57
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Pathways to Chemical Dependency Treatment for Adolescents in an HMO

, , &
Pages 439-453 | Published online: 02 Aug 2012

References

  • Aarons , G.A. , Brown , S.A. , Coe , M.T. , Myers , M.G. , Garland , A.F. , Ezzet-Lofstram , R. , Hazen , A.L. and Hough , R.L. 1999 . Adolescent alcohol and drug abuse and health . Journal of Adolescent Health , 24 ( 6 ) : 412 – 21 .
  • Achenbach , T.M. 1991 . Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile , Burlington , Vermont : University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry .
  • Aday , L. and Andersen , R.M. 1974 . A framework for the study of access to medical care . Health Services Research , 9 : 208 – 20 .
  • Aday , L.A. , Begley , C.E. , Lairson , D.R. , Slater , C.H. , Richard , A.J. and Montoya , I.D. 1999 . A framework for assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of behavioral healthcare . American Journal of Managed Care , 5 : SP25-44
  • Alderman , E.M. , Schonberg , S.K. and Cohen , M.I. 1992 . The pediatrician's role in the diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse . Pediatric Review , 13 ( 8 ) : 314 – 8 .
  • American Academy of Pediatrics . 2000 . Indications for management and referral of patients involved in substance abuse . Pediatrics , 106 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : 143 – 48 .
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Substance Abuse . 1998 . Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs: The role of the pediatrician in prevention and management of substance abuse . Pediatrics , 101 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : 125 – 28 .
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Division of Child Health Research . 2002 . Periodic Survey of Fellows: 45% of Fellows Routinely Screen for Alcohol Use Available at: www.aap.org/research/periodicsurvey/ps31a.htm
  • American Medical Association . 1997 . Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) , Chicago : American Medical Association .
  • Anderson , A.R. and Henry , C.S. 1994 . Family system characteristics and parental behaviors as predictors of adolescent substance use . Adolescence , 29 ( 114 ) : 405 – 20 .
  • Arria , A.M. , Dohey , M.A. , Mezzich , A.C. , Bukstein , O.G. and Van Thiel , D.H. 1995 . Self-reported health problems and physical symptomatology in adolescent alcohol abusers . Journal of Adolescent Health , 16 ( 3 ) : 226 – 31 .
  • Bachman , J.G. , Wallace , J.M. Jr. , O'Malley , P.M. , Johnston , L.D. , Kurth , C.L. and Neighbors , H.W. 1991 . Racial/ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976–89 . American Journal of Public Health , 81 ( 3 ) : 372 – 77 .
  • Barnes , G.M. , Welte , J.W. and Hoffman , J.H. 2002 . Relationship of alcohol use to delinquency and illicit drug use in adolescents: Gender, age, and racial/ethnic differences . Journal of Drug Issues , 32 ( 1 ) : 153 – 78 .
  • Bartman , B.A. , Moy , E. and D'Angelo , L.J. 1997 . Access to ambulatory care for adolescents: the role of a usual source of care . Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved , 8 ( 2 ) : 214 – 26 .
  • Battjes , R.J. , Gordon , M.S. , O'Grady , K.E. , Kinlock , T.W. and Carswell , M.A. 2003 . Factors that predict adolescent motivation for substance abuse treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 24 ( 3 ) : 221 – 32 .
  • Beckman , L.J. and Amaro , H. 1986 . Personal and social difficulties faced by women and men entering alcoholism treatment . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 47 ( 2 ) : 135 – 46 .
  • Bell , N.J. , Forthun , L.F. and Sun , S.-W. 2000 . Attachment, adolescent competencies, and substance use: Developmental considerations in the study of risk behaviors . Substance Use & Misuse , 35 ( 9 ) : 1177 – 206 .
  • Berenson , A.B. , Wiemann , C.M. and McCombs , S. 2001 . Exposure to violence and associated health-risk behaviors among adolescent girls . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 155 ( 11 ) : 1238 – 42 .
  • Bethell , C. , Klein , J. and Peck , C. 2001 . Assessing health system provision of adolescent preventive services: The Young Adult Health Care Survey . Medical Care , 39 ( 5 ) : 478 – 90 .
  • Bickman , L. 1996 . A continuum of care: More is not always better . American Psychologist , 51 ( 7 ) : 689 – 701 .
  • Biederman , J. , Faraone , S.V. , Monuteaux , M.C. and Feighner , J.A. 2000 . Patterns of alcohol and drug use in adolescents can be predicted by parental substance use disorders . Pediatrics , 106 ( 4 ) : 792 – 97 .
  • Blume , S.B. 1986 . Women and alcohol: A review . Journal of the American Medical Association , 256 ( 11 ) : 1467 – 70 .
  • Brindis , C. , Park , M.J. , Ozer , E.M. and Irwin , C.E. Jr. 2002 . Adolescents' access to health services and clinical preventive health care: Crossing the great divide . Pediatric Annals , 31 ( 9 ) : 575 – 81 .
  • Brown , S.A. , Gleghorn , A. , Schuckit , M.A. , Myers , M.G. and Mott , M.A. 1996 . Conduct disorder among adolescent alcohol and drug abusers . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 57 ( 3 ) : 314 – 24 .
  • Bukstein , O.G. , Glancy , L.J. and Kaminer , Y. 1992 . Patterns of affective comorbidity in a clinical population of dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 ( 6 ) : 1041 – 45 .
  • Catalano , R.F. , Hawkins , J.D. , Wells , E.A. , Miller , J. and Brewer , D. 1990 . Evaluation of the effectiveness of adolescent drug abuse treatment, assessment of risks for relapse, and promising approaches for relapse prevention . International Journal of the Addictions , 25 ( 9A-10A ) : 1085 – 140 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 1989 . AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: 1988 update . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 38 : 1 – 38 .
  • Clark , D.B. , Jacob , R.G. and Mezzich , A. 1994 . Anxiety and conduct disorders in early onset alcoholism . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 708 : 181 – 86 .
  • Clark , D.B. , Pollock , N. , Bukstein , O.G. , Mezzich , A.C. , Bromberger , J.T. and Donovan , J.E. 1997 . Gender and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with alcohol dependence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 ( 9 ) : 1195 – 203 .
  • Collins , R.L. , Ellickson , P.L. and Bell , R.M. 1998 . Simultaneous polydrug use among teens: Prevalence and predictors . Journal of Substance Abuse , 10 : 233 – 53 .
  • Coupey , S.M. and Schonberg , S.K. 1982 . Evaluation and management of drug problems in adolescence . Pediatric Annals , 11 ( 8 ) : 653 – 58 .
  • Curlee , J. 1970 . A comparison of male and female patients at an alcohol treatment center . Journal of Psychology , 74 : 239 – 47 .
  • Dakof , G.A. 2000 . Understanding gender differences in adolescent drug abuse: Issues of comorbidity and family functioning . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 32 : 25 – 32 .
  • DeLucia , C. , Belz , A. and Chassin , L. 2001 . Do adolescent symptomatology and family environment vary over time with fluctuations in paternal alcohol impairment? . Developmental Psychology , 37 ( 2 ) : 207 – 16 .
  • DiClemente , R.J. , Wingood , G.M. , Crosby , R. , Sionean , C. , Cobb , B.K. , Harrington , K. , Davies , S. , Hook , E.W. 3rd and Oh , M.K. 2001 . Parental monitoring: Association with adolescents' risk behaviors . Pediatrics , 107 ( 6 ) : 1363 – 68 .
  • Dielman , T.E. , Kloska , D.D. , Leech , S.L. , Schulenberg , J.E. and Shope , J.T. 1992 . Susceptibility to peer pressure as an explanatory variable for the differential effectiveness of an alcohol misuse prevention program in elementary schools . Journal of School Health , 62 ( 6 ) : 233 – 37 .
  • Dishion , T.J. and Loeber , R. 1985 . Adolescent marijuana and alcohol use: The role of parents and peers revisited . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 11 ( 1–2 ) : 11 – 25 .
  • Donovan , D.M. and Rosengren , D.B. 1999 . “ Motivation for behavior change and treatment among substance abusers ” . In Changing Addictive Behavior: Bridging Clinical and Public Health Strategies , Edited by: Tucker , J.A. , Donovan , D.M. and Marlatt , G.A. New York : Guildford Press .
  • Edmunds , M. , Frank , R. , Hogan , M. , McCarty , D. , Robinson-Beale , R. and Weisner , C. , eds. 1997 . Managing Managed Care: Quality Improvement in Behavioral Health , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • Elster , A.B. and Levenberg , P. 1997 . Integrating comprehensive adolescent preventive services into routine medicine care. Rationale and approaches . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 44 ( 6 ) : 1365 – 77 .
  • Emans , S.J. , Bravender , T.D. , Knight , J.R. , Frazer , C. , Luoni , M. , Berkowitz , C. , Armstrong , E. and Goodman , E. 1998 . Adolescent medicine training in pediatric residency programs: Are we doing a good job? . Pediatrics , 102 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : 588 – 95 .
  • Epner , J.E.G. , Levenberg , P.B. and Schoeny , M.E. 1998 . Primary care providers' responsiveness to health-risk behaviors reported by adolescent patients . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 152 : 774 – 80 .
  • Everett , S.A. , Malarcher , A.M. , Sharp , D.J. , Husten , C.G. and Giovino , G.A. 2000 . Relationship between cigarette, smokeless tobacco, and cigar use, and other health risk behaviors among U.S. high school students . Journal of School Health , 70 ( 6 ) : 234 – 40 .
  • Federman , E.B. , Costello , E.J. , Angold , A. , Farmer , E.M. and Erkanli , A. 1997 . Development of substance use and psychiatric comorbidity in an epidemiologic study of white and American Indian young adolescents the Great Smoky Mountains Study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 44 ( 2–3 ) : 69 – 78 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. , Curtin , M. , Dvorchak , P. and Jason , L.A. 1997 . Recovering from alcoholism in communal-living settings: Exploring the characteristics of African American men and women . Journal of Substance Abuse , 9 : 77 – 87 .
  • Friedman , A.S. , Terras , A. and Kreisher , C. 1995 . Family and client characteristics as predictors of outpatient treatment outcome for adolescent drug abusers . Journal of Substance Abuse , 7 ( 3 ) : 345 – 56 .
  • Friedman , L.S. , Johnson , B. and Brett , A.S. 1990 . Evaluation of substance-abusing adolescents by primary care physicians . Journal of Adolescent Health Care , 11 ( 3 ) : 227 – 30 .
  • Galuska , D.A. , Fulton , J.E. , Powell , K.E. , Burgeson , C.R. , Pratt , M. , Elster , A. and Griesemer , B.A. 2002 . Pediatrician counseling about preventive health topics: Results from the Physicians' Practices Survey, 1998–1999 . Pediatrics , 109 ( 5 ) : E83
  • Geraty , R. and Axelson , A.A. 1994 . “ Child and adolescent services ” . In Allies and Adversaries: The Impact of Managed Care on Mental Health Services , Edited by: Schreter , R.K. and Sharfstein , S.S. Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Publishing .
  • Gillmore , M.R. , Catalano , R.F. , Morrison , D.M. , Wells , E.A. , Iritani , B. and Hawkins , J.D. 1990 . Racial differences in acceptability and availability of drugs and early initiation of substance use . American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse , 16 ( 3–4 ) : 185 – 206 .
  • Glied , S. , Hoven , C.W. , Moore , R.E. , Garrett , A.B. and Regier , D.A. 1997 . Children's access to mental health care: Does insurance matter? . Health Affairs , 16 ( 1 ) : 167 – 74 .
  • Gordon , N.P. 2000 . Characteristics of Adult Health Plan Members in the Northern California Region Membership, as Estimated from the 1999 Member Health Survey , Oakland , California : Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program .
  • Graham , N. 1997 . A test of magnitude: does the strength of predictors explain differences in drug use among adolescents? . Journal of Drug Education , 27 ( 1 ) : 83 – 104 .
  • Greenbaum , P.E. , Foster-Johnson , L. and Petrila , A. 1996 . Co-occurring addictive and mental disorders among adolescents: Prevalence research and future directions . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 ( 1 ) : 52 – 60 .
  • Grilo , C.M. , Walker , M.L. , Becker , D.F. , Edell , W.S. and McGlashan , T.H. 1997 . Personality disorders in adolescents with major depression, substance use disorders, and coexisting major depression and substance use disorders . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 ( 2 ) : 328 – 32 .
  • Guerra , L.M. , Romano , P.S. , Samuels , S.J. and Kass , P.H. 2000 . Ethnic differences in adolescent substance initiation sequences . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 154 ( 11 ) : 1089 – 95 .
  • Haverkos , H.W. and Stein , M.D. 1995 . Identifying substance abuse in primary care . American Family Physician , 52 ( 7 ) : 2029 – 35 .
  • Hedberg , V.A. , Klein , J.D. and Andresen , E. 1998 . Health counseling in adolescent preventive visits: effectiveness, current practices, and quality measurement . Journal of Adolescent Health , 23 ( 6 ) : 344 – 53 .
  • Hesselbrock , M.N. 1991 . Gender comparison of antisocial personality disorder and depression in alcoholism . Journal of Substance Abuse , 3 : 205 – 19 .
  • Hser , Y.-I. , Grella , C.E. , Hubbard , R.L. , Hsieh , S.-C. , Fletcher , B.W. , Brown , B.S. and Anglin , M.D. 2001 . An evaluation of drug treatments for adolescents in 4 US cities . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 ( 7 ) : 689 – 95 .
  • Jacob , T. and Johnson , S. 1997 . Parenting influences on the development of alcohol abuse and dependence . Alcohol Health & Research World , 21 ( 3 ) : 204 – 09 .
  • Johnson , E.O. , Schutz , C.G. , Anthony , J.C. and Ensmingcr , M.E. 1995 . Inhalants to heroin: A prospective analysis from adolescence to adulthood . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 40 ( 2 ) : 159 – 64 .
  • Johnston , L.D. , O'Malley , P.M. and Bachman , J.G. 2003 . Monitoring the Future. National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings , Bethesda , Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
  • Kaminer , Y. , Tarter , R.W. , Bukstein , O.G. and Kabene , M. 1992 . Comparison between treatment completers and noncompleters among dually diagnosed substance-abusing adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 ( 6 ) : 1046 – 49 .
  • Kandel , D.B. , Griesler , P.C. , Lee , G. , Davies , M. and Schaffsan , C. 2001 . Parental Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use and the Baby Boom Generation: Findings from the 1979–1996 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse , Rockville , Maryland : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3531
  • Kandel , D.B. , Johnson , J.G. , Bird , H.R. , Weissman , MM. , Goodman , S.H. , Lahey , B.B. , Regier , D.A. and Schwab-Stone , M.E. 1999 . Psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents with substance use disorders: Findings from the MECA Study . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 ( 6 ) : 693 – 99 .
  • Kaplan , D.W. , Calonge , B.N. , Guernsey , B.R. and Hanrahan , M.B. 1998 . Managed care and school-based health centers: Use of health services . Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine , 152 ( 1 ) : 25 – 33 .
  • Kelly , J.A. 1997 . Substance abuse and mental health care: Managed care, access, and clinical outcomes . Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses , 45 ( 9 ) : 439 – 45 .
  • Keyl , P.M. , Hurado , M.P. , Barber , M.M. and Borton , J. 1996 . School-based health centers: Students' access, knowledge, and use of services . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 150 ( February ) : 175 – 80 .
  • Kilpatrick , D.C. , Acierno , R. , Saunders , B. , Resnick , H.S. , Best , C.L. and Schnurr , P.P. 2000 . Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 68 ( 1 ) : 19 – 30 .
  • Klein , J.D. and Matos Auerbach , M. 2002 . Improving adolescent health outcomes . Minerva Pediatrica , 54 ( 1 ) : 25 – 39 .
  • Klein , J.D. , McNulty , M. and Flatau , C.N. 1998 . Adolescents' access to care: Teenagers' self-reported use of services and perceived access to confidential care . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 152 ( July ) : 676 – 82 .
  • Klein , J.D. , Slap , G.B. , Elster , A.B. and Cohn , S.E. 1993 . Adolescents and access to health care . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , 70 ( 3 ) : 219 – 35 .
  • Knight , J.R. , Goodman , E. , Pulerwitz , E. and DuRant , R.H. 2000 . Reliabilities of short substance abuse screening tests among adolescent medical patients . Pediatrics , 105 ( 4, Part 2 of 2 ) : 948 – 53 .
  • Kokotailo , P.K. , Langhough , R. , Neary , E.J. , Matson , S.C. and Fleming , M.F. 1995 . Improving pediatric residents' alcohol and other drug use clinical skills: Use of an experiential curriculum . Pediatrics , 96 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : 99 – 104 .
  • Lamminpaa , A. 1995 . Alcohol intoxication in childhood and adolescence . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 – 12 .
  • Lane , J. , Gerstein , D. , Huang , L. and Wright , D. 2001 . Findings from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse , Rockville , Maryland : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . Analytic Series: A-12, DHHS Publication No. SMA-01-3499
  • Latimer , W.W. , Stone , A.L. , Voight , A. , Winters , K.C. and August , G.J. 2002 . Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents with substance use disorders . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 10 ( 3 ) : 310 – 15 .
  • Lawendowski , L.A. 1998 . A motivational intervention for adolescent smokers . Preventive Medicine , 27 ( 5 Pt 3 ) : A39-46
  • Levy , S. , Vaughan , B.L. and Knight , J.R. 2002 . Office-based intervention for adolescent substance abuse . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 49 ( 2 ) : 329 – 43 .
  • Loeber , R. , Green , S.M. , Lahey , B.B. , Frick , P.J. and McBurnett , K. 2000 . Findings on disruptive behavior disorders from the first decade of the Developmental Trends Study . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 3 ( 1 ) : 37 – 60 .
  • Loeber , R. , Stouthamer-Loeber , M. and Raskin-White , H. 1999 . Developmental aspects of delinquency and internalizing problems and their association with persistent juvenile substance use between ages 7 and 18 . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 28 ( 3 ) : 322 – 32 .
  • Lustig , J.L. , Ozer , E.M. , Adams , S.H. , Wibbelsman , C.J. , Fuster , C.D. , Bonar , R.W. and Irwin , C.E. Jr. 2001 . Improving the delivery of adolescent clinical preventive services through skills-based training . Pediatrics , 107 ( 5 ) : 1100 – 07 .
  • Marks , A. , Malizio , J. , Hoch , J. , Brody , R. and Fisher , M. 1983 . Assessment of health needs and willingness to utilize health care resources of adolescents in a suburban population . Journal of Pediatrics , 102 ( 3 ) : 456 – 60 .
  • Marsh , J.C. , Colten , M.E. and Tucker , M.B. 1982 . Women's use of drugs and alcohol: New perspectives . Journal of Social Issues , 38 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
  • McConaughy , S.H. , Stanger , C. and Achenbach , T.M. 1992 . Three-year course of behavioral/emotional problems in a national sample of 4- to 16-year-olds: I. Agreement among informants . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 ( 5 ) : 932 – 40 .
  • McKay , J.R. , Rutherford , M.J. , Cacciola , J.S. , Kabasakalian-McKay , R. and Alterman , A.I. 1996 . Gender differences in the relapse experiences of cocaine patients . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 184 ( 10 ) : 616 – 22 .
  • McLellan , A.T. and Weisner , C. 1996 . “ Achieving the public health and safely potential of substance abuse treatments: Implications for patient referral, treatment matching, and outcome evaluations ” . In Drug Policy and Human Nature: Psychological Perspectives on the Prevention, Management and Treatment of Illicit Drug Abuse , Edited by: Bickel , W.K. and DeGrandpre , R.J. New York : Plenum Press .
  • McLellan , A.T. , Hagan , T.A. , Levine , M. , Gould , F. , Meyers , K. , Bencivengo , M. and Durell , J. 1998 . Supplemental social services improve outcomes in public addiction treatment . Addiction , 93 ( 10 ) : 1489 – 99 .
  • McLellan , T.A. , Kushner , H. , Metzger , D. , Peters , R. , Smith , I. , Grissom , G. , Pettinati , H. and Argeriou , M. 1992 . The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 9 ( 3 ) : 199 – 213 .
  • Mertens , J.R. and Weisner , C.M. 2000 . Predictors of substance abuse treatment retention among women and men in an HMO . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 24 ( 10 ) : 1525 – 33 .
  • Meyers , K. , McLellan , A.T. , Jaeger , J. , Pettinati , H. and Kushner , H. 1995 . The development of the comprehensive adolescent addiction severity index (CAASI): An interview for assessing multiple problems of adolescents . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 12 ( 3 ) : 181 – 93 .
  • Miles , D.R. , Stallings , M.C. , Young , S.E. , Hewitt , J.K. , Crowley , T.J. and Fulker , D.W. 1998 . A family history and direct interview study of the familial aggregation of substance abuse: The Adolescent Substance Abuse Study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 49 ( 2 ) : 105 – 14 .
  • Miller , W.R. and Rollnick , S. 2002 . Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Muramoto , M.L. and Leshan , L. 1993 . Adolescent substance abuse: Recognition and early intervention . Primary Care , 20 ( 1 ) : 141 – 54 .
  • O'Connor , P.G. , Horwitz , R.I. , Gottlieb , L.D. , Kraus , M.L. and Segal , S.R. 1993 . The impact of gender on clinical characteristics and outcome in alcohol withdrawal . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 10 ( 1 ) : 59 – 62 .
  • Ozer , E. , Lustig , J.L. , Adams , S. , Gee , A.G.S. , Wibblesman , C. , Bonar , R.W. , Fuster , D. and Irwin , C. 2003 . Integrating training into practice: Increasing the delivery of adolescent clinical preventive services . Journal of Adolescent Health , 32 ( 2 ) : 130 – 31 .
  • Parrish , S.K. 1994 . Adolescent substance abuse: The challenge- for clinicians . Alcohol: An International Biomedical Journal , 11 ( 6 ) : 453 – 55 .
  • Pelissolo , A. , Gourion , D. , Notides , C. , Bouvard , M. , Lepine , J.P. and Mouren-Simeoni , M.C. 2001 . Familial factors influencing the consumption of anxiolytics and hypnotics by children and adolescents . European Psychiatry , 16 ( 1 ) : 11 – 17 .
  • Prinstein , M.J. , Boergers , J. and Spirito , A. 2001 . Adolescents' and their friends' health-risk behavior: Factors that alter or add to peer influence . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 26 ( 5 ) : 287 – 98 .
  • Riggin , O.Z. 1993 . Adolescent substance abuse: Prevalence, assessment, prevention, and treatment . Nurse Practitioner Forum , 4 ( 4 ) : 207 – 15 .
  • Riggs , P.D. , Baker , S. , Mikulich , S.K. , Young , S.E. and Crowley , T.J. 1995 . Depression in substance-dependent delinquents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 ( 6 ) : 764 – 71 .
  • Ross , H.E. 1989 . Alcohol and drug abuse in treated alcoholics: A comparison of men and women . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 13 ( 6 ) : 810
  • Rounds-Bryant , J.L. and Staab , J. 2001 . Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes for African American, Hispanic, and White adolescents in DATOS-A . Journal of Adolescent Research , 16 ( 6 ) : 624 – 41 .
  • SAS Institute . 1999 . The SAS System V.8.02 for Windows , Cary , North Carolina : SAS Institute . 2001
  • Schmidt , L. and Weisner , C. 1993 . “ Developments in alcoholism treatment: A ten year review ” . In Recent Developments in Alcoholism , Edited by: Galanter , M. New York : Plenum .
  • Schwartz , R.H. , Luxenberg , M.G. and Hoffmann , N.G. 1991 . “Crack” use by American middle-class adolescent polydrug abusers . Journal of Pediatrics , 118 ( 1 ) : 150 – 55 .
  • Selby , J.V. 1997 . Linking automated databases for research in managed care settings . Annals of Internal Medicine , 127 ( 8 Pt 2 ) : 719 – 24 .
  • Shrier , L.A. , Harris , S.K. , Sternberg , M. and Beardslee , W.R. 2001 . Associations of depression, self-esteem, and substance use with sexual risk among adolescents . Preventive Medicine , 33 ( 3 ) : 179 – 89 .
  • Singer , M. and Anglin , T. 1986 . The identification of adolescent substance abuse by health care professionals . International Journal of the Addictions , 21 ( 2 ) : 247 – 54 .
  • Singer , M. , Petchers , M.K. and Anglin , T.M. 1987 . Detection of adolescent substance abuse in a pediatric outpatient department: A double-blind study . Journal of Pediatrics , 111 ( 6, Part 1 ) : 938 – 41 .
  • Sterling , S. , Weisner , C. and Lu , Y. 2003 . Adolescents in managed care with substance abuse problems: Who are they and how do they get noticed? Paper presented at the 131st meeting of American Public Health Association, San Francisco, California
  • Sterling , S. , Mertens , J. , Lu , Y. , Hinman , A. and Weisner , C. 2003 . Organizational and Extra-Organizational Integration of Treatment Services for Adolescents with Substance Abuse Problems in Private Managed Care , Oakland , California : Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry .
  • Sterling , S. , Mertens , J. , Lu , Y. , Hinman , A. and Weisner , C. 2002 . Pathways to Substance Abuse Treatment in an HMO: Implications for Policy. Final Report , Oakland , California : Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research .
  • Stewart , M.A. and Brown , S.A. 1993 . Family functioning following adolescent substance abuse treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse , 5 ( 4 ) : 327 – 39 .
  • Stowell , R.J. and Estroff , T.W. 1992 . Psychiatric disorders in substance-abusing adolescent inpatients: A pilot study . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 ( 6 ) : 1036 – 40 .
  • Stroul , B.A. , Pires , S.A. , Armstrong , M.I. and Meyers , J.C. 1998 . The impact of managed care on mental health services for children and their families . Future of Children , 8 ( 2 ) : 119 – 33 .
  • Summerfelt , W.T. , Foster , E.M. and Saunders , R.C. 1996 . Mental health services utilization in a children's mental health managed care demonstration . Journal of Mental Health Administration , 23 ( 1 ) : 80 – 89 .
  • Tober , G. 1991 . “ Motivational Interviewing with young people ” . In Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behaviors , Edited by: Miller , W.R. and Rollnick , S. New York : Guilford .
  • U.S. Congress & Office of Technology Assessment . 1991 . “ Alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse: Prevention and services ” . In Adolescent Health, Vol. II: Background and the Effectiveness of Selected Prevention and Treatment Services, OTA-H-466 , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
  • U.S. Preventative Services Task Force . 1996 . Guide to Clinical Preventive Services , Baltimore , Maryland : Williams and Wilkins .
  • Vaillant , G.E. 1992 . “ Is there a natural history of addiction? ” . In Addictive States , Edited by: O'Brian , C.P. and Jaffe , J.H. New York : Raven Press .
  • Vannicelli , M. 1984 . Barriers to the treatment of alcoholic women . Substance and Alcohol Actions/Misuse , 5 : 29 – 37 .
  • Vega , W.A. , Zimmerman , R.S. , Warheit , G.J. , Apospori , E. and Gil , A.G. 1993 . Risk factor for early adolescent drug use in four ethnic and racial groups . American Journal of Public Health , 83 ( 2 ) : 185 – 89 .
  • Wallace , J.M. Jr. , Bachman , J.G. , O'Malley , P.M. , Johnston , L.D. , Schulenberg , J.E. and Cooper , S.M. 2002 . Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: Racial and ethnic differences among U.S. high school seniors, 1976–2000 . Public Health Reports , 117 ( Suppl 1 ) : S67 – 75 .
  • Wallen , J. 1992 . A comparison of male and female clients in substance abuse treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 9 ( 3 ) : 243 – 48 .
  • Weisner , C. 1993 . The epidemiology of combined alcohol and drug use within treatment agencies: A comparison by gender . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 54 : 268 – 74 .
  • Weisner , C. and Schmidt , L. 2001 . Rethinking access to alcohol treatment . Recent Developments in Alcoholism , 15 : 107 – 36 .
  • Weisner , C. and Schmidt , L. 1992 . Gender disparities in treatment for alcohol problems . Journal of the American Medical Association , 268 ( 14 ) : 1872 – 76 .
  • Weisner , C. , Greenfield , T. and Room , R. 1995 . Trends in the treatment of alcohol problems in the U.S. general population, 1979 through 1990 . American Journal of Public Health , 85 ( 1 ) : 55 – 60 .
  • Weisner , C. , Mertens , J. , Parthasarathy , S. , Moore , C. , Hunkeler , E. , Hu , T.-W. and Selby , J.V. 2000 . The outcome and cost of alcohol and drug treatment in an HMO: Day hospital versus traditional outpatient regimens . Health Services Research , 35 ( 4 ) : 791 – 812 .
  • Whitmore , E.A. , Mikulich , S.K. , Thompson , L.L. , Riggs , P.D. , Aarons , G.A. and Crowley , T.J. 1997 . Influences on adolescent substance dependence: Conduct disorder, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and gender . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 47 ( 2 ) : 87 – 97 .
  • Wills , T.A. and Cleary , S.D. 1996 . How are social support effects mediated? A test with parental support and adolescent substance use . Journal of Personal and Social Psychology , 71 ( 5 ) : 937 – 52 .
  • Yamaguchi , K. 1990 . “ Drug use and its social covariates from the period of adolescence to young adulthood: Some implications from longitudinal studies ” . In Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Vol. 8. Combined Alcohol and Other Drug Dependence , Edited by: Galanter , M. New York : Plenum Press .
  • Yamaguchi , K. and Kandel , D.B. 1984 . Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: III. Predictors of Progression . American Journal of Public Health , 74 ( 7 ) : 673 – 81 .
  • Young , S.E. , Corley , R.P. , Stallings , M.C. , Rhee , S.H. , Crowley , T.J. and Hewitt , J.K. 2002 . Substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescence: Prevalence, symptom profiles and correlates . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 68 ( 3 ) : 309 – 22 .
  • Zimmer-Gembeck , M.J. , Alexander , T. and Nystrom , R.J. 1997 . Adolescents report their need for and use of health care services . Journal of Adolescent Health , 21 ( 6 ) : 388 – 99 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.