The Drugs-Violence Nexus Among Mexican-American Gang Members

REFERENCES

• Agnew , R. , Brezina , T. , Wright , J. P. and Cullen , F. T. 2002 . Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory . Criminology , 40 ( 1 ) : 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the Streets: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York : W. W. Norton. .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , S. W. and Hartnagel , T. F. 1998 . Street youth and criminal violence . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 35 ( 2 ) : 166 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyers , J. M. , Loeber , R. , Wikstrom , P. H. and Stouthamer-Loeber , M. 2001 . What predicts adolescent violence in better-off neighborhoods? . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 29 ( 5 ) : 369 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , C. R. and Block , R. 1993 . Street Gang Crime in Chicago. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. .
   Google Scholar
• Christoffersen , M. N. , Poulsen , H. D. and Nielsen , A. 2003 . Attempted suicide among young people: Risk factors in a prospective register based study of Danish children born in 1966 . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 108 ( 5 ) : 350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary , S. D. 2000 . Adolescent victimization and associated suicidal and violent behaviors . Adolescence , 35 ( 140 ) : 671 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colsman , M. and Wulfert , E. 2002 . Conflict resolution style as an indicator of adolescents' substance use and other problem behaviors . Addictive Behaviors , 27 : 633 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins , M. P. 1997 . Drug use and violent crime among adolescents . Adolescence , 32 ( 126 ) : 395 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Rosa , M. , Lambert , E. and Gropper , B. , eds. 1990 . Drugs and Violence: Causes, Correlates, and Consequences. Washington, D.C. : USGPO. .
   Google Scholar
• Donovan , J. E. 1991 . Problem-behavior theory and the explanation of adolescent marijuana use . Journal of Drug Issues , 26 : 379 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Drukker , M. , Kaplan , C. D. , Feron , F. and van Os , J. 2003 . Children's health-related quality of life, neighborhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital: A contextual analysis . Social Science and Medicine , 57 ( 5 ) : 825 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellickson , P. , Saner , H. and McGuigan , K. 1997 . Profiles of violent youth: Substance use and other concurrent problems . American Journal of Public Health , 87 ( 6 ) : 985 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , W. , Albers , E. , Macari , D. and Mason , A. 1996 . Suicide ideation, attempts and abuse among incarcerated gang and nongang delinquents . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 13 ( 2 ) : 115 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagan , J. 1993 . Interactions among drugs, alcohol, and violence . Health Affairs , 12 ( 4 ) : 65 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan , J. 1989 . The social organization of drug use and drug dealing among urban gangs . Criminology , 27 ( 4 ) : 633 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan , J. , Weis , J. G. and Cheng , Y. 1990 . Delinquency and substance use among inner-city students . Journal of Drug Issues , 20 ( 3 ) : 351 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , P. J. 1985 . The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework . Journal of Drug Issues , : 493 – 506 . (Fall)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunbaum , J. A. , Basen-Engquist , K. and Pandey , D. 1998 . Association between violent behaviors and substance use among Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white high school students . Journal of Adolescent Health , 23 ( 3 ) : 153 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra , N. G. , Huesmann , L. R. , Tolan , P. , Van Acker , R. and Eron , L. D. 1995 . Stressful events and individual beliefs as correlates of economic disadvantage and aggression among urban children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 518 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammersley , M. and Atkinson , P. 1995 . Ethnography, Principles in Practice. London : Routledge. .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. D. , Erickson , P. G. , Adlaf , E. and Freeman , C. 2001 . The drugs-violence nexus among American and Canadian youth . Substance Use and Misuse , 36 ( 14 ) : 2065 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffer , T. A. and Cervantes , R. C. 1992 . “ Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Latino gang members. ” . In Substance Abuse and Gang Violence. Edited by: Cervantes , R. C. Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications. .
   Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. and Peterson , P. E. 1991 . The Urban Underclass. Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution. .
   Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. and Mayer , S. E. 1990 . “ The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. ” . In Inner-City Poverty in the United States. Edited by: Lynn , L. E. Jr. and McGreary , M. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Jessor , R. 1993 . Successful adolescent development among youth in high-risk settings . American Psychologist , 48 ( 2 ) : 117 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessor , R. , Donovan , J. E. and Costa , F. M. 1991 . Beyond Adolescence: Problem Behavior and Young Adult Development. New York : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , H. B. , Tolle , G. C. and Yoshida , T. 2001 . Substance use-induced diminution of violence: A countervailing effect in longitudinal perspective . Criminology , 39 ( 1 ) : 205 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarda , J. D. 1993 . Urban Underclass Database: An Overview and Machine-Readable File Documentation. New York : Social Science Research Council. .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , J. 1988 . Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York : Basic Books. .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , M. W. 1995 . The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence and Control. New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Li , X. , Stanton , B. and Feigelman , S. 1999 . Exposure to drug trafficking among urban, low-income African American children and adolescents . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 153 ( 2 ) : 161 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macdonald , S. , Wells , S. , Giesbrecht , N. and Cherpitel , C. J. 1999 . Demographic and substance use factors related to violent and accidental injuries: Results from an emergency room study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 55 ( 1–2 ) : 53 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride , D. C. 1981 . “ Drugs and violence. ” . In The Drug-Crime Connection. Edited by: Inciardi , J. A. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications. .
   Google Scholar
• Miczek , K. A. , DeBold , J. F. , Haney , M. , Tidey , J. , Vivian , J. and Weerts , E. M. 1994 . “ Alcohol, drugs of abuse, aggression, and violence. ” . In Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 3, Social Influences. Edited by: Reiss , A. J. and Roth , J. A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. 1991a . “ Gangs, drugs and violence. ” . In Drugs and Violence: Causes, Correlates and Consequences. Edited by: De , M. , La Rosa , Lambert , E. Y. and Gropper , B. Washington, D.C. : USGPO. .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. 1991b . Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. 1990 . Mexican American Women Addicts: The Influence of Family Background. London, , England : Rutgers University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. 1989 . Is there a Hispanic underclass? . Social Science Quarterly , 70 ( 2 ) : 265 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. 1978 . Homeboys: Gangs, Drugs, and Prison in the Barrios of Los Angeles. Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Needle , J. and Stapleton , W. V. 1983 . Reports of the National Juvenile Justice Assessment Centers, Police Handling Youth Gangs. Washington, D.C. : U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , M. and Sela-Amit , M. 1997 . An examination of the effects of race/ethnicity and social class on adolescents' exposure to violence . Journal of Social Service Research , 22 ( 3 ) : 53 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla , F. M. 1992 . The Gang as an American Enterprise. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Page , J. B. 1990 . Shooting scenarios and risk of HIV-1 infection . American Behavioral Scientist , 33 ( 4 ) : 478 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescosolido , B. A. and Georgianna , S. 1989 . Durkheim, suicide, and religion: Toward a network theory of suicide . American Sociological Review , 54 ( 1 ) : 33 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. and van Praag , H. M. 1990 . A self-report measure of violence risk, II . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 31 ( 5 ) : 450 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. and van Praag , H. M. 1989 . The measurement of suicidality, aggressivity and impulsivity . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 13 : S23 – S34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. , van Praag , H. M. and Conte , H. R. 1989 . Correlates of suicide and violence risk: III. A two-stage model of countervailing forces . Psychiatry Research , 28 : 215 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porterfeld , A. 1952 . Suicide and crime in folk and secular society . American Journal of Sociology , 57 : 331 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. E. and Chen , Y. W. 1995 . Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Mexican-origin and Anglo adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 ( 1 ) : 81 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Lauritsen , J. L. 1994 . “ Violent victimization and offending: Individual-, situational-, and community-level risk factors. ” . In Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 3, Social Influences. Edited by: Reiss , A. J. Jr. and Roth , J. A. Washington, DC : National Academy Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. , Morenoff , J. D. and Earls , F. 1999 . Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children . American Sociological Review , 64 ( October ) : 633 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. , Raudenbush , S. W. and Earls , F. 1997 . Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy . Science , 277 : 918 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , W. B. 1994 . Gangbangs and Drive-bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. Chicago, IL : Aldine. .
   Google Scholar
• Saner , H. and Ellickson , P. 1996 . Concurrent risk factors for adolescent violence . Journal of Adolescent Health , 19 ( 2 ) : 94 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santisteban , D. A. , Coatsworth , J. D. , Perez-Vidal , A. , Kurtines , W. M. , Schwartz , S. J. , LaPerriere , A. and Szapocznik , J. 2003 . Efficacy of brief strategic family therapy in modifying Hispanic adolescent behavior problems and substance use . Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) , 17 ( 1 ) : 121 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifaneck , S. J. and Neaigus , A. 2001 . The ethnographic accessing, sampling and screening of hidden populations: Heroin sniffers in New York City . Addiction Research and Theory , 9 ( 6 ) : 519 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spergel , I. A. and Curry , G. D. 1993 . “ The National Youth Gang Survey: A research and development process. ” . In Gang Intervention Handbook. Edited by: Goldstein , A. and Huff , C. R. Champaign-Urbana, IL : Research Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Spunt , B. J. , Goldstein , P. J. , Bellucci , P. A. and Miller , T. 1990 . Race/ethnicity and gender differences in the drugs-violence relationship . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 22 ( 3 ) : 293 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorberry , T. P. , Krohn , M. D. , Lizotte , A. J. , Smith , C. A. and Tobin , K. 2003 . Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective New York : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Unger , J. B. , Sussman , S. and Dent , C. W. 2003 . Interpersonal conflict tactics and substance use among high-risk adolescents . Addictive Behaviors , 28 ( 5 ) : 979 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez , A. and Kaplan , C. D. 1999 . Reducing selection bias in the use of focus groups to investigate hidden populations: The case of Mexican American gang members from South Texas . Drugs and Society , 14 ( 1/2 ) : 209 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Valdez , A. , Kaplan , C. D. , Curtis , R. L. Jr. and Yin , Z. 1995 . Illegal drug use, alcohol and aggressive crime among Mexican American and white male arrestees in San Antonio . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 27 ( 2 ) : 135 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez , A. and Sifaneck , S. J. 2004 . “Getting high and getting by”: Dimensions of drug selling behaviors among American Mexican gang members in South Texas . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 41 ( I ) : 82 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valdez , A. , Yin , Z. and Kaplan , C. D. 1997 . A comparison of alcohol, drugs. and aggressive crime among Mexican-American, Black, and White male arrestees in Texas . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 23 ( 2 ) : 249 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigil , J. D. 2002 . A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City Austin : University of Texas Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Vigil , J. D. 1988a . Group processes and street identity: Adolescent Chicano gang members . Ethos , 16 ( 4 ) : 421 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigil , J. D. 1988b . Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin : University of Texas Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Watters , J. K. , Reinarman , C. and Fagan , J. 1985 . Causality, context, and contingency: Relationships between drug abuse and delinquency . Contemporary Drug Problems , 12 ( Fall ) : 351 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1987 . The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City. the Underclass and Public Policy. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Wurmser , L. and Clare , L. 1983 . “ Substance abuse and aggression-a psychoanalytic view. ” . In Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Aggression Edited by: Gottheil , E. , Druley , K. A. , Skoloda , T. E. and Waxman , H. M. Springfield, Ill : Charles C. Thomas. .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , Z. , Valdez , A. , Mata , A. G. and Kaplan , C. D. 1996 . Developing a field-intensive methodology for generating a randomized sample for gang research . Free Inquiry-Special Issue: Gang, Drugs and Violence , 24 ( 2 ) : 195 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimring , F. E. 1998 . American Youth Violence. New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Zun , L. S. and Rosen , J. M. 2003 . Psychosocial needs of young persons who are victims of interpersonal violence . Pediatrics Emergency Care , 19 ( 1 ) : 15 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar