Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences , 98 : 536 – 39 .
  • Cannon , M. S. and Hosteller , J. R. 1975 . The anatomy of the paratoid gland in bufonoidae with some histochemical findings . Bufo alvarius. Journal of Morphology , 148 : 137 – 60 .
  • Carillo , C. 1990 . Toads take a licking from desperate druggies . New York Post , : 4 January 31
  • Cashman , J. 1966 . The LSD Story–The Drug That Expands the Mind. Greenwich , Connecticut : Fawcett. .
  • Catalfomo , P. and Tyler , V. E. 1961 . An investigation of the free amino acids and Amanita toxins in Amanita species . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 50 : 689 – 92 .
  • Caufield , C. 1983 . The chemistry of the living dead . New Scientist , December 10
  • Cerletti , A. , Taeschler , M. and Weidmann , H. 1968 . Pharmacologic studies on the structure-activity-relationships of hydroxyindole alkylamines . Advances in Pharmacology , : 233 – 46 . 6B
  • Chamakura , R. P. 1994 . Bufotenine–a hallucinogen in ancient snuf f powders of South America and a drug of abuse on the streets of New York City . Forensic Science Review , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
  • Chen , A. L. and Chen , K. K. 1933a . A study of the poisonous secretions of five North American species of toads . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 526 – 42 .
  • Chen , A. L. and Chen , K. K. 1933b . The active groupings in the molecules of Cino- and Marino-Bufagins and Cino- and Vulgaro-Bufotoxins . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 548 – 60 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Chen , A. L. 1933e . The physiological action of the principles isolated from the secretion of the Jamaican Toad (Bufo marinus . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 514 – 25 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Chen , A. L. 1933a . Notes on the poisonous secretions of twelve species of toads . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 47 : 281 – 93 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Chen , A. L. 1933b . The parotid secretion of B. Bufo Gargarizans as the source of Ch'an su . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 543 – 47 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Chen , A. L. 1933c . Relative susceptibility of the Nebulous Toad (Bufo valliceps) and the Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) to different substances . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 47 : 295 – 306 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Chen , A. L. 1933d . Similarity and dissimilarity of bufagins, bufotoxins and digitaloid glucosides . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 561 – 79 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Chen , A. L. 1933e . The physiological action of the principles isolated from the secretion of the Jamaican Toad (Bufo marinus) . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 514 – 25 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Jensen , H. 1929a . Crystalline principles from chlan su, the dried venom of the Chinese toad . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 26 : 378 – 380 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Jensen , H. 1929b . A pharmacognistic study of chían su, the dried venom of the Chinese toad . Journal of the American Pharmacological Association , 23 ( 3 ) : 244 – 51 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1931a . The action of bufagin and marinobufotoxin obtained from the secretion of Bufo marinus (Bufo agua) . American Journal of Physiology , 97 : 511 – 12 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1931b . The action of the principles of ch'an su, the dried venom of the Chinese toad . American Journal of Physiology , 97 : 512
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1931c . The active grouping in the molecules of cinobufagin and cinobufotoxin . American Journal of Physiology , 97 : 512 – 13 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1931d . Action of bufagins isolated from different species of toads . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 29 : 905 – 6 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1931e . Action of bufotenines . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 29 : 908
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1931f . The pharmacological action of the principles isolated from chían su, the dried venom of the chinese toad . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 43 : 13 – 50 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1933a . The physiological action of the principles isolated from the secretion of Bufo arenarum . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 1 – 13 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1933b . The physiological action of the principles isolated from the secretion of the common European Toad (Bufo bufo bufo) . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 47 : 307 – 20 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1933c . The physiological action of the principles isolated from the secretion of the European Green Toad (Bufo viridis viridis) . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 14 – 25 .
  • Chen , K. K. , Jensen , H. and Chen , A. L. 1933d . The physiological action of the principles isolated from the secretion of the Japanese Toad (Bufo formosus) . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 49 : 26 – 35 .
  • Chen , K. K. and Kovarikova , A. 1967 . Phamiacology and toxicology of toad venom . Journal of Pharmaceutical Science , 56 ( 12 ) : 1535 – 541 .
  • Chem , M. S. , Ray , C. Y. and Wu , D. L. 1991 . Biologic intoxication due to digitalis-like substance after ingestion of cooked toad soup . American Journal of Cardiology , 67 ( 5 ) : 443 – 44 .
  • Chilton , W. S. , Bigwood , J. and Jensen , R. E. 1979 . Psilocin, bufotenine, and serotonin: Historical and biosynthetic observations . Journal of Psychedelic Drugs , 11 ( 1–2 ) : 61 – 69 .
  • Christiansen , R. 1977 . The Migratory Legends. New York : Amo Press. .
  • Christie , A. 1968 . Chinese Mythology. London : Paul Hamlyn. .
  • Christobal . 1989a . Photo of stylized yam art featuring Bufo visions (From the collection of Thomas Lyttle.)
  • Christobal . 1989b . One-page handwritten note describing Bufo visions (From the collection of Thomas Lyttle.)
  • Chung , E. K. 1969 . Digitalis Intoxication. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. .
  • Clarkson , A. 1980 . World Folktales: A Scribner Resource Guide. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. .
  • Cochran , D. M. 1930 . (Discussion of Bufo alvarius.) . Copeia , 173 : 98 – 99 .
  • Coe , D. 1971 . The shadow of the Olmecs . Horizon , 13 ( 4 ) : 67 – 74 .
  • Cohen , S. 1967 . Psychotomimetic agents . Annual Review of Pharmacology , 7 : 301 – 18 .
  • Colby , C. T. 1980 . Warty toads . Country Journal , 7 : 60 – 65 .
  • Cooper , J. 1978 . An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols. London : Thames & Hudson. .
  • Cooper , J. G. 1869 . The naturalist in California . American Naturalist , 3 ( 9 ) : 470 – 81 .
  • Come , S. J. and Pickering , R. W. 1967 . A possible correlation between drug-induced hallucinations in man and a behavioral response in mice . Psychopharmacologia , 11 : 65 – 78 .
  • Comilleau , R. 1938 . Les proprietes physiologiques et therapeutiques du liquide des glandes parotoides du crapaud . Journal des Sciences Medicates de Lille , 56 ( 20 ) : 389 – 96 .
  • Costa , E. , Himwich , W. A. and Himwich , H. E. Effects of injection of bufotenine into various arterial sites . Neuropsychopharmacology, Proceedings from a Symposium . pp. 299 – 303 .
  • Collrell , A. C. , McLeod , M. F. and McLeod , W. R. 1977 . A bufoteninc-like substance in the urine of schizophrenics . American Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 322 – 23 .
  • Crosby , M. 1995 . Venom–poison or panacea? . Eye , 5 : 18 – 25 .
  • Dale-Green , P. 1960 . The Symbolism of the Toad. London : The Guild for Pastoral Psychology. . (Guild Lecture No. 110)
  • Daly , J. W. 1967 . “ Discussion on the psychoactive action of various tryptamine derivatives. ” . In Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. , Holmstedt , B. and Kline , N. S. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645
  • Daly , J. W. 1971 . “ Chemistry and phamiacology of frog venoms. ” . In Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Edited by: Bucherl , W. and Buckely , E. E. Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Daly , J. W. and Spande , T. F. 1986 . “ Amphibian alkaloids: Chemistry, phamiacology, and biology. ” . In Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives. Edited by: Pelletier , S. W. Vol. 4 , New York : John Wiley & Sons. .
  • Daly , J. W. and Witkop , B. 1966 . The venoms of amphibians . Memoirs Institute Butantan , 33 : 425 – 32 .
  • David-Neel , A. 1971 . Magic and Mystery in Tibet. New York : Dover. .
  • Davis , W. 1983 . Ethnobiology of the Haitian zombie . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 9 : 85 – 104 .
  • Davis , W. 1985 . The Serpent and the Rainbow. New York : Simon & Schuster. .
  • Davis , W. 1988 . Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie. Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press. .
  • Davis , W. and Weil , A. T. 1992 . Identity of a New World psychoactive toad . Ancient Mesoamerica , 3 ( 1 ) : 51 – 59 .
  • Davy , J. 1839 . On the acrid fluid secreted by the common toad . Researches in Physiology and Anatomy (London) , 1 : 106 – 12 .
  • de Givry . 1963 . Picture Museum of Sorcery, Magic and Alchemy. New York : New York University Press. .
  • DeGraaf , R. M. 1991 . The Book of the Toad. A Natural and Magic History of Toad-Human Relations. Rochester , Vermont : Park Street Press. .
  • De Korne , J. 1994 . Toadal confusion . The Entheogen Review , : 10 – 11 . Summer
  • DeOliveira , L. F. and Bretas , A. D. 1973 . Blockade by bufotenidine of the serotonin and narcotic-analgesic-induced contraction of dog intestine in vivo . European Journal of Pliarmacology , 21 : 369 – 71 .
  • Deulofeu , V. 1948 . The chemistry of the constituents of toad venoms . Forschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. , 5 : 241 – 66 .
  • Deulofeu , V. and Berinzaghi , B. 1946 . Picrolonates of bufotenin, bufotenidine and dehydrobufotenine . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 68 : 1665
  • Deulofeu , V. and Duprat , E. 1944 . The basic constituents of the venom of some South American toads . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 153 : 459 – 63 .
  • Deulofeu , V. and Mendive . 1938 . Uberdas gifteiner Argentinischen Krote . Annalen , 534 : 288 – 92 .
  • Deulofeu , V. and Ruveda , E. A. 1971 . “ The basic constituents of toad venoms. ” . In Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Edited by: Bucherl , W. and Buckely , E. E. Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Dickstein , E. S. and Kunkel , F. W. 1980 . Foxglove tea poisoning . American Journal of Medicine , 69 : 167 – 69 .
  • Diehl , C. 1889 . Report on the process of pharmacy . Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Society , 44 : 573 – 74 .
  • Dobkin de Rios , M. 1974 . The influence of psychotropic flora and fauna on Mayan religion . Current Anthropology , 15 ( 2 ) : 147 – 64 .
  • Dorgan , M. 1990 . Nobody, but nobody licks toads in California . Albany Sunday Times Union , : A24 February 18
  • Dorson , R. 1972 . African Folklore. New York : Doubleday. .
  • Downing , D. F. 1964 . “ Psychotomimetic compounds. ” . In Psychopharmacological Agents. Edited by: Gordon , M. Vol. 1 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Downing , D. F. 1962 . The chemistry of the psychotomimetic substances . Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society (London) , 16 : 133 – 62 .
  • Dreisbach , R. H. and Robertson , W. O. 1987 . Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. Boston : Camfield. .
  • Drogin , R. 1990 . Aussie's control plan backfires . Los Angeles Times , : A3d May 12
  • Duellman , W. E. and Trueb , L. 1986 . Biology of Amphibians. New York : McGraw-Hill. .
  • Dunn , E. 1973 . Russian use of Amanita muscaria: A footnote to Wasson's Soma . Current Anthropology , 14 ( 4 ) : 488 – 92 .
  • Easteal , S. 1981 . The history of introduced populations of Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Anura). A natural experiment in evolution . Biology Journal of the Linnaean Society , 16 : 93 – 113 .
  • Easteal , S. 1985 . The ecological genetics of introduced populations of the giant toad Bufo marinus. Effective population size . Genetics , 110 ( May ) : 107 – 22 .
  • Ebert , R. 1988 . Hungry toads raising cane. (Review of Lewis and Lewis, Cane Toads . New York Post , : 2 Oct. 1
  • Efron , D. F. 1968 . Psychopharmacology–A Review of Progress1957–67. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 1836
  • Ekenval , A. 1978 . Batrachians as Symbols of Life, Death, and Woman. Edited by: Frykman , B. and Frykman , E. Goteborg University Library. .
  • Eliade , M. 1951 . Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. [1964]
  • Ellenhom , M. J. and Barceloux , D. G. 1988 . Toxicology. New York : Elsevier. .
  • Emboden , W. 1974 . Bizarre Plants–Magical, Monstrous, Mythical. New York : Macmillan. .
  • Erspamer , V. 1940 . Pharmacolische Studien Uber Enteramin: II Mitteilung, über einege Eigenschaften des Enteramines, Sowie über die Abgrenzung des Enteramines von den anderin Kreisluf Wirksamen Gewebsprodukten . Archiv. F. Exp. Path. , 196 : 366 – 90 .
  • Erspamer , V. 1946 . Richerche farmacologiche sulle indolalchilamine del Veleno di Rospo. I. Bufotenina e bufotenidina . Arch. Sci. Biol. Napoli. , 31 : 63 – 84 .
  • Espamer , V. 1952 . Biological activity of some enteramine-related substances . Nature , 170 : 281 – 82 .
  • Erspamer , V. 1953 . Azione antienteraminica di alcune indolachilamine, del 2-metil-3-etil-5-aminoindole e degli alcaloidi del gruppo dellí Armina . Ricera Scient. , 23 : 1202 – 207 .
  • Erspamer , V. 1954 . Pharmacology of indole-alkylamines . Pharmacological Reviews , 6 : 425 – 87 .
  • Erspamer , V. 1955 . Observations on the fate of indolealkylamines in the organism . Journal of Physiology , 127 : 118 – 33 .
  • Erspamer , V. 1966 . “ Occurrence of indoleamines in nature. ” . In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Edited by: Eichler , O. and Farah , A. Vol. 10 , New York : Springer-Verlag. .
  • Erspamer , V. and Asero , B. 1952 . Identification of enteramine, the specific hormone of the enterochromaffin cell system, as 5-hydroxy-tryptamine . Nature , 169 : 800 – 1 .
  • Erspamer , V. , Vitali , T. , Roseghini , M. and Cei , J. M. 1965 . 5-Methoxy-and 5-hydroxyindolealkylamines in the skin of Bufo alvarius . Experientia , 21 : 504
  • Erspamer , V. , Vitali , T. , Roseghini , M. and Cei , J. M. 1967 . 5-Methoxy-and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius . Biochemical Pharmacology , 16 : 1149 – 164 .
  • Erspamer , V. , Roseghini , M. , Endean , R. and Anastasi , A. 1966 . Biogenic amines and active polypeptides in the skin of Australian amphibians . Nature , 212 : 204
  • Evarts , E. 1955 . Some effects of LSD and bufotenine on electrical activity in cat's visual system . American Journal of Physiology , 182 : 594 – 98 .
  • Evarts , E. 1956 . Some effects of bufotenin and LSD on the monkey . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 75 : 49 – 53 .
  • Fabing , H. D. 1956 . On going berserk: A neurochemical inquiry . Scientific Monthly , 83 : 232 – 37 .
  • Fabing , H. D. 1957 . Toads, mushrooms and schizophrenia . Harper's Magazine , : 50 – 55 . May
  • Fabing , H. D. and Hawkins , J. R. 1956 . Intravenous bufotenine injection in the human being . Science , 123 : 886 – 87 .
  • Fabing , H. D. , Kropa , E. L. , Hawkins , J. R. and Leake , C. D. 1956 . Bufotenine effects in humans . Federation Proceedings , 15 : 421
  • Faggin , G. 1973 . Diabolicita del Rospo. Vicenza : N. Pozza. .
  • Falkenberg , G. 1972 . Crystal and molecular structure of bufotenin . Acta Crystallographica , 28B : 3219
  • Famsworth , N. R. 1966 . Biologic and phytochemical screening of plants . Journal of Pharmaceutical Science , 55 ( 3 ) : 225 – 69 .
  • Fastier , F. N. 1956 . Prolongation of hypnosis by 5-HT (serotonin) . Experientia , 12 : 351
  • Faust , E. S. 1902 . 167. Uber Bufonin und Bufotalin. die Wirksamen Bestandtheile des Krotenhautdmsensecretes . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 47 : 279 – 310 .
  • Faust , E. S. 1902 . 171. Weiters Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Wirksamen Bestandtheile des Krotenhautdmsensecretes . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 49 : 1 – 6 .
  • Fellows , A. 1969 . Cane beetles and toads . Victorian Naturalist , 86 : 165
  • Festi , F. 1988 . Funghi allucinogeni: Aspetti psicofisiologici e storica. Rovereto , , Italy : Musei Civici di Rovereto. .
  • Fish , M. S. and Horning , E. C. 1956 . Studies on hallucinogenic snuffs . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 124 : 33 – 37 .
  • Fish , M. S. , Johnson , N. M. and Homing , E. C. 1955 . Piptadenia alkaloids. Indole bases of P. Perigrina (L.) Benth. and related species . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 77 : 5892 – 894 .
  • Fish , M. S. , Johnson , N. M. and Horning , E. C. 1956 . T-amine oxide rearrangements. N,N-DMT-oxide . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 78 : 3668 – 671 .
  • Fish , M. S. , Johnson , N. M. , Lawrence , E. P. and Horning , E. C. 1955 . Oxidative N-dealkylation . Biochimica el Biophysica Acta , 18 : 564 – 65 .
  • Fischer , E. , Vasquez , S. Fernandez , F. 1961a . Bufotenine in human urine . Lancet , 1 : 890
  • Fischer , E. , Vasquez , S. Fernandez , F. 1961b . A Bufotenin-like substance in the urine of schizophrenics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 133 : 441 – 44 .
  • Fischer , E. and Spatz , H. 1967 . Detemiination of bufotenine in the urine of schizophrenics . International Journal of Neuropsychiatry , 3 : 226 – 28 .
  • Fischer , E. and Spatz , H. 1970 . Studies on urinary elimination of Bufotenine-like substances in schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry , 2 : 235 – 40 .
  • Fischer , R. 1968 . Chemistry of the brain . Nature , 220 : 411 – 12 .
  • Fischer , R. 1974 . 262. Hallucinogens: A reevaluation . Pharmacologist , 16 : 237
  • Fletcher , R. 1896 . The Witches pharmacopoeia . Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital , 7 ( 65 ) : 147 – 56 .
  • Flier , J. S. 1978 . Ouabain-like activity in toad skin and its implications for endogenous regulation of ion transport . Nature , 274 : 285 – 86 .
  • Flier , J. , Maraloos-Flier , E. Palloota , J. 1979 . Endogenous digitalislike activity in the plasma of the toad Bufo marinus . Nature , 279 : 341 – 43 .
  • Fozard , J. R. and Ali , A. T. M. M. 1978 . Dual mechanism of the stimulant action of N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine) on cardiac sympathetic nerves . European Journal of Pharmacology , 49 : 25 – 30 .
  • Franzen , F. R. and Gross , H. 1965 . Tryptamine, N,N-DMT, N,N-DM-5HT, and 5-MeO-tryptamine inhuman blood and urine . Nature , 206 : 1052
  • Freeland , W. J. 1986 . Invasion north: Successful conquest by the cane toad . Australian Natural History , 22 ( 2 ) : 72
  • Freemantle , D. 1984 . C.I.A. New York : Stein & Day. .
  • Freytag , G. 1972 . “ Amphibians. ” . In Animal Life Encyclopedia. Edited by: Grzmek . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold. .
  • Fuller , R. W. , Snoddy , H. D. and Perry , K. W. 1995 . Tissue distribution, metabolism and effects of bufotenine administered to rats . Neuropharmacology , 34 ( 7 ) : 799 – 804 .
  • Furst , P. T. 1972 . Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. New York : Praeger. .
  • Furst , P. T. Symbolism and psychopharmacology: The toad as Earth Mother in Indian America . Religion en Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the XII Mesa Redonda, Sociedad Mexicana de Anlropologia . Mexico .
  • Furst , P. T. 1976a . “ The toad as Earth Mother: A problem in symbolism and psychopharmacology. ” . In Hallucinogens and Culture. Edited by: Furst , P. T. Novato , California : Chandler & Sharp. . [1985]
  • Furst , P. T. 1976b . “ The Virola tree as a source of hallucinogenic snuffs. ” . In Hallucinogens and Culture. Edited by: Furst , P. T. Novato , California : Chandler & Sharp. . [1985]
  • Gallagher , L. 1994 . Smoking toad: Inhaling dried poison, an experience thought up in the name of truth, or boredom . New York Times Sunday Magazine , : 48 – 49 . June 5, (And letters in comment on Smoking Toads New York Times Sunday Magazine June 26:8.)
  • Gannon , W. F. , Beenigni , J. and Suzuki , J. 1967 . The synthesis of dehydrobufotenine . Tetrahedron Letters , 16 : 1531 – 533 .
  • Gartz , J. Magic Mushrooms Around the World–A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time. Los Angeles : KAOS Press. . In press
  • Gessner , O. 1934 . Uber Kroten und Salamandergift . Ciba Zeitschrift , 1 ( 8 ) : 261 – 64 .
  • Gessner , P. K. 1970 . “ Pharmacological studies of 5-MeO-DMT, LSD, and other hallucinogens. ” . In Psychotomimetic Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. New York : Academic Press. .
  • Gessner , P. K. and Dankova , J. B. 1975 . Brain bufotenin from administered acetylbufotenine. Comparison of its tremorigenic activity with that of N,N-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT . Pharmacologist , 17 : 259 (#462)
  • Gessner , P. K. , Godse , D. D. , Krull , A. M. and McMullan , J. M. 1968 . Structure-activity-relationships among 5-MeO-DMT, 4-OH-DMT (psilocin) and other substituted tryptamines . Life Sciences , 7 : 267 – 77 .
  • Gessner , P. K. , Khairallah , P. A. and McIsaac , W. M. 1961 . Pharmacological actions of some methoxyindolealkylamines . Nature , 190 : 179 – 80 .
  • Gessner , P. K. , Khairallah , P. A. , McIsaac , W. M. and Page , I. H. 1960 . The relationship between the metabolic fate and pharmacological actions of serotonin, bufotenin and psilocybin . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 130 : 126 – 33 .
  • Gessner , P. K. and Page , I. H. 1962 . Behavior effects of 5-MeO-DMT, other tryptamines, and LSD . American Journal of Physiology , 203 : 167 – 72 .
  • Geyer , M. A. and Mandell , A. J. 1975 . Opposite effects of intraventricular serotonin and bufotenin on rat startle responses . Pharmacology. Biochemistry and Behavior , 3 : 687
  • Giannan , N. J. and Freedman , D. X. 1965 . Biochemical aspects of the actions of psychotomimetic drugs . Pharmacological Reviews , 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
  • Giesbrecht , A. M. 1960 . Anais Asso . Brasil Quimica , 19 : 117 – 19 .
  • Gillespie , A. M. 1969 . A spectrofluorometric study of selected hallucinogens . Analytical Letters , 2 : 609 – 22 .
  • Gimlette , J. D. 1929 . Malay Poisons and Charm Cures. Oxford : Oxford University Press. . 1971
  • Glennon , R. A. 1979 . Serotonin receptor binding af finities of tryptamine analogs . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 22 : 428 – 32 .
  • Glennon , R. A. and Gessner , P. K. 1975 . 463. Correlations between the activity of dimethyltryplamines as S-HT agonists and their quantum chemical parameters . Pharmacologist , 17 : 259
  • Glennon , R. A. , Gessner , P. K. , Godse , D. D. and Kline , B. J. 1979 . Bufotenine esters . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 22 : 1414 – 416 .
  • Glennon , R. A. and Rosecrans , J. A. 1982 . Indolealkylamine and phenylalkylamine hallucinogens: A brief overview . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review , 6 : 489 – 97 .
  • Goin , C. 1978 . Introduction to Herpetology. San Francisco : W.H. Freeman. .
  • Goldsmith , L. A. 1986 . Toads and psoriasis . Archives of Dermatology , 122 ( August ) : 939 – 40 .
  • Goldsmith , L. A. 1987 . Skin potions . Archives of Dermatology , 123 ( August ) : 1087 – 88 .
  • Goldstein , D. PHD Catalogue–Papers from the History of Drugs. New York, New York : Information Vending and On-Line Research. . In press, Privately published
  • Gordon , M. 1964 . Psychopharmacological Agents. Vol. 1 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Gorman , P. 1992 . Personal communication
  • Govier , W. M. , Howes , B. G. and Gibbon , A. J. 1953 . The oxidative deamination of serotonin and other 3-(Beta-amino-elhyl) indoles by monoamine oxidase and the effect of these compounds on the deamination of tyramine . Science , 118 : 596 – 97 .
  • Grainer-Doyeux , M. 1965 . Native hallucinogenic drugs: Piptedenias . Bulletin on Narcotics , 17 ( 2 ) : 29 – 38 .
  • Grant , K. 1980 . Outside the Circle of Time. London : Frederick Muller Ltd. .
  • Graves , R. 1948 . The White Goddess. New York : Farrar, Strauss & Giroux. .
  • Green , L. 1991 . Warning on toad licking . The Sun (Australia) , : D24 July 18
  • Greene , M. 1967 . Ancient Maya Relief Sculptures. New York : Graphics Society. .
  • Gregerman , R. I. 1952 . Adrenaline and hydroxytryptamine in the parotoid gland venom of the toad Bufo marinus . Journal of General Physiology , 35 : 483 – 87 .
  • Grinspoon , L. and Bakalar , J. B. 1979 . Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered. Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. .
  • Gross , H. and Franzen , F. R. 1964 . Zur bestimmung korpereigener Amine in Biologischen Sugstraten. I. Mitteilung. Beilrag zur Bestimmung von Bufotenin in menschlichen Blut und Ham . Biochemische Zeitschrift , 340 : 403 – 412 .
  • Gucchait , R. 1976 . Biogenesis of 5-MeO-DMT in human pineal gland . Journal of Neurochemistry , 26 : 187 – 90 .
  • Gunn , J. A. 1923 . Cellular immunity: Congenital and acquired tolerance to non-protein substances. Congenital tolerance of the toad to toad poison, and of the toad, snake and rat to digitalis glucosides . Physiological Reviews , 3 : 41 – 74 .
  • Gyermek , L. and Bindler , E. 1962 . Action of indolealkylamines and amidines on the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the cat . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 138 : 159 – 64 .
  • Gyermek , L. , Bindler , E. and Soffer , L. 1962 . Ganglionic stimulation by w- N-methyl derivatives of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) . Federation Proceedings , 21 : 335
  • Habermehl , G. G. 1981 . Venomous Animals and Their Toxins–Amphibians. New York : Springer-Verlag. .
  • Haddox , C. H. and Saslaw , M. S. 1963 . Urinary 5-methoxytryptamine in patients with rhuematicc fever . Journal of Clinical Investigation , 42 : 435 – 41 .
  • Haefely , W. 1974 . The effects of 5-HT and some related compounds on the cat superior cervical ganglion in situ . Archives of Pharmacology , 281 : 145 – 65 .
  • Haggard , H. W. 1929 . Devils, Drugs, and Doctors. New York : Harper & Bros. .
  • Halliwell-Phillips , J. 1856 . “ Notes to the second act of “As You Like It.’. ” . In The Works of Shakespeare. Vol. 6 , London : J.E. Adlard. .
  • Hamblin , N. 1979 . The magic toads of Cozumel . Mexicon , 3 ( 1 ) : 10 – 14 .
  • Handovsky , H. 1920 . Ein Alkaloid in Gifts von Bufo Vulgaris . Archiv. Exp. Pathol. & Pharmakol. , 86 : 138 – 58 .
  • Handschumacher , R. E. and Vane , J. R. 1967 . The relationship between the penetration of tryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine into smooth muscle and the associated contractions . British Journal of Pharmacology , 29 : 105 – 18 .
  • Harley-Mason , J. and Jackson , A. H. 1952 . A new synthesis of bufotenine . Chemistry & Industry , 1 : 954
  • Harner . 1973 . Hallucinogens and Shamanism. New York : Oxford University Press. .
  • Heizer , R. F. 1944 . Mixtum Compositum. The use of narcotic mushrooms by primitive peoples . Ciba Symposia , 5 ( 11 ) : 1713 – 716 .
  • Heller , B. 1966 . Influence of treatment with an amino oxidase inhibitor on the excretion of bufotenin and the clinical symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients . International Journal of Neuropsychiatry , 2 : 193 – 203 .
  • Heller , B. , Narasimhachari , N. , Saide , J. , Haskovec , L. and Himwich , H. E. 1970 . N-Dimethylated indoleamines in blood of acute schizophrenics . Experienlia , 25 : 503
  • Henderson , F. G. , Welles , J. S. and Chen , K. K. 1962 . Parotid secretions of Indonesian toads . Science , 136 : 775 – 76 .
  • Herpetological Information Search Systems . 1974 . Yearbook of Herpetology. H.I.S.S. Database. .
  • Himwich , W. A. and Costa , E. 1960 . Behavioral changes associated with changes in concentrations of brain serotonin . Federation Proceedings , 19 : 838 – 45 .
  • Hissink , K. 1961 . Die Tacana Stuttgart : W. Kohlhammer. . (I) Erzahlungsgut
  • Hitt , M. and Ettinger , D. D. 1986 . Toad toxicity . New England Journal of Medicine , 314 : 1517
  • Ho , B. T. , Mclsaac , W. An , R. 1970 . Biological activities of some 5-substituted N,N-DMTs, alpha-methyltryptamines, and grammines . Psychopharmacologia , 16 : 385 – 94 .
  • Hoffer , A. and Osmond , H. 1967 . The Hallucinogens. New York : Academic Press. .
  • Hofmann , A. 1963 . Psychotomimetic substances . Indian Journal of Pharmacy , 25 : 245 – 56 .
  • Holbrook , J. 1976 . North American Herpetology. Philadelphia : J. Dobson. .
  • Hollister , L. E. 1968 . Chemical Psychoses–LSD and Related Drugs. Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas. .
  • Holmstedt , B. 1967 . “ Discussion on the psychoactive action of various tryptamine derivatives. ” . In Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. , Holmstedt , B. and Kline , N. S. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. 1645
  • Holmstedt , B. , Vandenheuvel , W. , Gardner , W. and Homing , E. 1964 . Separation and identification of tryptamine-related indole bases by gas chromatography methods . Analytical Biochemistry , 8 : 151 – 57 .
  • Holmstedt , B. and Lindgren , J. E. 1967 . “ Chemical constituents and pharmacology of South American snuffs. ” . In Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. , Holmstedt , B. and Kline , N. S. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. 1645
  • Horgan , J. 1990 . Bufo abuse–a toxic toad gets licked, boiled, tee'd up and tanned . Scientific American , 263 ( 2 ) : 26 – 27 .
  • Hoshino , T. and Shimodaira , K. 1935 . Synthese des Bufotenins und uber 3-methyl-3-B-oxyathylindolenin . Annalen , 520 : 19 – 30 .
  • Hoshino , T. and Shimodaira , K. 1936 . Uber die Synthese des Bufotenine–Methyl esters (5-methoxy-N-dimelhyl-tryptamine und Bufotenins) (Synthesen in Perindol-Grupp X.F.) . Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan , 11 : 221 – 24 .
  • Hosteller , A. J. 1995 . “Aphrodisiac’ is death of four would-be Romeos . New York Daily News , : 32 November 25
  • Hosteller , J. R. and Cannon , M. S. 1974 . The anatomy of the parotoid gland in bufonidae with some histochemical findings. I . Bufo marinus. Journal of Morphology , 142 : 225 – 40 .
  • Howard , R. and Forestal , H. 1993 . Toad lickers psychosis–a warning . (Correspondence section) British Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 779 – 80 .
  • Hunt , R. R. and Brimblecombe , R. W. 1967 . Synthesis and biological activity of some ring-substituted tryptamines . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 10 : 646 – 48 .
  • Hunziker , R. 1991 . Desert discovery: The Colorado River toad . Tropical Fish Hobbyists , : 132 – 35 . July
  • Hyashi . 1911 . Senso . Deulsch. Medizinisch Wochenschrift , 37 : 624
  • Iacobucci , G. A. and Ruveda , E. A. 1964 . Bases derived from tryptamine in Argentine Piptedenia species . Phytochemistry , 3 : 465 – 67 .
  • Inger , R. F. 1958 . The vocal sac of the Colorado Rivertoad, Bufo alvarius Girard . Texas Journal of Science , 10 : 319 – 24 .
  • Isbell , H. 1956 . Letter to William J. Turner October 4. (Cited and referenced in Turner & Merlis 1959.)
  • Jacobsen , E. 1963 . The clinical pharmacology of the hallucinogens . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 4 : 480 – 503 .
  • Jensen , H. 1932 . Chemical studies on toad poisons. IV. Bufagin and cinobufagin . Science , 75 : 53 – 54 .
  • Jensen , H. 1935 . Chemical studies on toad poisons. VII . Bufo arenarum. B. regularis, and Xenopus laevis. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 57 : 1765 – 768 .
  • Jensen , H. and Chen , K. K. 1929 . A chemical study of chían su, the dried venom of the Chinese toad, with special reference to the isolation of epinephrine . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 82 : 397 – 401 .
  • Jensen , H. and Chen , K. K. 1930 . Chemical studies on toad poisons, II. Ch'an su, the dried venom of the Chinese toad . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 87 : 741 – 53 .
  • Jensen , H. and Chen , K. K. 1930 . Chemical studies on toad poisons, III. The secretion of the Tropical toad, Bufo marinus . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 87 : 755 – 59 .
  • Jensen , H. and Chen , K. K. 1932 . Chemische Studien uber kroten Gifts v. Mitteil: Die basischen Bestandteile des kroten Sekrets . Bericht Deut. Chem. Ges. , 63 : 1310 – 314 .
  • Jensen , H. and Chen , K. K. 1936 . The chemical identity of certain basic constituents present in the secretions of various species of toads . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 116 : 87 – 91 .
  • Jochelson , W. 1906 . “ The Koryak: Religion and myths. ” . In The Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Edited by: Boas , Franz . 1 – 382 . Ed. (Vol. 6). Published in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 10(Part 1)
  • Jochelson , W. 1908 . “ The Koryak. ” . In The Jesup North Pacific Expedition Edited by: Boas , Franz . 582 – 84 . Ed. (Vol. 6). Published in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 10(Part 2)
  • Kantor , R. E. , Dudlettes , S. D. and Shulgin , A. T. 1980 . 5-Methoxy-a-methyltryptamine, a hallucinogenic homolog of serotonin . Biological Psychiatry , 15 ( 2 ) : 249 – 352 .
  • Kanus , L. 1989 . Review of cane toads: An unnatural history . Library Journal , 114 : 122
  • Karkkainen , J. , Raisannen , M. Naukkarinen , H. 1988 . Urinary excretion of free bufotenin in psychiatric patients . Biological Psychiatry , 24 ( 4 ) : 441 – 46 .
  • Karkkainen , J. and Raisanen , M. 1992 . Nialamide, an MAO inhibitor, increases urinary excretion of endogenous ly produced bufotenin in man . Biological Psychiatry , 32 : 1042 – 48 .
  • Kastor , J. 1989 . Private correspondence to Thomas Lyttle
  • Kauffeld , C. K. 1943 . On Bufo alvarius . American Midland Naturalist , 29 ( 2 ) : 342 – 59 .
  • Kelly , J. M. and Adamson , H. R. 1973 . A comparison of common interatomic distances in serotonin and some hallucinogenic drugs . Pharmacology , 10 : 28 – 31 .
  • Kennedy , A. B. 1982 . Ecce Bufo: The toad in nature and in Olmec iconography . Current Anthropology , 23 ( 3 ) : 273 – 90 .
  • Kent , J. 1994 . The truth about toad licking . Psychedelic Illuminations , Winter
  • Kieval , R. S. , Butler , V. P. , Derguini , F. , Brueing , R. C. and Rosen , M. R. 1988 . Cellular electrophysiologic effects of vertebrate digitalis-like substances . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 11 ( 3 ) : 637 – 43 .
  • King , W. and Krakauer , T. 1966 . The exotic Herpetofauna of Southern Florida . Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science , 29 : 144 – 54 .
  • Kinghom , J. R. 1938 . The giant toad Bufo marinus in Australia . Australian Museum Magazine , 6 ( 12 ) : 410 – 11 .
  • Klapp , E. and Bauer , W. 1991 . Der Fliegenpilz. Mussen , Germany : Ein Kulthistorisches Museum/Wienand Verlag. .
  • Kleps , A. 1971 . The Boo-Hoo Bible. San Cristobal , New Mexico : Toad Books. .
  • Kline , T. B. , Benington , Morin R.D. and Beaton , J. M. 1982 . Structure- acuvity-relationships of potentially hallucinogenic N,N-dialkyltryptamines substituted in the benzene moiety . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 25 : 908 – 13 .
  • Ko , R. J. , Greenwald , M. S. Loscutoff , S. M. 1996 . Lethal ingestion of Chinese herbal lea containing ch'an su (toad toxin) . Western Journal of Medicine , 164 ( January ) : 71 – 75 .
  • Kostowski , W. , Rewerski , W. and Piechocki , T. 1972 . II. The effects of some hallucinogens on aggressiveness of mice and rats . Pharmacology , 7 : 259 – 63 .
  • Krajick , K. 1992 . Vision quest . Newsweek , : 62 – 63 . June 15
  • Krakauer , T. 1968 . The ecology of the neotropical toad. Bufo marinus, in South Florida . Herpetologica , 24 : 214 – 21 .
  • Krasheninnikov , S. P. 1972 . Explorations of Kamchatka, North Pacific Scimitar. Report of a Journey Made to Explore Eastern Siberia in 1735–1741, by Order of the Russian Imperial Government. Portland , Oregon : Oregon Historical Society. . Translated with introduction and notes by E.A.P. Crownhart-Vaughn
  • Krippner , S. 1968 . “ The psychedelic artist. ” . In Psychedelic Art. Edited by: Masters , R. E. L. and Houston , J. New York : Grove Press. .
  • Kroeger , P. Give 'em a Licking and They'll Keep on Ticking? . Mushroom, The Journal , 4 37 – 38 . (Vancouver, British Columbia) (Winter 1990–91). [Letter]
  • Kysilka , R. and Wurst , M. 1989 . High performance liquid chromatographic determination of some psychotropic indole derivatives . Journal of Chromatography , 464 ( 2 ) : 434 – 37 .
  • LaBarre , W. 1970 . The Ghost Dance: Origins of Religion. Garden City, New York
  • Lasagna , L. 1951 . Detection of norepinephrine in the parotid gland secretion of Bufo agua . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 78 : 876 – 78 .
  • Langemann , H. 1954 . 5-Hydroxytryptamine als anticholinesterase . Helvetica Physiologica et Pharmacologica Acta , 12 : c28
  • Lee , H. M. and Chen , K. K. 1951a . The occurrence of norepinephrine in the Chinese load venom . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 102 : 286 – 90 .
  • Lee , H. M. and Chen , K. K. 1951b . Occurrence of norepinephrine in toad venom . Federation Proceedings , 10 : 318
  • Lee , M. and Schlain , B. 1986 . Acid Dreams. New York : Grove Press. .
  • Leeser , O. 1959 . Bufo . British Homeopathic Journal , 48 ( 3 ) : 176 – 88 .
  • Leikin , J. B. , Crantz , A. Zell-Kanter , M. 1989 . Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs . Med. Toxicol. Adverse Drug Exp. , 4 ( 5 ) : 324 – 50 .
  • Lemer , A. B. , Case , J. D. and Takahashi , Y. 1960 . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 235 : 1992
  • Lessin , A. W. , Long , R. F. and Parkes , M. W. 1967 . The central stimulant properties of some substituted indolcalkylamines and beta-carbolines and their activities as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and the uptake of serotonin . British Journal of Pharmacology , 29 : 70 – 79 .
  • Lewis , S. and Lewis , M. 1989 . Cane Toads–An Unnatural History. New York : Dolphin, Doubleday. . (Based on a film by Mark Lewis.)
  • Licht , L. E. 1967 . Death following possible ingestion of toad eggs . Toxicon , 5 : 141 – 12 .
  • Lichstein , D. , Gati , I. and Ovadia , H. 1993 . Digitalis-like compounds in the toad bufo viridis–interactions with plasma proteins . Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology , 22 ( suppl. ) : S102 – S105 .
  • Lichstein , D. , Kachalsky , S. and Deutsch , J. 1986 . Identification of a Ouabain-like compound in toad skin and plasma as a bufodienolide derivative . Life Sciences , 38 : 1261 – 270 .
  • Lowy , B. 1971 . New records of mushroom stones from Guatemala . Mycologia , 73 ( 5 ) : 983 – 93 .
  • LutZ , B. 1971 . “ Venomous toads and frogs. ” . In Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Edited by: Buchcrl , W. and Buckely , E. E. Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Lyttle , T. 1989a . Ding-based religions and contemporary drug taking . Journal of Drug Issues , 18 ( 2 ) : 271 – 84 .
  • Lyttle , T. 1989b . Letter from Jacaeber Kastor Personal communication
  • Lyttle , T. 1993 . Misuse and legend in the “toad-licking’ phenomena . International Journal of the Addictions , 28 ( 6 ) : 521 – 38 .
  • Lyttle , T. and Montagne , M. 1992 . Drugs, music and ideology: A social pharmacological interpretation of the Acid House phenomena . International Journal of the Addictions , 27 ( 10 ) : 1159 – 177 .
  • 1994 . Toad venom . Entheogen Review , 3 ( 1 ) : 13 M. S.
  • Mack , R. B. 1990 . Kiss me and the world is mine: Toad toxins . North Carolina Medical Journal , 51 ( 8 ) : 375 – 77 .
  • Mahler , D. S. and Humoller , F. L. 1959 . Effect of LSD and bufoteninc on performance in trained rats . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 102 : 697 – 701 .
  • Maire , F. W. and Hixon , A. C. 1966 . Behavioral and performance changes in trained rats following bufolenin injection . International Journal of Neuropsychiatry , 2 : 135 – 42 .
  • Mandell , A. J. 1973 . Neurological barriers to euphoria . American Scientist , 61 : 565 – 73 .
  • Mandell , A. J. , Buckingham , B. and Segal , D. 1971 . “ Behavioral, metabolic and enzymatic studies of a brain indoleethylamine-N-methylating system. ” . In Brain Chemistry and Mental Disease. Edited by: Ho , B. T. and Mclsaac , W. M. New York : Plenum. .
  • Mann , F. 1959 . The homeopathic toad . British Homeopathic Journal , 48 ( 3 ) : 189 – 91 .
  • Marki , F. , Axelrod , J. and Witkop , B. 1962 . Catecholamines and methyl transferases in the South American Toad, Bufo marinas . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 58 : 367 – 69 .
  • Marki , F. , Robertson , A. V. and Witkop , B. 1961 . Dehydrobufotenine, a novel type of tricyclic serotonin metabolite from Bufo marinus . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 83 : 3341 – 342 .
  • Matsui , H. and Schwartz , A. 1968 . Mechanism of cardiac glucoside inhibition of the (Na+ - K+)-depcndcnt ATP-ase from cardiac tissue . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 151 : 655 – 63 .
  • Mattison , C. 1987 . Frogs and Toads of the World. New York : Facts on File. .
  • Maurer , A. 1981 . Ancient psychedelics . Omni , : 38 August
  • McKenna , T. 1989 . [Review of video recording] Cane Toads: An Unnatural History by Mark Lewis . Library Journal , 114 : 122
  • McKim , W. 1986 . Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology. New Jersey : Prentice Hall. .
  • McLeod , W. R. and Sitaram , B. R. 1985 . Bufotenine reconsidered . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 72 : 447 – 50 .
  • Meyer , K. 1949 . Uber herzaktize Krotenngifte (bufogenin). (Constitution–des Bufotalius . Helvetica Chimica Acta , 32 : 1993 – 2003 .
  • Meyer , K. 1966 . Cardiotoxic steroids from toads . Memoirs Institute Butanlan , 33 : 433 – 40 .
  • Meyer , K. and Linde , H. 1971 . “ Collection of toad venoms and chemistry of the toad venom steroids. ” . In Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Edited by: Bucherl , W. and Buckely , L. E. Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Michl , H. and Kaiser , E. 1963 . Chemie und Biochemic der Amphibiengifte . Toxicon , 1 : 175 – 228 .
  • Migliaccio , G. P. , Shieh , T. N. , Byron , S. R. , Hathaway , B. A. and Nichols , D. E. 1981 . Comparison of solution conformational preferences for the hallucinogens bufotenin and psilocin using 360 Mhz. Proton NMR spectroscopy . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 24 : 206 – 9 .
  • Miller , R. A. 1985 . The Magical and Ritual Use of Aphrodisiacs. London : Destiny. .
  • Moffat , A. C. 1980 . Forensic pharmacognosy–poisoning with plants . Journal of the Forensic Science Society , 20 : 103 – 8 .
  • Monroe , P. J. , Smith , D. L. , Williams , G. M. and Smith , D. J. 1994 . Bufotenine has a parachloroamphetamine-like action on the storage and release of serotonin in rat spinal-cord synaptosomes . Biogenic Amines , 10 ( 3 ) : 273 – 84 .
  • Montgomery , C. 1990 . Druggies find new way to get high: They lick toads . Weekly World News , : 6 Oct. 28
  • Morgan , A. 1987 . Who put the toad in toadstool? . New Scientist Januaary 1: 44–47. [Adapted and excerpted in Capital Mushroomers, The Newsletter of the Mycological Association of Washington, D.C., March/April and May/June 1990. Reprinted by The Spore Print, the Newsletter of the Los Angeles Mycological Society, July 1990. Reprinted by Mycophile, the Newsletter of the North American Mycological Association , 31 ( 4 ) : 2 – 4 . July/August 1990
  • Most , A. 1984 . Bufo Alvarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert. Denton , Texas : Venom Press. .
  • Most , A. 1985 . Advertisement for the Church of the Toad of Light T-shirts (from the collection of T. Lyttle)
  • Most , A. 1988 . The Handbook for the Serious Toad Collector. Denton , Texas : Venom Press. .
  • Mugger . 1989 . Colorado River load licking . New York Press , : 4 August 11
  • Mungomery , R. W. 1935 . The giant American toad–Bufo marinus . Cane Growers Quarterly Bulletin , 3 : 21 – 27 .
  • Mungomery , R. W. 1937 . The present situation regarding the giant American toad in Queensland . (Abstract) Cane Growers Quarterly Bulletin , 5 : 12
  • Munse , E. F. 1909 . The cutaneous glands of the common toads . American Journal of Anatomy , 9 : 32
  • Musgrave , M. E. 1930 . Bufo alvarius, a poisonous toad . Copeia , 173 : 96 – 98 .
  • Nadkami , K. 1955 . Indian Materia Medica. Vols. 1 & 2 , Bombay : Popular Press. .
  • Narasimhachari , N. , Heller , B. Spaide , J. 1971 . Urinary studies of schizophrenics and controls . Biological Psychiatry , 3 : 9 – 20 .
  • Narasimhachari , N. , Bauman , P. Pak , H. 1974 . Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of urinary bufotenin and DMT in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients . Biological Psychiatry , 8 : 293 – 305 .
  • Norland , R. H. 1976 . What's in a Mushroom? Portland , Oregon : Pear Tree Press. .
  • Oka , K. , Kantrowitz , J. D. and Spector , S. 1985 . Isolation of morphine from toad skin . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 82 ( March ) : 1852 – 54 .
  • Okada , M. 1966 . Pharmacology of the components of toad venom and allied substances . Memoirs Institute Butantan , 33 : 589 – 602 .
  • Oliver , J. A. 1949 . The peripatetic toad . Natural History , 58 ( 1 ) : 29 – 33 .
  • Olsen , S. 1978 . “ Vertebrate faunal remains from Seibal. ” . In Excavations at Seibal I. Cambridge , Massachusetts : Museum of Archeology and Ethnology. .
  • Ortenburger , A. I. and Ortenburger , R. D. 1927 . Field observations on some amphibians and reptiles of Pima County, Arizona . Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science , 6 : 101 – 3 .
  • O'Shea , B. 1990 . A year of political pageantry and toad-licking . Atlanta Constitution , : C5a March 11
  • O'Shea , P. , Speare , R. and Thomas , A. D. 1990 . Salmonellas from the Cane Toad, Bufo marinus . Australian Veterinary Journal , 67 ( 8 ) : 310
  • Otani , A. , Palumbo , N. and Read , G. 1969 . Pharmacodynamics and treatment of mammals poisoned by Bufo marinus toxin . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 30 : 1865 – 872 .
  • Ott , J. 1993 . Pharmacotheon. Kenniwick , Washington : Natural Products Co. .
  • Pachler , I. J. , Zacharias , D. E. and Ribeiro , O. 1959 . Indole alkaloids of Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple), Dictyloma incanescens, Piptedenia colubrina, and Mimosa hostilis . Journal of Organic Chemistry , 24 : 1285 – 287 .
  • Page , I. and McCubbin , J. 1953 . The variable arterial pressure response to serotonin in laboratory animals and man . Circulatory Research , 1 : 354 – 62 .
  • Page , I. 1954 . Serotonin . Psychological Review , 34 : 563 – 88 .
  • Page , I . 1957 . Chemistry of the brain . Science , 25 : 721 – 27 .
  • Palumbo , N. E. and Perri , S. 1976 . “ Toad poisoning. ” . In Current Veterinary Therapy, Vol. 6: Small Animal Practice. Edited by: Kirk , R. W.
  • Palumbo , N. E. , Perri , S. and Read , G. 1975 . Experimental induction and treatment of toad poisoning in the dog . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 167 : 1000 – 5 .
  • Park , E. 1990 . Way down under, it's revenge of the (yech!) Cane toads . Smithsonian Magazine , 21 : 138 – 142 . 144 – 145 .
  • Pemberton , C. E. 1934 . Local investigations on the introduced tropical American toad, Bufo marinus . Hawaiian Planter's Record , 38 : 186 – 92 .
  • Pemberton , C. E. 1949 . Longevity of the tropical American toad, Bufo marinus L . Science , 110 : 512
  • Perry , T. L. , Shaw , K. N. F. , Walker , D. and Redlich , D. 1962 . Urinary excretion of amines in normal children . Pediatrics , 30 : 576 – 84 .
  • Pettit , G. R. 1970 . Structure of the Bufodienolide Bufotalin . Chem. Comm. , 1 : 1566 – 567 .
  • Pettit , G. R. , Camano , W. Draser , P. 1987 . Synthesis of bufalitoxin and bufotoxin . Journal of Organic Chemistry , 52 : 3573 – 578 .
  • Physalix , C. and Bert rand , G. 1893a . Recherches sur la toxicite du saug du crapaud commun. Contribution a I'etude de la secretion interne de glandes a venin . Archives Physiologie Normale elPalhologique , 5 : 511
  • Physalix , C. and Bertrand , G. 1893b . Toxite comparee du sang et du venin de crapaud commun (Bufo vulg.), consideree au pointe de vue secretion intern des glands cutanees de cet animal . Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences , 116 : 1080 – 83 . (May 8)
  • Physalix , C. and Bertrand , G. 1893c . Venin de Crapaud Commun. (Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie 45:477). Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie 54:932–934 . Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences , 135 : 46
  • Physalix , C. and Bertrand , G. 1902a . Sur les principes actifs du venin de crapaud commun (Bufo vulgaris L.) . Bulletin de Science et Pharmacologic , 5 : 211
  • Physalix , C. and Bertrand , G. 1902b . Sur les principes actifs du venin de crapaud commun (Bufo vulgaris L.) . Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences , 135 ( July 11 )
  • Pickering , P. 1982 . Toad's law and the magic mushroom . London Times , : 6g August 30
  • Podolsky , E. 1934 . Medicines from toads . American Scholar , 3 : 201 – 205 .
  • Poisindex . 1991 . Toxins: Toxicological management . Micromedix Index , : 18 (69)
  • Pohl , M. 1976 . Ethnozoology of the Maya: An Analysis of the Fauna from Five Sites in the Paten, Guatemala. , Ph.D. diss Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University. .
  • Porter , G. 1967 . The World of the Frog and the Toad. New York : Lippincott. .
  • Porter , K. R. and Porter , W. F. 1967 . Venom comparisons and relationships of twenty species of New World toads (genus Bufo) . Copeia ns. , 2 : 298 – 307 .
  • Porto , A. M. , Baralle , F. E. and Gros , E. G. 1972 . III. Biosynthesis of bufodienolides in toads . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry , 3 : 11 – 17 .
  • Porto , A. M. and Gros , E. G. 1971 . Biosynthesis of the bufodienolide marinobufagin in toads, Bufo paracnemis from cholesterol-20–14C . Experientia , 27 : 506
  • Powell , C. E. , Swanson , E. E. and Chen , K. K. 1955 . The pharmacologic action of indole compounds . Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association , 44 : 399 – 404 .
  • Presley , D. 1990 . Toad licking poses threat to youth of America . Weekly World News , : 5 July 11
  • Prichard , C. 1919 . An Analysis of Egyptian Mythology. London : Cook. .
  • Public Law . 91 – 513 . The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. Oct. 27, 1970: Schedule 1. Part D, No. 9: Bufotenine (Part C, No. 8=Ibogaine), and U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 1985, Revised April 1987. Title 21, 1308.11=Schedule 1, Part D, No. 9: Bufotenin (No. 12: Ibogaine)
  • Ragonesi , D. L. 1990 . The boy who was all hopped up . Contemporary Pediatrica , 1 : 91 – 94 .
  • Raisanen , M. and Karkkainan , J. 1979 . Mass fragmentographic quantification of urinary N,N-DMT and bufotenine . Journal of Chromatography , 162 : 579 – 84 .
  • Raisanen , M. , Virakunen , M. Huttenen , M. 1984 . Increased urinary excretion of bufotenin by violent offenders with paranoid symptoms and family violence . Lancet , 3 : 700 – 1 .
  • Ramsbottom , J. 1953 . Mushrooms and Toadstools. London : Collins. .
  • Rapport , M. M. , Green , A. A. and Page , I. H. 1948 . Crytalline serotinin . Science , 108 : 329
  • Ratcliffe , F. 1971 . The effect of mescaline and bufotenine on some central actions of noradrenaline . Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie , 194 : 147 – 57 .
  • Rauzzino , F. J. and Seifter , J. 1967 . Potentiation and antagonism of biogenic amines . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 157 : 143 – 48 .
  • Ray , C. C. 1994 . Q and A. Frogs and toads . New York Times , : 10 November 15
  • Raymond-Hamet . 1941 . Sur l'action vasculaire locale de la bufotenine . Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie , 135 : 1414 – 416 .
  • Raymond-Hamet . 1942a . Sur les effets vasculaire de la bufotenine introduite dans la circulation generale . Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences , 214 : 506 – 8 .
  • Raymond-Hamet . 1942b . Sur la macanisme de l'action vasoconstrictries de la bufotenine . Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences , 214 : 687 – 88 .
  • Raymond-Hamet . 1943a . Effets tenseurs de la bufotenidine avant et apres yohimbinisation . Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie , 137 : 744 – 46 .
  • Raymond-Hamet . 1943b . Sur la bufotenidine, principe extremement actif du venin du crapaud comun . Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie , 137 : 74 – 75 .
  • Rech , R. H. and Moore , K. E. 1971 . An Introduction to Psychopharmacology. New York : Raven Press. .
  • Reed , D. 1994 . Man gets high on toad, narcotics agents are not amused . San Francisco Chronicle , : A17 122 Jan. 29
  • Reuters (Vancouver) . 1991 . High toads . London Times , : 8h August 1
  • Reynolds , J. E. F. 1989 . Bufotenin . Martindale–The Extra Pharmacopoeia , : 1550
  • Richards , B. 1994 . Toad smoking gains on toad licking among drug users; Toxic, hallucinogenic venom, squeezed, dried and puf fed, has others turned off . Wall Street Journal , : A1 A8 March 7
  • Riedlinger , T. 1987 . The Sacred Mushroom Seeker. Washington : Dioscorides Press. .
  • Riedlinger , T. 1992 . Drawing of the toad/brain (from the collection of Thomas Lyttle)
  • Riemer , W. J. 1959 . Giant toads of Florida . Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science , 21 : 207 – 11 .
  • Rinaldi , F. 1954 . The effects of two anti-serotonin substances, bas and dab, and of bufotenine on the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 126 : 272
  • Robin , P. 1970 . Animal Lore in English Literature. London : Folcroft Press. .
  • Rodnight , R. 1956 . Separation and characterization of urinary indoles resembling 5-HT and tryptamine . Biochemical Journal , 64 : 621 – 26 .
  • Root , G. 1990 . First, the bad news, toad-licking will not get you high . [Letter] New Times , (Miami, Florida)
  • Rose , J. 1973 . Herbs and Things: Jean Roses' Herbal. New York : Workman Publishing. .
  • Roth , H. L. 1887 . The Aborigines of Hispaniola . Journal of the Royal Anthropology Institute (Great Britain and Ireland) , 16 : 247 – 86 .
  • Roth , W. An inquiry into the animism and folklore of the Guiana Indians . 30th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology . pp. 1908
  • Runge , T. M. , Lara , F. Y , Thorman , M. T. , Keyes , J. W. and Hoerster , S. H. Jr. 1966 . Search for a bufotenin-like substance in the urine of schizophrenics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 142 : 470 – 74 .
  • Russell , J. 1972 . Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press. .
  • Ruthven , A. G. 1907 . Article 23. A collection of reptiles and amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 23 : 483 – 511 .
  • 1959 . Toads in Shakespeare . British Homeopathic Journal , 48 ( 3 ) : 195 S. D.
  • Saavedra , J. M. and Udabe , U. 1970 . Quantitative assay of bufotenine in psychiatric outpatients . Psychosomatics , 11 : 90 – 94 .
  • Sabath , M. D. , Boughton , W. C. and Easteal , S. 1981 . Expansion of the range of the introduced toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia from 1935 to 1974 . Copeia , : 677 – 80 .
  • Safford , W. E. 1916 . Identify of Cohoba, the narcotic snuff of Ancient Haiti . Journal of the Washington Academy of Science , 6 : 548 – 62 .
  • Salmoiraghi , G. C. and Page , I. H. 1957 . Effects of LSD-25, 2-Brom-LSD, bufotenin, mescaline, and ibogainc on the potentiation of hexabarhitol hypnosis produced by serotonin and reserpine . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 120 : 20 – 25 .
  • Sanders , E. and Bush , M. T. 1967 . Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of bufotenin in the rat with preliminary studies of its O-methyl-derivative . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 158 : 340 – 52 .
  • Sanders-Bush , E. , Oates , J. A. and Bush , M. T. 1976 . Metabolism of bufotenin 2–14C in human volunteers . Life Science , 19 : 1407 – 412 .
  • Sauneron , S. 1960 . The Priests of Ancient Egypt. New York : Grove. .
  • Savitzkaya , E. 1986 . Bufo Bufo Bufo. Paris : Editions de Minuit. .
  • Schultes , R. E. 1979 . Plants of the Gods. New York : Alfred Van Der Marck. .
  • Schultes , R. E. and Hofmann , A. 1973 . The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens. Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas. .
  • Schmetzer , U. 1993 . Sport of Queensland . Chicago Tribune , : 12 – 6a . March 14
  • Schweigerdt , A. K. and Himwich , H. E. 1964 . An electrographic analysis of bufotenin and 5-hydroxytryptophan . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 144 : 253 – 59 .
  • Scot , R. 1972 . The Discovery of Witchcraft. New York : Dover Press. .
  • Seager , L. D. , Murphree , O. D. and Monroe , B. 1965 . Behavioral changes in the rat induced by subacute and convulsive doses of digitoxin . International Journal of Neuropsychiatry , 1 : 388 – 90 .
  • Secrest , D. K. 1990 . Bill gets hopping on ways to lick toad drug problem . Atlanta Journal and Constitution , : D1f February 13
  • Sedvall , G. 1990 . Monoamines and schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 82 ( Suppl. 358 ) : 7 – 13 .
  • Seligman , K. 1989 . The latest high–warts and all–thrill seekers risk death to lick toads . San Francisco Examiner , : A1 A10 May 29
  • Shear , M. K. and Sacks , M. H. 1978 . Digitalis delirium: Report of two cases . American Journal of Psychiatry , 135 ( 1 ) : 109 – 10 .
  • Shimizu , S. 1916 . Pharmacological and chemical studies on Senso, the dried venom of the Chinese toad . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 8 : 347 – 83 .
  • Shimoni , Y. , Gutsman , M. Deutsch , J. Endogenous Ouhain-like compound increases heart muscle contractility . Nature , 307 369 – 71 .
  • Shipley , P. G. and Wislocki , G. B. 1915 . The histology of the poison glands of Bufo agua and its bearing on the formation of epinephrine within the glands . Carnegie Institute Contributions to Embryology , 3 ( 9 ) : 71 – 90 .
  • Shoemaker , V. H. 1964 . The effects of dehydration on electrolyte concentrations in a toad, Bufo marinus . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 13 : 261 – 71 .
  • Shoemaker , V. H. and Nagy , K. A. 1977 . Osmoreglation in amphibians and reptiles . Annual Review of Physiology , 39 : 449 – 71 .
  • Shook , E. and Kidder , A. 1952 . Kidder Mound No. E-III-3 . American Anthropology and History , (53), Publication No. 596
  • Shulgin , A. T. 1981 . Bufotenine . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 13 ( 4 ) : 389
  • Shulgin , A. T. 1988 . The Controlled Substances Act. Lafayette , California (Privately published.)
  • Shulgin , A. and Shulgin , A. 1991 . Pihkal: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley , California : Transform Press. .
  • Siegel , D. M. and McDaniel , S. H. 1991 . The frog prince: Tale and toxicology . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 61 ( 4 ) : 558 – 62 .
  • Siegel , M. 1965 . A sensitive method for the detection of N,N-dimethylserotonin (bufotenin) in urine: Failure to demonstrate its presence in the urine of schizophrenic and normal subjects . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 3 : 205 – 11 .
  • Siperstein , M. D. , Murray , A. W. and Titus , E. 1957 . Biosynthesis of cardiotoxic sterols from cholesterol in the load, Bufo marinus . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 67 : 154 – 60 .
  • Sireix , D. W. and Marini , F. A. 1969 . Bufotenine in human urine . Biological Psychiatry , 1 : 189 – 91 .
  • Sitaram , B. R. , Blackman , G. L. McLeod , W. R. 1983 . Ion-pair extraction, purification, and liquid chromotographic analysis of indolealkylamincs in human urine . Analytical Biochemistry , 128 : 11 – 20 .
  • Sitaram , B. R. and McLeod , W. R. 1990 . Observations on the metabolism of the psychotomimetic indolealkylamines. Implications for future clinical studies . Biological Psychiatry , 28 ( 10 ) : 841 – 48 .
  • Smythies , J. R. 1960 . Survey of the biochemistry of psychosis . Lancet , 1 : 1287
  • Snyder , S. H. and Merril , C. R. 1965 . A relationship between the hallucinogenic activity of drugs and their electronic configuration . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 54 : 258 – 66 .
  • Snyder , S. H. and Richelson , E. 1968 . Psychedelic drugs: Steric factors that predict psychotropic activity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 60 : 206 – 13 .
  • Speeter , M. E. 1955 . U.S. Patent 2,708,197
  • Speeter , M. E. and Anthony , W. C. 1954 . The action of oxalyl chloride on indoles: A new approach to tryptamines . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 76 : 6208 – 210 .
  • Spoerke , D. G. and Hail , A. H. 1990 . Plants and mushrooms of abuse . Emergency Medical Clinics of North America , 8 ( 3 ) : 579 – 93 .
  • Stafford , P. 1978 . Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Berkeley , California : Ronin. . [1983, 1992]
  • Starchild , A. 1991 . Toad-ally outrageous . High Times , : 23 July
  • Steveson , T. C. , Jennett , C. L. and Dores , R. M. 1990 . Detection of N-acetylated form of beta-endorphin and non-acctylated alpha-MSH in the intermediate pituitary of the toad, Bufo marinus . Peptides , 11 ( 4 ) : 797 – 803 .
  • Stijve , T. 1979 . Bufotenine concentrations in carpophores of Amanita citrina (Schff.) S.F. Gray . Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hvg. , 70 : 246 – 53 .
  • Stohler , R. 1945 . Toads in the Marianas . Science , 101 : 678
  • Stoll , A. , Troxler , F. , Peyer , J. and Hofmann , A. 1955 . Fine Neue Synthese von Bufotenin und Verwandten Oxy-tryptamin . Helvetica Chimica Acta , 38 : 1452 – 472 .
  • Stowe , B. 1959 . Occurrence and metabolism of simple indoles in plants . Forschrift Chemische Or gam Nalursloffc , 17 : 248 – 97 .
  • Strassman , R. J. 1984 . Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs: A review of the literature . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 172 ( 10 ) : 577 – 95 .
  • Strassman , R. J. 1991 . Human hallucinogenic drug research in the United States: A present-day case history and review of the process . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 23 ( 1 ) : 29 – 38 .
  • Strassman , R. J. 1991 . The pineal gland: Current evidence for its role in consciousness . Psychedelic Monographs and Essays , 5 : 166 – 205 .
  • Strassman , R. J. 1992 . Subjective effects of DMT and the development of the hallucinogen rating scale . Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies Newsletter , 3 ( 2 ) : 8 – 12 .
  • Street , M. 1990 . Toad licker busted . Weekly World News , : 9 March 13
  • Stromberg , V. L. 1954 . The isolation of bufotenine from Piptadenia perigrina . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 76 : 1707
  • Stutley , M. 1980 . Ancient Indian Magic and Folklore. Boulder , Colorado : Great Eastern Press. .
  • Sullivan , B. K. and Malmos , K. B. 1994 . Call variation in the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius). Behavioral and phylogenetic implications . Herpetologia , 50 ( 2 ) : 146 – 56 .
  • Summers , M. 1973 . A Popular History of Witchcraft. New York : Causeway. .
  • Szara , S. 1967 . The hallucinogenic drugs–Curse or blessing? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 123 : 1513 – 51 .
  • Szara , S. 1968 . Psychopharmacology–A Review of Progress, 1957–1967 Edited by: Efron , D. F. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. 1836
  • Taborsky , R. G. and McIsaac , W. M. 1964 . The relationship between the metabolic fate and pharmacological action of 5-MeO-N-methyltryptamine . Biochemical Pharmacology , 13 : 531 – 52 .
  • Taborsky , R. G. , Delvigs , P. , Palak , D. and Bumpus , M. 1967 . Synthesis and pharmacology of some hydroxylated Irypamines . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry , 10 : 403 – 7 .
  • Takeda , N. , Ikeda , R. , Ohba , K. and Kondo , M. 1995 . Bufotenine reconsidered as a diagnostic indicator of psychiatric disorders . Neuroreport , 6 : 2378 – 80 .
  • Talbot , G. and Vining , L. 1963 . Pigments and other extractives from carpophores of Amanita muscaria . Canadian Journal of Botany , 41 : 639 – 47 .
  • Tanimukai , H. , Ginther , R. , Spaide , J. and Himwich , H. E. 1967 . Psychotomimetic indole compound in the urine of schizophrenics and mentally defective patients . Nature , 216 : 490 – 99 .
  • Tanimukai , H. , Ginther , R. , Spaide , J. , Bueno , J. R. and Himwich , H. E. 1970 . Detection of psychotomimetic N,N-dimethylated indoleamines in the urine of four schizophrenic patients . British Journal of Psychiatry , 117 : 421 – 30 .
  • Taylor , E. H. and Wright , J. S. 1932 . The toad Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) in Texas . University of Kansas Science Bulletin , 20 : 247 – 49 .
  • Thomson , A. 1991 . Kissing a frog, yes, but licking a toad? . London Times , : 12d August 2
  • Thompson , J. E. S. 1954 . The Rise and Fall of the Maya Civilization. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. .
  • Thompson , J. E. S. 1970 . Maya History and Religion. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. . [1976]
  • Thomdike , L. 1923 . A History of Magic and Experimental Sciences. Vols. 1 & 2 , New York : Columbia University Press. .
  • Thorsen , A. P. 1948 . Amanita muscaria and the Fury of the Berserks. (In Norwegian and English) . Friesia , 3 : 333 – 51 .
  • Torres , C. M. , Repke , D. B. , Chan , K. , McKenna , D. , Llagostera , A. and Schultes , R. E. 1991 . Snuff powders from Prehispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and contextual analysis . Current Anthropology , 32 ( 5 ) : 640 – 49 .
  • Toynbee , J. 1973 . Animals in Roman Life and Art. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press. .
  • Trebay , G. 1990 . Mexican standoff: Carlo McCormick's bad trip . New York Village Voice , : 19 July 10
  • Turner , W. J. and Merlis , S. 1959 . Effect of some indolealkylamines on man . AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 81 : 121 – 29 .
  • Twarog , B. M. and Page , I. H. 1953 . The serotonin contents of some mammalian tissues and urine and method for its determination . American Journal of Physiology , 175 : 157
  • Tyler , V. E. Jr. 1958 . Pilzatropine, the ambiguous alkaloid . American Journal of Pharmacy , 130 : 264 – 69 .
  • Tyler , V. E. Jr. 1961 . Indole derivatives in certain North American mushrooms . Lloydia , 24 : 71 – 74 .
  • Tyler , V. E. Jr. and Groger , D. 1964 . Investigation of the alkaloids of Amanita species, I . Amanita muscaria. Planta Medica , 12 : 334 – 39 .
  • Tyler , V. E. Jr. and Groger , D. 1964 . Investigations of the alkaloids of Amanita species. II . Amanita citrina and Amanita porphyria. Planta Medica , 12 : 397 – 403 .
  • Udenfriend , S. , Clark , C. and Titus , E. 1952 . The presence of serotonin in the venom of Bufo marinus . Experientia , 8 : 379 – 80 .
  • Ueda , M. , Takahashi , S. and Mineshita , T. 1957 . Pharmacological studies on bufotenidine . Annual Report Shionogi Research Lab , 7 : 109 – 2 .
  • Urscheler , H. , Tamm , C. and Reichsteinn , T. 1955 . Die giftooffe der Europaizchen erdkrots Bufo Bufo Bufo L . Helvetica Chimica Acta , 38 : 883 – 905 .
  • Usdin , E. and Efron , D. H. 1957 . Psychotropic Drugs and Related Compounds. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 1589
  • Uzelac , E. 1990 . Seattle Times , (Reprinted from the Baltimore Sun) A desperation high: Crack? Coke? Croak!, January 30
  • van Order , R. B. and Lindwall , J. G. 1942 . Indole . Chem. Rev. , 30 : 69 – 96 .
  • van Volkenberg , H. L. 1935 . Biological control of an insect pest by a toad . Science , 82 : 278 – 79 .
  • Vane , J. R. 1959 . The relative activities of some tryptamine analogues on the isolated rat stomach strip preparaton . British Journal of Pharmacology , 14 : 87 – 98 .
  • Vogel , W. H. and Evans , B. D. 1977 . Structure-activity-relationships of certain hallucinogenic substances based on brain levels . Life Sciences , 20 : 1629 – 636 .
  • Volker , T. 1950 . The Animal in Far Eastern Art. Leiden , Germany : E.J. Brill. .
  • von Winning , H. 1969 . A toad effigy vessel from Nayarit . The Masterkey , 43 ( 1 ) : 29 – 32 .
  • Vulpian , E. F. A. 1854 . Sur le venin du crapaud . Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie , 2 ( 1 ) : 133
  • Vulpian , E. F. A. 1856 . Etude physiologique des venins du crapaud, du triton et de la salamandre terrestre . Comptes Rendus de Societe de Biologie , 3 : 125
  • Waite , F. C. 1901 . Bufo agua in the Bermudas . Science , 13 : 342
  • Wallis , C. 1983 . Zombies: Do they exist? Yes, says a Harvard scientist, who offers an explanation . Time , 122 : 60
  • Wassen , H. 1934 . The frog in Indian mythology and the imaginative world . Anthropos , 29 : 613 – 58 .
  • Wassen , H. 1934 . The frog motif among the South American Indians . Anthropos , 29 : 319 – 70 .
  • Wasson , R. G. 1967 . “ Fly agaric and man. ” . In Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. , Holmstedt , B. and Kline , N. S. Washington , D.C. : U.S. GPO. . U.S. Public Health Service Publ. 1645
  • Wasson , R. G. 1968 . Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. New York : Harcourt, Brace & World. .
  • Wasson , R. G. 1980 . The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycology in Meso America. New York : McGraw Hill. .
  • Weaver , M. 1972 . The Aztecs, Maya and their Predecessors. New York : Seminar Press. .
  • Wedeck , H. E. 1960 . Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs. New York : Citadel Press. .
  • Weidman , H. and Cerletti , A. 1959 . Zur pharmakodynamischen Differentica Phamiacologica Ierung dur 4-Oxyindole Derivative Psilocybin und Psilocin im Vergleicch mit 5-Oxy-indole Coppem (Serotonin-Bufotenin) . Helvetica Physiol. Acta , 17 : c46 – c48 .
  • Weidman , H. and Cerletti , A. 1960 . Studies on psilocybin and related compounds. I. Structure activity relationships of oxyindole derivatives with regard to their effect on the knee-jerk of spinal cats . Helvetica Physiol. Acta , 18 : 174 – 82 .
  • Weil , A. T. and Davis , W. 1995 . Bufo alvarius: A potent hallucinogen of animal origin . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 41 : 1 – 8 .
  • Whipple , M. R. , Reinecke , M. G. and Gage , F. H. 1983 . Inhibition of synaptosomal neurotransmitter uptake by hallucinogens . Journal of Neurochemistry , 40 : 1185 – 188 .
  • Whittell , G. 1994 . Taking a trip on the back of a toad . London Times , : 13h January 8
  • Wieland , H. and Beringer , H. 1941 . Zur Konstitution des Bufotalins ins. über krolengift Stoffe . Annalen , 549 : 209 – 37 .
  • Wieland , T. , Motzel , W. and Merle , H. 1953 . Uber das Vorkommen von Bufotenine im gelben Knollenblatterpilz . Annalen , 581 : 10 – 16 .
  • Wieland , H. and Alles , R. 1922 . Uber den Giftstof fe der Krote . Bericht , 55 ( 207 ) : 1789 – 798 .
  • Wieland , H. , Hess , G. and Mittasch , H. 1931 . Uber Basische Inhallsstof fe des Hautsekrets der Krote . Bericht , 64B ( II ) : 2099 – 2103 .
  • Wieland , H. , Konz , W. and Mittasch , H. 1934 . Die Konstitution von Bufotenin und Bufotenidin. Ueber Kroetengiftstof fe, VII . Annalen , 513 : 1 – 25 .
  • Wieland , H. and Vocke , F. 1930 . Uber die Giftstoffe der Japanischen Krote . Annalen , 481 : 215 – 32 .
  • Wieland , H. and Weil , F. J. 1913 . Uber des Krotengoft . Bericht , 46 : 3315
  • Wieland , H. , Hesse , G. and Huttel , R. 1936 . Der Chemie zur Kentins der Krotengiftstoffe IX Weiters zur Konstitutions Frage . Annalen , 524 : 203
  • Wieland , H. and Wieland , T. 1937 . Zur Kentins der Krotengiftstoffe. 10. Die Konstitution des Bufothionins . Annalen , 528 : 234 – 46 .
  • Wilson , R. A. 1973 . Sex and Drugs: A Journey Beyond Limits. Chicago : Playboy Press. .
  • Winocur , G. , Bagchi , S. P. and Young , J. D. 1969 . Behavioral changes in rats following bufotenine injection . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 28 : 527
  • Winocur , G. , Bagchi , S. P. and Hubbard , P. 1971 . Effects of bufotenine and para-chloro-phenylalanine on stress-induced behavior . Psychoparmacologia , 22 : 100 – 10 .
  • Wishnia . 1995 . Dances with toads . High Times , : 21 34 January
  • Wolley , D. and Shaw , E. 1952 . Some antimetabolites of serotonin and their possible application to the treatment of hypertension . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 74 : 2948 – 949 .
  • Wolley , D. and Shaw , E. 1954 . Some neurological aspects of serotonin . British Medical Journal , 2 : 122 – 26 .
  • Wright , A. H. and Wright , A. A. 1933 . Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the U.S. and Canada. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press. . [1967]
  • Zelnick , R. and Ziti , L. M. 1962 . TLC: Chromatographic analysis of the Bufodienolides isolated from toad venom . Journal of Chromatography , 9 : 371 – 73 .
  • Zsigmond , E. K. , Foldes , F. F. and Foldes , V. M. 1961 . The inhibitory effect of psilocybin and related compounds on human cholinesterases . Federation Proceedings , 20 ( 1 ) : 393
  • Zug , G. R. and Zug , P. B. 1979 . “ The Marine Toad, Bufo marinus: A natural history resume of native populations. ” . In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institute Press. .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.