An Examination of Beliefs and Opinions about Drug Use in Relation to Personal Stigmatization towards Drug Users

REFERENCES

• Bachman , J.G. , Johnston , L.D. and O'Malley , P.M. 1990 . Explaining the recent decline in cocaine use among young adults: Further evidence that perceived risks and disapproval lead to reduced drug use . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 31 : 173 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman , J.G. , Johnston , L.D. and O'Malley , P.M. 1998 . Explaining recent increases in students’ marijuana use: Impacts of perceived risks and disapproval, 1976 through 1996 . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 887 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartkowski , J.P. and Xu , X. 2007 . Religiosity and teen drug use reconsidered: A social capital perspective . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 32 : S182 – S194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer , R. 2008 . Stigma and the ethics of public health: Not can we but should we . Social Science & Medicine , 67 : 463 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blendon , R.J. and Young , J.T. 1998 . The public and the war on illicit drugs . Journal of the American Medical Association , 279 : 827 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , D. and Wallack , L. 1998 . This is the partnership for a drug-free America: Any questions? . Journal of Drug Issues , 28 : 329 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , P. , Markowitz , F.E. , Watson , A. , Rowan , D. and Kubiak , M.A. 2003 . An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 44 : 162 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2009 . The Economist. , May 5. Drug education in America, lessons learned Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/13234144
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore , N. and Somerville , M.A. 1994 . Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming “them” and “us . Social Science & Medicine , 39 : 1339 – 1358 . ”
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1963 . Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity , New York : Touchstone Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , P.E. , Corrigan , P.W. , Williams , P. , Canar , J. and Kubiak , M.A. 1999 . Changing attitudes about schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 : 447 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C.E. , Lancaster , K. and Spicer , B. 2011 . How do Australian news media depict illicit drug issues? An analysis of print media reporting across and between illicit drugs, 2003–2008 . International Journal of Drug Policy , 22 ( 4 ) : 285 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L.D.; O'Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.GSchulenberg, J.E. 2012. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2011: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19-50. Available at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/ monographs/mtf-vol2_2011.pdf (http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/ monographs/mtf-vol2_2011.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Keyes , K.M. , Schulenberg , J.E. , O'Malley , P.M , Johnston , L.D , Bachman , J.G Li , G . 2011. The social norms of birth cohorts and adolescent marijuana use in the United States, 1976-2007 . Addiction , 106 1790 – 1800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes , K.M. , Schulenberg , J.E. , O'Malley , P.M , Johnston , L.D , Bachman , J.G Li , G . 2012 . Archives of General Psychiatry , 69 : 1304 – 1313 . Birth cohort effects on adolescent alcohol use: The influence of social norms from 1976 to 2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin , C. , Davey-Rothwell , M. and Yang , J.Y. 2013 . The relationship between drug user stigma and depression among inner-city drug users in Baltimore, MD . Journal of Urban Health , 90 ( 1 ) : 147 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshner , A.I. 1997 . Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters . Science , 278 ( 5335 ) : 45 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link , B.G. and Phelan , J.C. 2001 . Conceptualizing stigma . Annual Review of Sociology , 27 : 363 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link , B.G. , Struening , E.L. , Rahav , M. , Phelan , J.C. and Nuttbrock , L. 1997 . On stigma and its consequences: Evidence from a longitudinal study on men with dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 38 : 177 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoma , J.B. , Twohig , M.P. , Waltz , T. , Hayes , S.C. , Roget , N. Padilla , M. 2007 . An investigation of stigma in individuals receiving treatment for substance abuse . Addictive Behaviors , 32 : 1331 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , A.T. , Lewis , D.C. , O'Brien , C.P and Kleber , H.D . 2000 . Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation . Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 ( 13 ) : 1689 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , P.G. and Sønderlund , A.L. 2010 . Using the internet to research hidden populations of illicit drug users: A review . Addiction , 105 ( 9 ) : 1557 – 1567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2012 . Drugs without the Hot Air: Minimizing the Harms of Legal and Illegal Drugs , Nutt D. Cambridge, England: UIT Cambridge Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Nutt , D.J. , King , L.A. and Phillips , L.D. 2010 . Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis . Lancet , 376 : 1558 – 1565 . Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt , D. , King , L.A. , Saulsbury , W. and Blakemore , C. 2007 . Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse . Lancet , 369 : 1047 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar , J.J. 2012 . A pilot study examining perceived rejection and secrecy in relation to illicit drug use and associated stigma . Drug and Alcohol Review , 31 : 573 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar , J.J. 2013 . Prevention Science , Predictors of disapproval toward “hard drug” use among high school seniors in the US. Epub ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar , J.J. , Halkitis , P.N. and Kiang , M.V. 2013 . “ Perceived public stigma and stigmatization in explaining lifetime illicit drug use among emerging adults ” . In Addiction Research & Theory in press
   Google Scholar
• Palamar , J.J. , Kiang , M.V. and Halkitis , P.N. 2011 . Development and psychometric evaluation of scales that assess stigma associated with illicit drug use . Substance Use & Misuse , 46 : 1457 – 1467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar , J.J. , Kiang , M.V. and Halkitis , P.N. 2012 . Predictors of stigmatization towards use of various illicit drugs among emerging adults . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 44 ( 3 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe , P. 2011 . Substance-misusing women: Stigma in the maternity setting . British Journal of Midwifery , 19 ( 8 ) : 497 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Radcliffe , P. and Stevens , A. 2008 . Are drug treatment services only for “thieving junkie scumbags”? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities . Social Science & Medicine , 67 : 1065 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüsch , N. , Angermeyer , M.C. and Corrigan , P.W. 2005 . Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma . European Psychiatry , 20 : 529 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaler , J.A. 2000 . Addiction Is a Choice Chicago, IL , Open Court Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Young , M. , Stuber , J. , Ahern , J. and Galea , S. 2005 . Interpersonal discrimination and the health of illicit drug users . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 31 : 371 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar