Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opiate Dependence: Its Pharmacology and Social Context of Use in the U.S.

REFERENCES

• Basu , D. , Mattoo , S. K. , Malhotra , A. , Gupta , N. and Malhotra , R. 2000 . A longitudinal study of male buprenorphine addicts attending an addiction clinic in India . Addiction , 95 ( 9 ) : 1363 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borron , S. W. , Monier , C. , Risede , P. and Baud , F. J. 2002 . Flunitrazepam variably alters morphine, buprenorphine, and methadone lethality in the rat . Human Experimental Toxicology , 21 ( 11 ) : 599 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster , D. , Humphrey , M. J. and McLeavy , M. A. 1981 . Biliary excretion, metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine . Xenobiotica , 11 ( 3 ) : 189 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullingham , R. E. , McQuay , H. J. , Porter , E. J. , Allen , M. C. and Moore , R. A. 1982 . Sublingual buprenoprhine used postoperatively: Ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 65 ( 1 ) : 665 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee , A. , Uprety , L. , Chapagain , M. and Kafle , K. 1996 . Drug abuse in Nepal: A rapid assessment study . Bulletin on Narcotics , 48 ( 1–2 ) : 11 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang , C. N. and Hawks , R. L. 2003 . Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 70 ( 2 Suppl ) : S39 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury , A. N. and Chowdhury , S. 1990 . Buprenorphine abuse: report from India . British Journal of Addiction , 85 ( 10 ) : 1349 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cirimele , V. , Kintz , P. , Lohner , S. and Ludes , B. 2003 . Enzyme immunoassay validation for the detection of buprenorphine in urine . Journal of Analytical Toxicology , 27 ( 2 ) : 103 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish , J. W. , Metzger , D. , Woody , G. E. , Wilson , D. , McLellan , A. T. , Vandergrift , B. and O'Brien , C. P. 1997 . Naltrexone pharmacotherapy for opioid dependent federal probationers . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 14 ( 6 ) : 529 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , G. , Kingswood , C. and Street , M. 1996 . Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction . Clinical Pharmacokinetics , 31 ( 6 ) : 410 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawan , B. N. , Cesselin , F. , Raghubir , R. , Reisine , T. , Bradley , P. B. , Portoghese , P. S. and Hamon , M. 1996 . International Union of Pharmacology. XII. Classification of opioid receptors . Pharmacology Review , 48 ( 4 ) : 567 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debrabandere , L. , Van Boven , M. and Daenens , P. 1993 . Development of a radioimmunoassay for the determination of buprenorphine in biological samples . Analyst , 118 ( 2 ) : 137 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , S. , El Sohly , M. A. and Duckworth , D. T. 2001 . Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites of buprenorphine. I. The quantitative enzymatic hydrolysis of buprenorphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide in human urine . Journal of Analytical Toxicology , 25 ( 7 ) : 589 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiellin , D. A. , Rosenheck , R. A. and Kosten , T. R. 2001 . Office-based treatment for opioid dependence: Reaching new patient populations . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 8 ) : 1200 – 04 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , A. D. 1990 . Clinical toxicology of drugs used in the treatment of opiate dependency . Clinics in Laboratory Medicine , 10 ( 2 ) : 375 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueye , P. N. , Borron , S. W , Risede , P. , Monier , C. , Buneaux , F. , Debray , M. and Baud , F. J. 2002 . Buprenorphine and midazolam act in combination to depress respiration in rats . Toxicological Sciences , 65 ( 1 ) : 107 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand , C. W. , Ryan , K. E. , Dutt , S. K. , Moore , R. A. , O'Connor , J. , Talbot , D. and McQuay , H. J. 1989 . Radioimmunoassay of buprenorphine in urine: Studies in patients and in a drug clinic . Journal of Analytical Toxicology , 13 ( 2 ) : 100 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , P. , Kehner , G. B. , Cowan , A. and Liu-Chen , L. Y. 2001 . Comparison of pharmacological activities of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine: Norbuprenorphine is a potent opioid agonist . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 297 ( 2 ) : 688 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , S. 1998 . Reentry using naltrexone: One anesthesia department's experience . Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists , 66 ( 4 ) : 360 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Iribarne , C. , Berthou , F. , Carlhant , D. , Dreano , Y. , Picart , D. , Lohezic , F. and Riche , C. 1998 . Inhibition of methadone and buprenorphine N-dealkylations by three HIV-1 protease inhibitors . Drug Metabolism and Disposition , 26 ( 3 ) : 257 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iribarne , C. , Picart , D. , Dreano , Y. , Bail , J. P. and Berthou , F. 1997 . Involvement of cytochrome P450 3A4 in N-dealkylation of buprenorphine in human liver microsomes . Life Sciences , 60 ( 22 ) : 1953 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe , J. H. and O'Keeffe , C. 2003 . From morphine clinics to buprenorphine: Regulating opioid agonist treatment of addiction in the United States . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 70 ( 2 Suppl ) : S3 – S11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinski , D. R. , Pevnick , J. S. and Griffith , J. D. 1978 . Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine: A potential agent for treating narcotic addiction . Archives of General Psychiatry , 35 ( 4 ) : 501 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , R. E. and McCagh , J. C. 2000 . Buprenorphine and naloxone for heroin dependence . Current Psychiatry Reports , 2 ( 6 ) : 519 – 26 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilicarslan , T. and Sellers , E. M. 2000 . Lack of interaction of buprenorphine with flunitrazepam metabolism . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 ( 7 ) : 1164 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintz , P. 2002 . A new series of 13 buprenorphine-related deaths . Clinical Biochemistry , 35 ( 7 ) : 513 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintz , P. 2001 . Deaths involving buprenorphine: A compendium of French cases . Forensic Science International , 121 ( 1–2 ) : 65 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , K. , Yamamoto , T. , Chiba , K. , Tani , M. , Shimada , N. , Ishizaki , T. and Kuroiwa , Y. 1998 . Human buprenorphine N-dealkylation is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A4 . Drug Metabolism and Disposition , 26 ( 8 ) : 818 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krejci , J. and Ziedonis , D. 2002 . Medications in the treatment of addiction: Workplace issues . Occupational Medicine , 17 ( 1 ) : 91 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlman , J. J. Jr. , Lalani , S. , Magluilo , J. Jr. , Levine , B. and Darwin , W. D. 1996 . Human pharmacokinetics of intravenous, sublingual, and buccal buprenorphine . Journal of Analytical Toxicology , 20 ( 6 ) : 369 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leander , J. D. 1988 . Buprenorphine is a potent kappa-opioid receptor antagonist in pigeons and mice . European Journal of Pharmacology , 151 ( 3 ) : 457 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leander , J. D. 1987 . Buprenorphine has potent kappa opioid receptor antagonist activity . Neuropharmacology , 26 ( 9 ) : 1445 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , W. and Wesson , D. R. 2003 . Clinical efficacy of buprenorphine: comparisons to methadone and placebo . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 70 ( 2 Suppl ) : S49 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , W. and Wesson , D. R. 1984 . Naltrexone treatment for addicted healthcare professionals: A collaborative private practice experience . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 45 ( 9 Pt 2 ) : 46 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAleer , S. D. , Mills , R. J. , Polack , T. , Hussain , T. , Rolan , P. E. , Gibbs , A. D. , Mullins , F. G.P and Ziad , H. 2003 . Pramacokinetics of high-dose buprenorphine following single administration of sublingual tablet formulations in opioid naive healthy male volunteers under a naltrexone block . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 72 : 75 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuay , H. J. and Moore , R. A. 1995 . “ Buprenorphine kinetics in humans. ” . In Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. Edited by: Cowan , A. and Lewis , J. W. New York : Wiley. .
   Google Scholar
• Mendelson , J. and Jones , R. T. 2003 . Clinical and pharmacological evaluation of buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: Why the 4:1 ratio for treatment? . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 70 ( 2S ) : S29 – S37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson , J. , Upton , R. A. , Everhart , E. T. , Jacob , P. and Jones , R. T. 1997 . Bioavailability of sublingual buprenorphine . Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 37 ( 1 ) : 31 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto , D. F. 1999 . The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (). , Third edition New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Negus , S. S. and Dykstra , L. A. 1988 . Kappa antagonist properties of buprenorphine in the shock titration procedure . European Journal of Pharmacology , 156 ( 1 ) : 77 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negus , S. S. , Picker , M. J. and Dykstra , L. A. 1989a . “ Kappa antagonist effects of buprenorphine in the rat drug-discrimination procedure. ” . In Problems of Drug Dependence. Edited by: Harris , L. Rockville, Maryland : NIDA. . NIDA Research Monograph 95
   Google Scholar
• Negus , S. S. , Picker , M. J. and Dykstra , L. A. 1989b . Kappa antagonist properties of buprenorphine in non-tolerant and morphine-tolerant rats . Psychopharmacology , 98 ( 1 ) : 141 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obadia , Y. , Perrin , V. , Feroni , I. , Vlahov , D. and Moatti , J. P. 2001 . Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users . Addiction , 96 ( 2 ) : 267 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , P. G. , Oliveto , A. H. , Shi , J. M. , Triffleman , E. , Carroll , K. M. , Kosten , T. R. and Rounsaville , B. J. 1996 . A pilot study of primary-care-based buprenorphine maintenance for heroin dependence . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 22 ( 4 ) : 523 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Possilpark Group . 1993 . Drug injectors in Glasgow: a community at risk? A report from a multidisciplinary group . Health Bulletin (Edinburgh) , 51 ( 6 ) : 418 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rainey , H. B. 1986 . Abuse of buprenorphine . New Zealand Medical Journal , 99 ( 795 ) : 72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick , R. B. , Galanter , M. , Resnick , E. and Pycha , C. 2001 . Buprenorphine treatment of heroin dependence (detoxification and maintenance) in a private practice setting . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 20 ( 2 ) : 75 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynaud , M. , Petit , G. , Potard , D. and Courty , P. 1997 . Misuse of buprenorphine-benzodiazepines combination: Six deaths, [letter] . La Presse Médicale , 26 ( 28 ) : 1337 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakol , M. S. , Stark , C. and Sykes , R. 1989 . Buprenorphine and temazepam abuse by drug takers in Glasgow—an increase . British Journal of Addiction , 84 ( 4 ) : 439 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segui , J. , Cascio , A. , Aragon , C. , Llovet , J. M. , Soler , J. M. and Salvador , L. 1991 . Subgroups of drug abuse patients who consume buprenorphine . Anales de Medicina Interna , 8 ( 1 ) : 18 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrestha , S. M. , Subedi , N. B. , Shrestha , S. , Maharjan , K. G. , Tsuda , F. and Okamoto , H. 1998 . Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Nepal . Tropical Gastroenterology , 19 ( 3 ) : 102 – 04 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh , R. A. , Mattoo , S. K. , Malhotra , A. and Varma , V. K. 1992 . Cases of buprenorphine abuse in India . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 86 ( 1 ) : 46 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) . 2003 . Opioid drugs in maintenance and detoxification treatment of opiate addiction; Addition of buprenorphine and buprenorphine combination to list of approved opioid treatment medications. Interim final rule . Federal Register , 68 ( 99 ) : 27937 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tracqui , A. , Kintz , P. and Ludes , B. 1998 . Buprenorphine-related deaths among drug addicts in France: A report on 20 fatalities . Journal of Analytical Toxicology , 22 ( 6 ) : 430 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umehara , K. , Shimokawa , Y. and Miyamoto , G. 2002 . Inhibition of human drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 by buprenorphine . Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin , 25 ( 5 ) : 682 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , S. L. , Preston , K. L. , Bigelow , G. E. and Stitzer , M. L. 1995 . Acute administration of buprenorphine in humans: Partial agonist and blockade effects . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 274 ( 1 ) : 361 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , D. S. and Inturrisi , C. E. 1995 . “ Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of buprenorphine in animals and humans. ” . In Buprenorphine: Combining Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. Edited by: Cowan , A. and Lewis , J. W. New York : Wiley-Liss. .
   Google Scholar
• Washton , A. M. , Pottash , A. C. and Gold , M. S. 1984 . Naltrexone in addicted business executives and physicians . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 45 ( 9 Pt 2 ) : 39 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubieta , J. , Greenwald , M. K. , Lombardi , U. , Woods , J. H. , Kilbourn , M. R. , Jewett , D. M. , Koeppe , R. A. , Schuster , C. R. and Johanson , C. E. 2000 . Buprenorphine-induced changes in mu-opioid receptor availability in male heroin-dependent volunteers: a preliminary study . Neuropsychopharmacology , 23 ( 3 ) : 326 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar