Integrating Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) into Clinical Practice Settings: A Brief Review

REFERENCES

• Academic ED SBIRT Research Collaborative . 2010 . The impact of screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment of emergency department patients’ alcohol use: A 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 45 ( 6 ) : 514 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Academic ED SBIRT Research Collaborative . 2007a . An evidence-based alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) curriculum for emergency department providers improves skills and utilization . Substance Abuse , 28 ( 4 ) : 79 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Academic ED SBIRT Research Collaborative . 2007b . The impact of screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment of emergency department patients’ alcohol use . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 50 : 699 – 710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , P. , Laurant , M. , Kaner , E. , Wensing , M. and Grol , R. 2004 . Engaging general practitioners in the management of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption: Results of a meta-analysis . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 65 ( 2 ) : 191 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor , T.F. and Kadden , R.K. 2005 . Screening and interventions for alcohol and drug problems in medical settings: What works? . Journal of Trauma , 59 ( Suppl 3 ) : S80 – S87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor , T.F. , McRee , B.G. , Kassebaum , P.A. , Grimaldi , P.L. , Ahmed , K. and Bray , J. 2007 . Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) . Substance Abuse , 28 ( 3 ) : 7 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babor , T.F. , Higgins-Biddle , J. , Dauser , D. , Higgins , P. and Burleson , J.A. 2005 . Alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care settings: Implementation models and predictors . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 66 ( 3 ) : 361 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor , T.F. , de la Fuente , J.R. , Saunders , J. and Grant , M. 1989 . “ AUDIT ” . In The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care , Geneva : World Health Organization . WHO/MNH/DAT 89.4
   Google Scholar
• Barry , K.L. and Fleming , M.F. 1990 . Computerized administration of alcoholism screening tests in a primary care setting . Journal of the American Board of Family Practice , 3 ( 2 ) : 93 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beich , A. , Thorsen , T. and Rollnick , S. 2003 . Screening in brief intervention trials targeting excessive drinkers in general practice: Systematic review and meta-analysis . British Medical Journal , 327 ( 7414 ) : 536 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beich , A. , Gannik , D. and Malterud , K. 2002 . Screening and brief intervention for excessive alcohol use: Qualitative interview study of the experiences of general practitioners . British Medical Journal , 325 ( 7369 ) : 870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beich , A. , Gannik , D. , Saelan , H. and Thorsen , T. 2007 . Screening and brief intervention targeting risky drinkers in Danish general practice—a pragmatic controlled trial . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 42 ( 6 ) : 593 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , E. , Bernstein , J.A. , Stein , J.B. and Saitz , R. 2009a . SBIRT in emergency care settings: Are we ready to take it to scale? . Academic Emergency Medicine , 16 : 1072 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , E. , Edwards , E. , Dorfman , D. , Heeren , T. , Bliss , C. and Bernstein , J. 2009b . Screening and brief intervention to reduce marijuana use among youth and young adults in a pediatric emergency department . Academic Emergency Medicine , 16 ( 11 ) : 1174 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , E. , Topp , D. , Shaw , E. , Girard , C. , Pressman , K. , Woolcock , E. and Bernstein , J. 2009c . A preliminary report of knowledge translation: Lessons from taking screening and brief intervention techniques from the research setting into regional systems of care . Academic Emergency Medicine , 16 : 1225 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , J. , Bernstein , E. , Tassiopoulos , K. , Heeren , T. , Levenson , S. and Hingson , R. 2005 . Brief motivational intervention at a clinic visit reduces cocaine and heroin use . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 77 ( 1 ) : 49 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertholet , N. , Faouzi , M. , Gmel , G. , Gaume , J. and Daeppen , J.B. 2010 . Change talk sequence during brief motivational intervention, towards or away from drinking . Addiction , 105 ( 12 ) : 2106 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertholet , N. , Daeppen , J.B. , Wietlisbach , V. , Fleming , M. and Burnand , B. 2005 . Reduction of alcohol consumption by brief alcohol intervention in primary care: Systematic review and meta-analysis . Archives of Internal Medicine , 165 ( 9 ) : 986 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray , J.W. , Cowell , A.J. and Hinde , J.M. 2011 . A systematic review and meta-analysis of health care utilization outcomes in alcohol screening and brief intervention trials . Medical Care , 49 ( 3 ) : 287 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R.L. 2011 . Configuring health care for systematic behavioral screening and intervention . Population Health Management , 14 ( 6 ) : 299 – 05 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chossis , I. , Lane , C. , Gache , P. , Michaud , P.A. , Pécoud , A. , Rollnick , S. and Daeppen , J.B. 2007 . Effect of training on primary care residents’ performance in brief alcohol intervention: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 22 ( 8 ) : 1144 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daeppen , J.B. , Gaume , J. , Bady , P. , Yersin , B. , Calmes , J.M. , Givel , J.C. and Gmel , G. 2007 . Brief alcohol intervention and alcohol assessment do not influence alcohol use in injured patients treated in the emergency department: A randomized controlled clinical trial . Addiction , 102 ( 8 ) : 1224 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , L. and Morse , R. 1991 . Self-administered alcoholism screening test: A comparison of conventional versus computer administered formats . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research , 15 ( 2 ) : 155 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D.A. , Pulay , A.J. and Grant , B.F. 2010 . A comparison of two single-item screeners for hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research , 34 ( 2 ) : 364 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D.A. , Compton , W.M. and Grant , B.F. 2010 . Frequency of 5+/4+ drinks as a screener for drug use and drug-use disorders . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 1 ( 5 ) : 751 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desy , P.M. , Howard , P.K. , Perhats , C. and Li , S. 2010 . Alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment conducted by emergency nurses: An impact evaluation . Journal of Emergency Nursing , 36 ( 6 ) : 538 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Onofrio , G. , Bernstein , E. and Rollnick , S. 1996 . Motivating patients for change: A brief strategy for negotiation . Emergency Medicine and the Health of the Public , : 51 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• D'Onofrio , G. , Pantalon , M.V. , Degutis , L.C. , Fiellin , D.A. , Busch , S.H. , Chawarski , M.C. , Owens , P.H. and O'Connor , P.G. 2008 . Brief intervention for hazardous and harmful drinkers in the emergency department . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 51 ( 6 ) : 742 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyches , H. , Alemagno , S. , Llorens , S.A. and Butts , J.M. 1999 . Automated telephone administered substance abuse screening for adults in primary care . Health Care Management Science , 2 : 199 – 294 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estee , S. , Wickizer , T. , He , L. , Shah , M.F. and Mancuso , D. 2010 . Evaluation of the Washington State Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Project . Medical Care , 48 ( 1 ) : 18 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , M.F. , Mundt , M.P. , French , M.T. , Manwell , L.B. , Stauffacher , E.A. and Barry , K.L. 2002 . Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: Long-term efficacy and benefit-cost analysis . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research , 26 ( 1 ) : 36 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , M.F. , Barry , K.L. , Manwell , L.B. , Johnson , K. and London , R. 1997 . Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers. A randomized controlled trial in community-based primary care practices . Journal of the American Medical Association , 277 ( 13 ) : 1039 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fussell , H.E. , Rieckmann , T.R. and Quick , M.B. 2011 . Medicaid reimbursement for screening and brief intervention for substance misuse . Psychiatric Services , 62 ( 3 ) : 306 – 09 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentilello , L.M. , Ebel , B.E. , Wickizer , T.M. , Salkever , D.S. and Rivara , F.P. 2005 . Alcohol interventions for trauma patients treated in emergency departments and hospitals: A cost benefit analysis . Annals of Surgery , 241 ( 4 ) : 541 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentilello , L.M. , Rivara , F.P. , Donovan , D.M. , Jurkovich , G.J. , Daranciang , E. , Dunn , C.W. , Villaveces , A. , Copass , M. and Ries , R.R. 1999 . Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence . Annals of Surgery , 230 ( 4 ) : 473 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , B.F. and Dawson , D.A. 1997 . Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . Journal of Substance Abuse , 9 : 103 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gryczynski , J. , Mitchell , S.G. , Peterson , T.R. , Gonzales , A. , Moseley , A. and Schwartz , R.P. 2011 . The relationship between services delivered and substance use outcomes in New Mexico's Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral and Treatment (SBIRT) Initiative . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 118 ( 2–3 ) : 152 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heron , K.E. and Smyth , J.M. 2010 . Ecological momentary interventions: Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments . British Journal of Health Psychology , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hettema , J.E. , Sorensen , J.L. , Uy , M. and Jain , S. 2009 . Motivational enhancement therapy to increase resident physician engagement in substance abuse education . Substance Abuse , 30 ( 3 ) : 244 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humeniuk , R. , Ali , R. , Babor , T. , Souza-Formigoni , M.L. , de Lacerda , R.B. , Ling , W. , McRee , B. , Newcombe , D. , Pal , H. , Poznyak , V. , Simon , S. and Vendetti , J. 2012 . A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for illicit drugs linked to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in clients recruited from primary health-care settings in four countries . Addiction , 107 ( 5 ) : 957 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (IOM) . 1990 . Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems , Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L.D. , O'Malley , P.M. , Bachman , J.G. and Schulenberg , J.E. 2009 . Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2008 , Bethesda , MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse . NIH Publication No. 09-7401
   Google Scholar
• Kaner , E.F. , Beyer , F. , Dickinson , H.O. , Pienaar , E. , Campbell , F. , Schlesinger , C. , Heather , N. , Saunders , J. and Burnand , B. 2007 . Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , CD004148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , J.R. , Sherrit , L. , Shrier , L.S. , Harris , S.K. and Chang , G. 2002 . Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients . Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine , 156 : 607 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korcha , R.A. , Cherpitel , C.J. , Moskalewicz , J. , Swiatkiewicz , G. , Bond , J. and Ye , Y. 2012 . Readiness to change, drinking, and negative consequences among Polish SBIRT patients . Addictive Behaviors , 37 ( 3 ) : 287 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristenson , H. , Ohlin , H. , Hultén-Nosslin , M.B. , Trell , E. and Hood , B. 1983 . Identification and intervention of heavy drinking in middle-aged men: Results and follow-up of 24–60 months of long-term study with randomized controls . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research , 7 : 203 – 09 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupski , A. , Sears , J.M. , Joesch , J.M. , Estee , S. , He , L. , Dunn , C. , Huber , A. , Roy-Byrne , P. and Ries , R. 2010 . Impact of brief interventions and brief treatment on admissions to chemical dependency treatment . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 110 : 126 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kypri , K. , Langley , J.D. , Saunders , J.B. , Cashell-Smith , M.L. and Herbison , P. 2008 . Randomized controlled trial of web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care . Archives of Internal Medicine , 168 ( 5 ) : 530 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linke , S. , McCambridge , J. , Khadjesari , Z. , Wallace , P. and Murray , E. 2008 . Development of a psychologically enhanced interactive online intervention for hazardous drinking . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 43 ( 6 ) : 669 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madras , B.K. , Compton , W.M. , Avula , D. , Stegbauer , T. , Stein , J.B. and Clark , H.W. 2009 . Screening, brief interventions, referral to treatment for illicit drug and alcohol use at multiple healthcare sites: Comparison at intake and 6 months . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 99 ( 1–3 ) : 280 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson , T.L. , Goplerud , E. , Derr , D. , Mickenberg , J. and Courtemanche , S. 2010 . Telephonic screening and brief intervention for alcohol misuse among workers contacting the employee assistance program: A feasibility study . Drug and Alcohol Review , 29 : 641 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie , S. , Whittington , C. , Hamoudi , Z. , Zarnani , F. , Tober , G. and West , R. 2012 . Identification of behaviour change techniques to reduce excessive alcohol consumption . Addiction , doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03845.x. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti , P.M. , Barnett , N.P. , Colby , S.M. , Gwaltney , C.J. , Spirito , A. , Rohsenow , D.J. and Woolard , R. 2007 . Motivational interviewing versus feedback only in emergency care for young adult and problem drinking . Addiction , 102 : 1234 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti , P.M. , Colby , S.M. , Barnett , N.P. , Spirito , A. , Rohsenow , D.J. , Myers , M. , Woolard , R. and Lewander , W. 1999 . Brief intervention for harm reduction with alcohol positive older adolescents in a hospital emergency department . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 : 989 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen , P. , Baird , J. , Mello , M.J. , Nirenberg , T. , Woolard , R. , Bendtsen , P. and Longabaugh , R. 2008 . A systematic review of emergency care brief alcohol interventions for injury patients . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 35 : 184 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of the Surgeon General . 2007 . The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking , Rockville , MD : Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Pringle , J.L. , Kowalchuk , A. , Meyers , J.A. and Seale , J.P. 2012 . Equipping residents to address alcohol and drug abuse: The national SBIRT residency training project . Journal of Graduate Medical Education , 4 ( 1 ) : 58 – 63 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riper , H. , Kramer , J. , Smit , F. , Conijn , B. , Schippers , G. and Cuijpers , P. 2008 . Web-based self-help for problem drinkers: A pragmatic randomized trial . Addiction , 103 ( 2 ) : 218 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , R.L. 2010 . The advanced practice nurse role in instituting screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment programs at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia . Journal of Trauma Nursing , 17 ( 2 ) : 74 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell , M.A. , Stapleton , J.A. and Hajek , P. 1988 . District programme to reduce smoking: Can sustained intervention by general practitioners affect prevalence? . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 42 : 111 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitz , R. , Alford , D.P. , Bernstein , J. , Cheng , D.M. , Samet , J. and Palfai , T. 2010 . Screening and brief intervention for unhealthy drug use in primary care settings: Randomized clinical trials are needed . Journal of Addiction Medicine , 4 ( 3 ) : 123 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitz , R. , Helmuth , E.D. , Aromaa , S.E. , Guard , A. , Belanger , M. and Rosenbloom , D.L. 2004 . Web-based screening and brief intervention for the spectrum of alcohol problems . Preventive Medicine , 39 ( 5 ) : 969 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satre , D. , McCance-Katz , E.F. , Moreno-John , G. , Julian , K. , O'Sullivan , P. and Satterfield , J. 2012 . Using needs assessment to develop curricula for screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in academic and community health settings . Substance Abuse , 33 ( 3 ) : 298 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , J. , O'Sullivan , P. , Satre , D. , McCance-Katz , E.F. , Batki , S. , Tsoh , J. and Wamsley , M. 2012 . Using standardized patients to evaluate SBIRT knowledge and skill acquisition for internal medicine residents . Substance Abuse , 33 ( 3 ) : 303 – 07 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , J.B. , Aasland , O.G. , Babor , T.F. , de la Fuente , J.R. and Grant , M. 1993 . Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II . Addiction , 88 : 791 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweer , L.H. 2009 . Pediatric SBIRT: Understanding the magnitude of the problem . Journal of Trauma Nursing , 16 ( 3 ) : 142 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seale , J.P. , Boltri , J.M. , Shellenberger , S. , Velasquez , M.M. , Cornelius , M. , Guyinn , M. , Okosun , I. and Sumner , H. 2006 . Primary care validation of a single screening question for drinkers . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 67 ( 5 ) : 778 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale , J.P. , Shellenberger , S. and Clark , D.C. 2010 . Providing competency-based family medicine residency training in substance abuse in the new millennium: A model curriculum . BMC Medical Education , 10 ( 33 ) : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shellenberger , S. , Seale , J.P. , Harris , D.L. , Johnson , J.A. , Dodrill , C.L. and Velasquez , M.M. 2009 . Applying team-based learning in primary care residency programs to increase patient alcohol screenings and brief interventions . Academic Medicine , 84 ( 3 ) : 340 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P.C. , Schmidt , S.M. , Allensworth-Davies , D. and Saitz , R. 2010 . A single-question screening test for drug use in primary care . Archives of Internal Medicine , 170 ( 13 ) : 1155 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderstrom , C.A. , DiClemente , C.C. , Dischinger , P.C. , Hebel , J. R. , McDuff , D.R. , Auman , K.M. and Kufera , J.A. 2007 . A controlled trial of brief intervention versus brief advice for at-risk drinking trauma center patients . Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care , 62 ( 5 ) : 1102 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) . 2009 . Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings , Rockville , MD : SAMHSA . Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-36, HHS Publication No. SMA 09-4434
   Google Scholar
• Suffoletto , B. , Callaway , C. , Kristan , J. , Kraemer , K. and Clark , D.B. 2011 . Text-message-based drinking assessments and brief interventions for young adults discharged from the emergency department . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research , 36 ( 3 ) : 552 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies (US DHHS) . 2008 . National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2007 , Ann Arbor , MI : Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research . doi:10.3886/ICPSR23782.v2
   Google Scholar
• United States Preventive Services Task Force . 2004 . Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: Recommendation statement . Annals of Internal Medicine , 140 ( 7 ) : 554 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaca , F.E. , Winn , D. , Anderson , C.L. , Kim , D. and Arcila , M. 2011 . Six-month follow-up of computerized alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in the emergency department . Substance Abuse , 32 ( 3 ) : 144 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock , E.P. , Green , C.A. , Polen , M.R. , Berg , A. , Klein , J. , Siu , A. and Orleans , C. 2004 . Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care to Reduce Risky/Harmful Alcohol Use [Internet] , Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) .
   Google Scholar
• WHO ASSIST Working Group . 2002 . The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Development, reliability and feasibility . Addiction , 97 : 1183 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Brief Intervention and Group , Study . 1996 . A cross national trial of brief intervention with heavy drinkers . American Journal of Public Health , 86 : 948 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , E.C. , Johnson , M.L. , Lapham , G.T. , Caldeiro , R.M. , Chew , L. , Fletcher , G.S. , McCormick , K.A. , Weppner , W.G. and Bradley , K.A. 2011 . Strategies to implement alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care settings: A structured literature review . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 28 ( 2 ) : 206 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , R.H. and Vinson , D.C. 2001 . Validation of a single question screen for problem drinking . Journal of Family Practice , 50 ( 4 ) : 307 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar