The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the Room

REFERENCES

• Abse , D.W. , Dahlstrom , W.G. and Tolley , A.G. 1960 . Evaluation of tranquilizing drugs in the management of acute mental disturbance . Am J Psychiatry , 116 : 973 – 980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agid , O. , Kapur , S. , Arenovich , T. and Zipursky , R.B. 2003 . Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: a hypothesis tested and rejected . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 60 : 1228 – 1235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad , A.G. 1993 . Subjective response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia . Schizophr Bull , 19 : 609 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini , R. 1985 . “ Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders ” . In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , Edited by: Gilman , A. , Goodman , L. , Rall , T. and Murad , F. 387 – 445 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Barnhart , W.J. , Makela , E.H. and Latocha , M.J. 2004 . SSRI-induced apathy syndrome: a clinical review . J Psychiatr Pract , 10 : 196 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billioti , D.G. , Begaud , B. , Bazin , F. , Verdoux , H. , Dartigues , J.F. , Peres , K. , Kurth , T. and Pariente , A. 2012 . Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: Prospective population based study . BMJ , 345 : e6231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolling , M.Y. and Kohlenberg , R.J. 2004 . Reasons for quitting serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy: Paradoxical psychological side effects and patient satisfaction . Psychother Psychosom , 73 : 380 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden , C.L. , Brugger , A.M. , Swann , A.C. , Calabrese , J.R. , Janicak , P.G. , Petty , F. , Dilsaver , S.C. , Davis , J.M. , Rush , A.J. and Small , J.G. 1994 . Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania: The Depakote Mania Study Group . JAMA , 271 : 918 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braden , W. , Fink , E.B. , Qualls , C.B. , Ho , C.K. and Samuels , W.O. 1982 . Lithium and chlorpromazine in psychotic inpatients . Psychiatry Res , 7 : 69 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , J.F. , Bennett , I.F. , Lindley , C.J. , Hollister , L.E. , Gordon , M.H. and Springer , N.N. 1960a . Drug therapy in schizophrenia: A controlled study of the relative effectiveness of chlorpromazine, promazine, phenobarbital, and placebo . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 2 : 210 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , J.F. , Lasky , J.J. , Klett , C.J. and Hollister , L.E. 1960b . Treatment of schizophrenic reactions with phenothiazine derivatives: A comparative study of chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, mepazine, prochlorperazine, perphenazine, and phenobarbital . Am J Psychiatry , 117 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanna , A.E. , Fizzah , A. , Edwards , H. and McCorry , D. 2010 . Behavioural and cognitive effects of anti-epileptic drugs . Discovery Medicine , 9 : 138 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouinard , G. 1988 . The use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of manic-depressive illness . J Clin Psychiatry , 49 : 15 – 20 . Suppl
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 2007 . Helping individuals withdraw from psychiatric drugs . Journal of College Student Psychotherapy , 21 : 199 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Crane , G.E. 1956 . Further studies on iproniazid phosphate . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 124 : 322 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delay , J. and Deniker , P. 1952 . 38 cas de psychoses traites par la cure prolongee et continue de 4560 R.P . C R Congres Med Alien Neurol France , 50 : 503 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Deniker , P. 1960 . Experimental neurological syndromes and the new drug therapies in psychiatry . Compr Psychiatry , 1 : 92 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont , G.J. , de Visser , S.J. , Cohen , A.F. and van Gerven , J.M. 2005 . Biomarkers for the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in healthy subjects . Br J Clin Pharmacol , 59 : 495 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flugel , F. 1959 . “ Neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia ” . In Psychopharmacology Frontiers , Edited by: Kline , N.S. 45 – 47 . Boston: Little, Brown & Co .
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , L. and Moncrieff , J. 2011 . The psychoactive effects of antidepressants and their association with suicidality . Curr Drug Saf , 6 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goudie , A.J. , Smith , J.A. , Robertson , A. and Cavanagh , C. 1999 . Clozapine as a drug of dependence . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 142 : 369 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grob , C.S. , Danforth , A.L. , Chopra , G.S. , Hagerty , M. , McKay , C.R. , Halberstadt , A.L. and Greer , G.R. 2011 . Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 68 : 71 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann , W.M. and McDonald , R.J. 1978 . A multidimensional test approach for the description of the CNS activity of drugs in human pharmacology . Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol , 11 : 247 – 265 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hindmarch , I. , Kimber , S. and Cockle , S.M. 2000 . Abrupt and brief discontinuation of antidepressant treatment: Effects on cognitive function and psychomotor performance . Int Clin Psychopharmacol , 15 : 305 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilyas , S. and Moncrieff , J. 2012 . “ Trends in prescriptions and costs of drugs for mental disorders in England, 1998 to 2010 ” . In British Journal of Psychiatry 393 – 398 . 200
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , E.C. , Crow , T.J. , Frith , C.D. and Owens , D.G. 1988 . The Northwick Park “functional” psychosis study: Diagnosis and treatment response . Lancet , 2 : 119 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judah , L.N. , Josephs , Z.M. and Murphree , O.D. 1961 . Results of simultaneous abrupt withdrawal of ataraxics in 500 chronic psychotic patients . Am J Psychiatry , 118 : 156 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd , L.L. , Hubbard , B. , Janowsky , D.S. , Huey , L.Y. and Attewell , P.A. 1977 . The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood, and personality of normal subjects . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 34 : 346 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejoyeux , M. and Ades , J. 1997 . Antidepressant discontinuation: A review of the literature . J Clin Psychiatry , 58 ( Suppl 7 ) : 11 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macready , N. 2012 . Opening doors of perception: Psychedelic drugs and end-of-life care . J Natl Cancer Inst , 104 : 1619 – 1620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher , A.R. , Maglione , M. , Bagley , S. , Suttorp , M. , Hu , J.H. , Ewing , B. , Wang , Z. , Timmer , M. , Sultzer , D. and Shekelle , P.G. 2011 . Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis . JAMA , 306 : 1359 – 1369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizrahi , R. , Bagby , R.M. , Zipursky , R.B. and Kapur , S. 2005 . How antipsychotics work: The patients’ perspective . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 29 : 859 – 864 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modell , J.G. 1997 . Protracted benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome mimicking psychotic depression . Psychosomatics , 38 : 160 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff , J. 2001 . Are antidepressants overrated? A review of methodological problems in antidepressant trials . J Nerv Ment Dis , 189 : 288 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff , J. 2006 . Why is it so difficult to stop psychiatric drug treatment? It may be nothing to do with the original problem . Med Hypotheses , 67 : 517 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff , J. and Cohen , D. 2006 . Do antidepressants cure or create abnormal brain states? . PLoS Med , 3 : e240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff , J. , Cohen , D. and Mason , J.P. 2009 . The subjective experience of taking antipsychotic medication: A content analysis of Internet data . Acta Psychiatr Scand , 120 : 102 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff , J. , Wessely , S. and Hardy , R. 1998 . Meta-analysis of trials comparing antidepressants with active placebos . Br J Psychiatry , 172 : 227 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , M. , Yuen , H.M. , Dunn , N. , Mullee , M.A. , Maskell , J. and Kendrick , T. 2009 . Explaining the rise in antidepressant prescribing: A descriptive study using the general practice research database . BMJ , 339 : b3999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myslobodsky , M.S. 1993 . Central determinants of attention and mood disorder in tardive dyskinesia (“tardive dysmentia”) . Brain Cogn , 23 : 88 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J.W. and Haupt , D.W. 2006 . The metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications . Can J Psychiatry , 51 : 480 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prah , P. , Petersen , I. , Nazareth , I. , Walters , K. and Osborn , D. 2012 . “ National changes in oral antipsychotic treatment for people with schizophrenia in primary care between 1998 and 2007 in the United Kingdom ” . In Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 161 – 169 . 21
   Google Scholar
• Precourt , A. , Dunewicz , M. , Gregoire , G. and Williamson , D.R. 2005 . Multiple complications and withdrawal syndrome associated with quetiapine/venlafaxine intoxication . Ann Pharmacother , 39 : 153 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien , R.F. , Caffey , E.M., Jr and Klett , C.J. 1972 . Comparison of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in the treatment of mania: Report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 26 : 146 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , N. 2006 . Making the first amtidepressant; Amphetamine in American medicine 1929-1950 . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , 61 : 288 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , W.A. , Chung , C.P. , Murray , K.T. , Hall , K. and Stein , C.M. 2009 . Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death . N Engl J Med , 360 : 225 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , M.M. and Trimble , M.R. 1982 . Major tranquillisers used as antidepressants: A review . J Affect Disord , 4 : 173 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaha , A.N. , Seeman , P. , Stewart , J. , Rajabi , H. and Kapur , S. 2007 . “Breakthrough” dopamine supersensitivity during ongoing antipsychotic treatment leads to treatment failure over time . J Neurosci , 27 : 2979 – 2986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savvas , S.M. , Somogyi , A.A. and White , J.M. 2012 . The effect of methadone on emotional reactivity . Addiction , 107 : 388 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuckit , M.A. 1994 . Alcohol and depression: A clinical perspective . Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl , 377 : 28 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzer , R.L. 1976 . More on pseudoscience in science and the case for psychiatric diagnoses: A critique of D.L. Rosenhan's “On Being Sane in Insane Places” and “The Contestual Nature of Psychiatric Diagnoses” . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 33 : 459 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , L.R. , Judd , L.L. , Janowsky , D.S. and Huey , L.Y. 1980 . Effects of lithium carbonate on memory and other cognitive functions . Am J Psychiatry , 137 : 1042 – 1046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarsy , D. , Lungu , C. and Baldessarini , R.J. 2011 . Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesia before and during the era of modern antipsychotic drugs . Handbook Clin Neurol , 100 : 601 – 616 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teal , J. 2009 . Nothing personal: An empirical phenomenlogical study of the experience of ‘being on an SSRI’ . Journal of Phenomenological Psychology , 40 : 19 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• TREC Collaborative Group . 2003 . Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: A randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine . BMJ , 327 : 708 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , B.T. , Seidman , S.N. , Sysko , R. and Gould , M. 2002 . Placebo response in studies of major depression: Variable, substantial, and growing . JAMA , 287 : 1840 – 1847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkowitz , O.M. and Pickar , D. 1991 . Benzodiazepines in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review and reappraisal . Am J Psychiatry , 148 : 714 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar