Dissociative Identity Disorder and Substance Abuse: The Forgotten Relationship

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. , Washington , DC. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition, Revised. , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1980 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition, Revised. , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1968 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Second Edition. , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , G. 1988 . Understanding multiple personality disorder . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing , 26 ( 7 ) : 26 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson , G. , Yasenik , L. and Ross , C. 1993 . Dissociative experiences and disorders among women who identify themselves as sexual abuse survivors . Child Abuse and Neglect , 17 : 677 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , E. and Putnam , F. 1986 . Development, reliability and validity for a dissociation scale . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 174 : 727 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner , I. 1996 . The characterological basis of multiple personality . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 50 ( 2 ) : 154 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. 1984 . The history of multiple personality in the United States: Mary Reynolds and her subsequent reputation . Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 58 : 72 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. and Putnam , F. 1993 . An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale . Dissociation , 6 ( 1 ) : 16 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , K. and Rounsaville , B. 1993 . “ Implications of recent research on psychotherapy for drug abuse ” . In Alcohol and Tobacco: Making the Science and Policy Connections. , Edited by: Edwards , G. , Strang , J. and Jaffe , J. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , K. , Rounsaville , B. and Keller , D. 1991 . Relapse prevention strategies in the treatment of cocaine abuse . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 17 : 249 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , K. , Rounsaville , B. , Gordon , L. , Nich , C. , Jatlow , P. , Bisighini , R. and Gawin , F. H. 1994 . Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for ambulatory cocaine abusers . Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 : 177 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrousos , G. and Gold , P. 1992 . The concepts of stress and stress system disorders . Journal of the American Medical Association , 267 : 1244 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons , P. 1984 . The differential diagnosis of multiple personality: A comprehensive review . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 ( 1 ) : 51 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellason , J. and Ross , C. 1997 . Two year follow-up of inpatients with dissociative identity disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 ( 6 ) : 832 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellason , J and Ross , C. 1995 . Positive and negative symptoms in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia: A comparative analysis . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 183 ( 4 ) : 236 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellason , J. , Ross , C. and Fuchs , D. 1996 . Lifetime Axis I and II comorbidity and childhood trauma history in dissociative identity disorder . Psychiatry , 59 ( Fall ) : 255 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellason , J. , Ross , C. , Mayran , L. and Sainton , K. 1994 . Convergent validity of the new form of the DES . Dissociation , 7 ( 2 ) : 101 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , H. 1970 . The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution Dynamic Psychiatry. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Foa , E. , Davidson , J. and Rothbaum , B. 1995 . “ Posttraumatic stress disorder ” . In Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. Second Edition, Vol. 1 & 2. , Edited by: Gabbard , G. Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Galanter , M. 1993 . Network therapy for addiction: A model for office practice . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 ( 1 ) : 28 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay , P. 1988 . Freud: A Life for Our Time. , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Greaves , G. 1980 . Multiple personality: 165 years after Mary Reynolds . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 168 : 577 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horen , S. , Leicher , P. and Lawson , J. 1995 . Prevalence of dissociative symptoms and disorder in an adult psychiatric inpatient population in Canada . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 40 ( May ) : 185 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD) . 1997 . Guidelines for Treatment. Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) in Adults. , Northbrook , Illinois : ISSD .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , H and Sadock , B. 1996 . Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry. , New York : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. 1996 . Treating the traumatic memories of patients with dissociative identity disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 ( July ) : 7 Festschrift Supplement
   Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. 1993 . “ Basic principles in conducting the psychotherapy of multiple personality disorder ” . In Clinical Perspectives on Multiple Personality Disorder. , Edited by: Kluft , R. and Fine , C. Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Latz , T. , Kramer , S. and Hughes , D. 1995 . Multiple personality disorder among female inpatients in a state hospital . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 ( 9 ) : 1343 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larmore , K. , Ludwig , A. and Cain , R. 1977 . Multiple personality—An objective case study . British Journal of Psychiatry , 131 : 35 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , R. 1991 . An office mental status examination for complex chronic dissociative symptoms and multiple personality disorder . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 : 567 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , A. 1966 . Altered states of consciousness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 15 : 225 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , A. , Brandsma , J. , Wilbur , C. , Bendfelft , F. and Jameson , H. 1972 . The objective study of a multiple personality . Archives of General Psychiatry , 26 : 298 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcou , A. , Kosten , T. R. and Koob , G. F. 1998 . Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis . Neuropsychopharmacology , 18 : 135 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmer , S. 1991 . Multiple personality disorder: A psychoanalytic perspective . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 : 677 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmer , S. and Fink , D. 1994 . Rethinking the comparison of borderline personality disorder and multiple personality disorder . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 17 : 743 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , R. , Davidson , J. and Yehuda , R. 1998 . “ Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related syndromes ” . In American Psychiatric Association Annual Review of Psychiatry. , Washington , D.C. : APA Press .
   Google Scholar
• McHugh , P. 1995 . Resolved: Multiple personality disorder is an individually and socially created artifact . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 ( 7 ) : 957 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. and Caspi-Yavin , Y. 1991 . Measuring torture and torture-related symptoms . Psychological Assessment , 3 : 581 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Post , R. 1992 . Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 999 – 1010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pribor , E. and Dinwiddie , S. 1992 . Psychiatric correlates of incest in childhood . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 52 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. 1989 . Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. and Lowenstein , R. 1993 . Treatment of multiple personality disorder: Survey of current practices . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 1048 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. 1997 . Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment of Multiple Personality. Second Edition. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , C. 1991 . Epidemiology of multiple personality disorder and dissociation . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 ( 3 ) : 503 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. , Joshi , S. and Currie , R. 1990 . Dissociative experience in the general population . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 1547 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. , Norton , G. and Wozney , K. 1989 . Multiple personality disorder An analysis of 236 cases . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 34 : 413 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber , F. 1974 . Sibyl. , New York : Warner Paperbacks .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. 1966 . Daydreaming: An Introduction to the Experimental Study of Inner Experience. , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. 1994a . Interviewer's Guide to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R) (Second Ed.). , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. 1994b . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R). (Second Ed.) , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thigpen , C. and Checkly , H. 1957 . The Three Faces of Eve. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Thigpen , C. and Checkly , H. 1954 . A case of multiple personality . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 49 : 135 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulman , R. and Brothers , D. 1988 . The Shattered Self: A Psychoanalytic Study of Trauma. , Hillsdale , New Jersey : Analytic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Via , M. and Brewerton , T. 1996 . Cataplexy and the switch process of multiple personality disorder . Psychiatry Research , 63 : 231 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing , D. 1997 . Caring for alcoholic patients with dissociative identity disorder . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 18 : 303 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar