Acute Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of MDMA in Humans

REFERENCES

• Acquas , E. , Marrocu , P. , Pisanu , A. , Cadoni , C. , Zemig , G. , Saria , A. and Di Chiara , G. 2001 . Intravenous administration of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) enhances cortical and striatal acetylcholine release in vivo . European Journal of Pharmacology , 418 : 207 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolphs , R. , Tranel , D. and Damasio , A. R. 1998 . The human amygdala in social judgement . Nature , 393 : 470 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankson , M. G. and Cunningham , K. A. 2001 . 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a unique model of serotonin receptor function and serotonin-dopamine interactions . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 297 : 846 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia , G. , Brooks , B. P. , Kulsakdinum , C. and De Souza , E. B. 1988 . Pharmacologic profile of MDMA (3,4-methyldenedioxy-methamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites . European Journal of Pharmacology , 149 : 159 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleuler , E. 1911 . Dementia Praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien, , I Edn. Vienna : Deutike. .
   Google Scholar
• Boot , B. P. , McGregor , I. S. and Hall , W. 2000 . MDMA (Ecstasy) neurotoxicity: Assessing and communicating the risks . Lancet , 355 : 1818 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braff , D. L. and Geyer , M. A. 1990 . Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia: Human and animal model studies . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 181 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braff , D. L. , Grillon , C. and Geyer , M. A. 1992 . Gating and habituation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 : 206 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braff , D. L. , Stone , C. , Callaway , E. , Geyer , M. A. , Glick , I. and Bali , L. 1978 . Prestimulus effects on human startle reflex in normals and schizophrenics . Psychophysiology , 15 : 339 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer , L. H. and de Wit , H. 1997 . High dose pimozide does not block amphetamine-induced euphoria in normal volunteers . Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , 56 : 265 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer , L. H. , Goudie , A. J. and de Wit , H. 1997 . Dopamine ligands and the stimulus effects of amphetamine: Animal models versus human laboratory data . Psychopharmacology , 130 : 2 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brothers , L. 1996 . Brain mechanisms of social cognition . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 10 : 2 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butter , C. M. and Snyder , D. R. 1972 . Alterations in aversive and aggressive bhaviors following orbital frontal lesions in rhesus monkeys . Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis , 32 : 525 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Callaway , C. W. , Wing , L. L. and Geyer , M. A. 1990 . Serotonin release contributes to the locomotor stimulant effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 254 : 456 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran , H. V. 2000 . Is MDMA (“Ecstasy”) neurotoxic in humans? An overview of evidence and of methodological problems in research . Neuropsychobiology , 42 : 34 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran , H. V. and Travill , R. A. 1997 . Mood and cognitive effects of +/- 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”): Week-end “high” followed by mid-week low . Addiction , 92 : 821 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison , D. and Parrott , A. C. 1997 . Ecstasy (MDMA) in recreational users: Self-reported psychological and physiological effects . Human Psychopharmacology , 12 : 221 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deakin , J. F.W. 1996 . 5-HT, antidepressant drugs and the psychosocial origins of depression . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 10 : 31 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittrich , A. 1998 . The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans . Pharmacopsychiatry , 31 : 80 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittrich , A. , von Arx , S. and Staub , S. 1985 . International study on altered states of consciousness (ISASC). Summary of the results . German Journal of Psychology , 9 : 319 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Downing , J. 1986 . The psychological and physiological effects of MDMA on normal volunteers . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 18 : 335 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulawa , S. C. and Geyer , M. A. 1996 . Psychopharmacology of prepulse inhibition in mice . Chinese Journal of Physiology , 39 : 139 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dulawa , S. C. , Scearce-Levie , K. A. , Hen , R. and Geyer , M. A. 2000 . Serotonin releasers increase prepulse inhibition in serotonin 1B knockout mice . Psychophannacology , 149 : 306 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulawa , S. C. , Hen , R. , Scearce-Levie , K. and Geyer , M. A. 1997 . Serotonin 1B receptor modulation of startle reactivity, habituation, and prepulse inhibition in wild-type and serotonin 1B receptor knockout mice . Psychophannacology , 132 : 125 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , G. E. , Knapp , D. J. , Breese , C. R. , Crews , F. T. and Little , K. Y. 1998 . Species differences in regional patterns of 3H-8OH-DPAT and 3H-zolpidem binding in the rat and human brain . Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , 60 : 439 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , H. S. , Zernig , G. , Schatz , D. S. , Humpel , C. and Saria , A. 2001 . MDMA (“ecstasy”) enhances basal acetylcholine release in brain slices of the rat striatum . European Journal of Neuroscience , 12 : 1385 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , J. L. and Reid , J. J. 1990 . Effects of methylenedioxy-methamphetamine on the release of monoamines from rat brain slices . European Journal of Psychology , 191 : 217 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Franzen , E. A. and Myers , R. E. 1973 . Neural control of social behavior: Prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex . Neuropsychologia , 11 : 141 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamma , A. , Liechti , M. E. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2001 . “ Giving MDMA to human volunteers in Switzerland. ” . In Ecstasy: The Complete Guide. Edited by: Holland , J. Rochester, Vermont : Park Street Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Gamma , A. , Buck , A. , Berthold , T. , Hell , D. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2000 . 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) modulates cortical and limbic brain activity as measured by (H215O)-PET in healthy humans . Neuropsychophannacology , 23 : 388 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasser , P. 1996 . Die psycholytische Therapie in der Schweiz von 1988–1993. Eine katamnestische Erhebung . Schweizerische Archiv Fur Neurologie Und Psychiatrie , 2 : 59 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• George , M. S. , Ketter , T. A. , Parekh , P. I. , Horwitz , B. , Herscovitch , P. and Post , R. M. 1995 . Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 341 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geyer , M. A. and Callaway , C. W. 1994 . “ Behavioral pharmacology of ring-substituted amphetamine analogs. ” . In Amphetamine and its Analogs: Psychopharmacology, Toxicology, and Abuse. Edited by: Cho , A. K. and Segal , D. S. San Diego : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Geyer , M. A. and Braff , D. L. 1982 . Habituation of the blink reflex in normals and schizophrenic patients . Psychophysiology , 19 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geyer , M. A. , Swerdlow , N. R. , Mansbach , R. S. and Braff , D. L. 1990 . Startle response models of sensorimotor gating and habituation deficits in schizophrenia . Brain Research Bulletin , 25 : 485 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroud , C. , Augsburger , M. , Sadeghipour , F. , Varesio , E. , Veuthey , J-L. and Rivier , L. 1997 . Ecstasymdash;la situation en Suisse romande. Composition des saisies, analyse des échantillons biologiques et brève revue de son action pharmacologique et de sa toxicité . Schweizerische Rundschau Fur Medizin , 86 : 510 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glennon , R. A. , Titeler , M. and McKenney , J. D. 1984 . Evidence for 5-HT2 involvement in the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic agents . Life Sciences , 35 : 2505 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouzoulis , E. , von Bardeleben , U. , Rupp , A. , Kovar , K. A. and Hermle , L. 1993 . Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular effects ofMDE in healthy volunteers . Neuropsychophannacology , 8 : 187 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouzoulis-Mayfrank , E. , Daumann , J. , Tuchtenhagen , F. , Pelz , S. , Becker , S. , Kunert , H. J. , Fimm , B. and Sass , H. 2000 . Impaired cognitive performance in drug free users of recreational ecstasy (MDMA) . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 68 : 719 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouzoulis-Mayfrank , E. , Thelen , B. , Habermeyer , E. , Kunert , H. J. , Kovar , K-A. , Lindenblatt , H. , Hermle , L. , Spitzer , M. and Sass , H. 1999 . Psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MOE), psilocybin and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers . Psychopharmacology , 142 : 41 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouzoulis-Mayfrank , E. , Thelen , B. , Maier , S. , Habermeyer , E. , Spitzer , M. and Sass , H. 1998 . Modulation of semantic priming effects by psilocybin, MOE (Ecstasy), and d-methamphetamine . Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research , 6 : 19 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , A. R. , Cross , A. J. and Goodwin , G. M. 1995 . Review of the pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) . Psychopharmacology , 119 : 247 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer , G. 1985 . Using MDMA in psychotherapy . Advances , 2 : 57 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Greer , G. and Tolbert , R. 1986 . Subjective reports on the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 18 : 319 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillon , C. , Ameli , R. , Charney , D. S. , Krystal , J. and Braff , D. L. 1992 . Startle gating deficits occur across prepulse intensities in schizophrenic patients . Biological Psychiatry , 32 : 939 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudelsky , G. A. and Nash , J. F. 1996 . Carrier-mediated release of serotonin by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: Implications for serotonin-dopamine interactions . Journal of Neurochemistry , 66 : 243 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudelsky , G. A. , Yamamoto , B. K. and Nash , J. F. 1994 . Potentation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists . European Journal of Pharmacology , 264 : 325 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hando , J. , Topp , L. and Hall , W. 1997 . Amphetamine-related harms and treatment preferences of regular amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 46 : 105 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegadoren , K. H. , Baker , G. M. and Bourin , M. 1999 . 3,4-methylenedioxy analogues of amphetamine: Defining the risk to humans . Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews , 23 : 539 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermle , L. , Spitzer , M. , Borchardt , D. , Kovar , K. A. and Gouzoulis , E. 1993 . Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects: Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents? . Neuropsychopharmacology , 8 : 171 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-López , C. , Farré , M. , Roset , P. , Menoyo , E. , Pizarro , N. , Ortuño , J. , Torrens , M. , Camí , J. and de la Torre , R. 2002 . 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) and Alcohol interactions in humans: Psychomotor performance, subjective effects, and pharmacokinetics . Journal Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 300 : 236 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janke , W. and Debus , G. 1978 . Die Eigenschaft swörterliste (EWL-K) - Ein Verfahren zur Erfassung der Befindlichkeit, , I Edn. Göttingen, , Germany : Hogrefe. .
   Google Scholar
• Kehne , J. H. , Padich , R. A. , McCloskey , T. C. , Taylor , V. L. and Schmidt , C. J. 1996 . 5-HT modulation of auditory and visual sensorimotor gating: I. Effects of 5-HT releasers on sound and light prepulse inhibition in Wistar rats . Psychopharmacology , 124 : 95 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehne , J. H. , Ketteler , H. J. , McCloskey , T. C. , Sullivan , C. K. , Dudley , M. W. and Schmidt , C. J. 1996 . Effects of the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100,907 on MDMA-induced locomotor stimulation in rats . Neuropsychophannacology , 15 : 116 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehne , J. H. , Timothy , C. , McCloskey , T. C. , Taylor , V. L. , Black , C. K. , Fadayel , G. M. and Schmidt , C. J. 1992 . Effects of the serotonin releasers 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 4-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and fenfluramine on acoustic and tactile startle reflexes in rats . Journal of Phannacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 260 : 78 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketter , T. A. , Andreason , P. J. , George , M. S. , Lee , C. , Gill , D. S. , Parekh , P. I. , Willis , M. W. , Herscovitch , P. and Post , R. M. 1996 . Anterior paralimbic mediation of procaine-induced emotional and psychosensory experiences . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 59 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kling , A. 1975 . “ Brain lesions and aggressive behaviour of monkeys in free living groups. ” . In Neural Bases of Violence and Aggression. Edited by: Fields , W. S. and Sweet , W. H. St. Louis, Missouri : H. Green, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Koch , S. and Galloway , M. P. 1997 . MDMA induced dopamine release in vivo: role of endogenous serotonin . Journal of Neural Transmission , 104 : 135 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laruelle , M. , Abi-Dargham , A. , van Dyck , C. H. , Rosenblatt , W. , Zea-Ponce , Y. , Zoghbi , S. S. , Baldwin , R. M. , Charney , D. S. , Hoffer , P. B. , Kung , H. F. and Innis , R. B. 1995 . SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine release after amphetamine challenge . Journal of Nuclear Medicine , 36 : 1182 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauerma , H. , Wuorela , M. and Halme , M. 1998 . Interaction of serotonin reuptake inhibitor and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine? . Biological Psychology , 43 : 929
   Google Scholar
• Le Doux , J. E. 1995 . Emotion: Clues from the brain . Annual Review of Psychology , 46 : 209 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester , S. J. , Baggott , M. , Welm , S. , Schiller , N. B. , Jones , R. T. , Foster , E. and Mendelson , J. 2000 . Cardiovascular effects of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Annals of Internal Medicine , 133 : 969 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2001 . Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studies . Human Psychopharmacology , 16 : 589 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2000a . The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) in healthy volunteers . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 14 : 269 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2000b . Acute psychological and physiological effects ofMDMA (“Ecstasy”) after haloperidol pretreatment in healthy humans . European Neuropsychopharmacology , 10 : 289 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. , Gamma , A. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2001 . Gender differences in the subjective effects ofMDMA . Psychopharmacology , 154 : 161 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. , Geyer , M. A. , Hell , D. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2001 . Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on prepulse inhibition and habituation of startle in humans after pretreatment with citalopram, haloperidol, or ketanserin . Neuropsychopharmacology , 24 : 240 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. , Baumann , C. , Gamma , A. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2000a . Acute psychological effects of3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) are attenuated by the serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram . Neuropsychopharmacology , 22 : 513 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti , M. E. , Saur , M. R. , Gamma , A. , Hell , D. and Vollenweider , F. X. 2000b . Psychological and physiological effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) after pretreatment with the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin in healthy humans . Neuropsychopharmacology , 23 : 396 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansbach , R. S. , Braff , D. L. and Geyer , M. A. 1989 . Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response is disrupted by N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA) in the rat . European Journal of Pharmacology , 167 : 49 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansbach , R. S. , Geyer , M. A. and Braff , D. L. 1988 . Dopaminergic stimulation disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat . Psychopharmacology , 94 : 507 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , D. L. and Geyer , M. A. 1997 . Characterization of the disruptions of prepulse inhibition and habituation of startle induced by a-Ethyltryptamine . Neuropsychopharmacology , 16 : 246 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas , M. , Magi , F. , De la Torre , R. , Roset , P. N. , Ortuno , J. , Segura , J. and Cami , J. 1999 . Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 290 : 136 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann , U. D. and Ricaurte , G. A. 1993 . Reinforcing subjective effects of (+/-) 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) may be separable from its neurotoxic actions: clinical evidence . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 13 : 214 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreary , A. C. , Bankson , M. G. and Cunningham , K. A. 1999 . Pharmacological studies of the acute and chronic effects of (+)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on locomotor activity: Role of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A and 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D receptors . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 290 : 965 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaid , J. and Docherty , J. R. 2001 . Vascular actions of MDMA involve a1 and a2-adrenoceptors in the anaesthetized rat . British Journal of Pharmacology , 133 : 429 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGhie , A. and Chapman , J. 1961 . Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 34 : 103 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , P. K. , Cope , H. and Fahy , T. A. 1994 . Diversity of psychopathology associated with use of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) . British Journal of Psychology , 165 : 391 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milroy , C. M. , Clark , J. C. and Forrest , A. R.W. 1996 . Pathology of deaths associaied with Ecstasy and Eve misuse . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 49 : 149 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , M. J. 2000 . Ecstasy (MDMA): A review of its possible persistent psychological effects . Psychopharmacology , 152 : 230 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , M. J. 1998 . Recreational use of “Ecstasy” (MDMA) is associated with elevated impulsivity . Neuropsychopharmacology , 19 : 252 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , J. F. 1990 . Ketanserin pretreatment attenuates MDMA-induced dopamine release in the striatum as measured by in vivo microdialysis . Life Sciences , 47 : 2401 – 08 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , D. E. 1986 . Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classical hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: Entactogens . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 18 : 305 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , D. E. , Lloyd , D. H. , Hoffman , A. J. , Nichols , M. B. and Yim , G. K.W. 1982 . Effects of certain hallucinogenic amphetamine analogues on the release of 3H-serotonin from rat whole brain synaptosomes . Journal of Medical Chemistry , 25 : 530 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurnberger , J. I. , Simmons-Alling , S. , Kessler , L. , Jimerson , S. , Schreiber , J. , Hollander , E. , Tamminga , C. A. , Suzan Nadi , N. , Goldstein , D. S. and Gershon , E. S. 1984 . Separate mechanisms for behavioral, cardiovascular, and hormonal responses to dextroamphetamine in man . Psychopharmacology , 84 : 200 – 02 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlender , R. and Nichols , D. E. 1988 . Drug discrimination studies with MDMA and amphetamine . Psychopharmacology , 95 ( 1 ) : 71 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padich , R. A. , McCloskey , T. C. and Kehne , J. H. 1996 . 5-HT modulation of auditory and visual sensorimotor gating:II. Effects of the 5-HT2A antagonist MDL 100,907 on disruption of sound and light prepulse inhibition produced by 5-HT agonists in Wistar rats . Psychopharmacology , 124 : 107 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott , A. C. and Lasky , J. 1998 . Ecstasy (MDMA) effects upon mood and cognition: Before, during and after a Saturday night dance . Psychopharmacology , 139 : 261 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott , A. C. , Sisk , E. and Turner , J. J.D. 2000 . Psychobiological problems in heavy “Ecstasy” (MDMA) polydrug users . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 60 : 105 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peroutka , S. J. , Newman , H. and Harris , H. 1988 . Subjective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users . Neuropsychopharmacology , 1 : 273 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh , M. J. and Steklis , H. D. 1981 . Effects of orbital frontal and temporal neocortical lesions on affiliative behavior of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) . Experimental Neurology , 73 : 378 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rempel , N. L. , Callaway , C. W. and Geyer , M. A. 1993 . Serotonin 1B receptor activation mimics behavioral effects of presynaptic serotonin release . Neuropsychopharmacology , 8 : 201 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigdon , C. and Weatherspoon , J. 1992 . 5-HTIA agonists block prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 263 : 486 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman , R. B. , Baumann , M. H. , Dersch , C. M. , Romero , D. V. , Rice , K. C. , Carroll , F. I. and Partilla , J. S. 2001 . Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin . Synapse , 39 : 32 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick , G. and Wall , S. C. 1992 . The molecular mechanism of “Ecstasy” [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)): Serotonin transporters are targets for MDMA-induced serotonin release . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 89 : 1817 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter , M. D. 1989 . Serotonergic-dopaminergic mediation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) . Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , 31 : 817 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schifano , F. , Di Furia , L. , Forza , G. , Minicuci , N. and Bricolo , R. 1998 . MDMA (“Ecstasy”) consumption in the context of polydrug abuse: a report on 150 patients . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 52 : 85 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , C. J. 1987 . Neurotoxicity of the psychedelic amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 240 : 240 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , C. J. , Levin , J. A. and Levenberg , W. 1987 . In vitro and in vivo neurochemical effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on striatal monoaminergic systems in the rat brain . Biochemical Pharmacology , 36 : 747 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , C. J. , Sullivan , C. K. and Fadayel , G. M. 1994 . Blockade of striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors reduces the increase in extracellular concentrations of dopamine produced by the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine . Journal of Neurochemistry , 62 ( 4 ) : 1382 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , C. J. , Fadayel , G. M. , Sullivan , C. K. and Taylor , V. L. 1992 . 5-HT2 receptors exert a state-dependent regulation of dopaminergic function: studies with MDL 100,907 and the amphetamine analogue, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine . European Journal of Pharmacology , 223 : 65 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , F. , Gur , R. E. , Mozley , L. H. , Smith , R. J. , Mozley , P. D. , Censits , D. M. , Alavi , A. and Gur , R. C. 1995 . Mood effects on limbic blood flow correlate with emotional self-rating: A PET study with oxygen-15 labeled water . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 61 : 265 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer , M. A. , Kumor , K. M. and Jaffe , J. H. 1989 . Effects of intravenous cocaine are partially attenuated by haloperidol . Psychiatry Research , 27 : 117 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulgin , A. T. 1986 . The background and chemistry of MDMA . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 18 : 291 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sills , T. L. 1999 . Amphetamine dose dependently disrupts prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in rats within a narrow time window . Brain Research Bulletin , 48 : 445 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipes , T. E. and Geyer , M. A. 1997 . DOI disrupts prepulse inhibition of startle in rats via 5-HT2A receptors in the ventral pallidum . Brain Research , 761 : 97 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipes , T. A. and Geyer , M. A. 1995 . 8-OH-DPAT disruption of prepulse inhibition in rats: Reversal with (+)WAY 100,135 and localization of site of action . Psychopharmacology , 117 : 41 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipes , T. A. and Geyer , M. A. 1994 . Multiple serotonin receptor subtypes modulate prepulse inhibition of the startle response in rats . Neuropharmacology , 33 : 441 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solowij , N. , Hall , W. and Lee , N. 1992 . Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: A profile of “Ecstasy” users and their experiences with the drug . British Journal of Addiction , 87 : 1161 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sondermann , N. and Kovar , K. A. 1999 . Screening experiments of ecstasy street samples using near infrared spectroscopy . Forensic Science /international , 106 ( 3 ) : 147 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , D. J. and Rink , J. 1999 . Effects of ecstasy blocked by serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60 : 485
   Google Scholar
• Swerdlow , N. R. , Paulsen , J. , Braff , D. L. , Butters , N. , Geyer , M. A. and Swenson , M. R. 1995 . Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntington's Disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 58 : 192 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow , N. R. , Benbow , C. H. , Zisook , S. , Geyer , M. A. and Braff , D. L. 1993 . A preliminary assessment of sensorimotor gating in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) . Biological Psychiatry , 33 : 298 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow , N. R. , Caine , S. B. , Braff , D. L. and Geyer , M. A. 1992 . The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of the recent findings and their implications . Journal of Psychopharmacology , I 6 : 176 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow , N. R. , Mansbach , R. S. , Geyer , M. A. , Pulvirenti , L. , Koob , G. F. and Braff , D. L. 1990 . Amphetamine disruption of prepulse inhibition of acoustic astartle is reversed by depletion of mesolimbic dopamine . Psychopharmacology , 100 : 413 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp , L. , Hando , J. , Dillon , P. , Roche , A. and Solowij , N. 1999 . Ecstasy use in Australia: Patterns of use and associated harm . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 55 : 105 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , G. T. , Lennard , M. S. , Ellis , S. W. , Woods , H. F. , Cho , A. K. and Lin , L. Y. 1994 . The demethylenation of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) by debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) . Biochemical Pharmacology , 47 : 1151 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow , N. D. , Wang , G. J. , Fischman , M. W. , Follin , R. W. , Fowler , J. S. , Abumrad , N. N. , Vitkun , S. , Logan , J. , Gatley , S. J. , Pappas , N. , Hitzemann , R. and Shea , C. E. 1997 . Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy . Nature , 386 : 827 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollenweider , F. X. , Geyer , M. A. and Greer , G. R. 2001 . Acute psychological and neurophysiological effects of MDMA in humans . Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research , 2 : 53 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Vollenweider , F. X. , Remensberger , S. , Hell , D. and Geyer , M. A. 1999 . Opposite effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on sensorimotor gating in rats versus healthy humans . Psychopharmacology , 143 : 365 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollenweider , F. X. , Gamma , A. , Liechti , M. E. and Huber , T. 1998a . Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on MDMA-naive healthy volunteers . Neuropsychopharmacology , 19 : 241 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollenweider , F. X. , Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen , M. F.I. , Bäbler , A. , Vogel , H. and Hell , D. 1998b . Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action . Neuroreport , 9 : 3897 – 3902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windhaber , J. , Maierhofer , D. and Dantendorfer , K. 1998 . Panic disorder induced by large doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine resolved by paroxetine . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 18 : 95 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , B. K. , Nash , J. F. and Gudelsky , G. A. 1995 . Modulation of methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by the interaction between serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the substantia nigra . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 273 : 1063 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar