Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users

References

• Adeva, M. M., G. Souto, N. Blanco, and C. Donapetry. 2012. Ammonium metabolism in humans. Metabolism 61 (11):1495–511. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airaksinen, M. M., and I. Kari. 1981. β-Carbolines, psychoactive compounds in the mammalian body. Part I: Occurrence, origin and metabolism. Medical Biology 59 (1):21–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker, S. A., J. A. Monti, and S. T. Christian. 1980. Metabolism of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain homogenates. Biochemical Pharmacology 29 (7):1049–57. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(80)90169-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, M., K. Huse, U. Settmacher, and R. A. Claus. 2008. The heme oxygenase carbon monoxide system: Regulation and role in stress response and organ failure. Intensive Care Medicine 34 (4):640–48. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1010-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeira, J. M., J. Da Silva, B. Erdmann, and J. A. P. Henriques. 2001. Genotoxic effects of the alkaloids harman and harmine assessed by comet assay and chromosome aberration test in mammalian cells in vitro. Pharmacology & Toxicology 89 (6):287–94. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2001.d01-162.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouso, J. C., D. González, S. Fondevila, M. Cutchet, X. Fernández, P. C. R. Barbosa, M. A. Alcázar-Córcoles, W. S. Araújo, M. J. Barbanoj, J. M. Fábregas, et al. 2012. Personality, psychopathology, life attitudes and neuropsychological performance among ritual users of ayahuasca: A longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 7 (8):e42421. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouso, J. C., F. Palhano-Fontes, A. Rodríguez-Fornells, S. Ribeiro, R. Sanches, J. A. Crippa, J. E. Hallak, D. B. de Araujo, and J. Riba. 2015. Long-term use of psychedelic drugs is associated with differences in brain structure and personality in humans. European Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (4):483–92. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brierley, D. I., and C. Davidson. 2012. Developments in harmine pharmacology: Implications for ayahuasca use and drug-dependence treatment. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 39 (2):263–72. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button, K. S., J. P. A. Ioannidis, C. Mokrysz, B. A. Nosek, J. Flint, E. S. J. Robinson, and M. R. Munafò. 2013. Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14 (5):365–76. doi:10.1038/nrn3475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway, J. C., D. J. McKenna, C. S. Grob, G. S. Brito, L. P. Raymon, R. E. Poland, E. N. Andrade, E. O. Andrade, and D. C. Mash. 1999. Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65 (3):243–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00168-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway, J. C., L. P. Raymon, W. L. Hearn, D. J. McKenna, C. S. Grob, and G. S. Brito. 1996. Quantitation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 20 (6):492–97. doi:10.1093/jat/20.6.492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, M. R., Q. Li, Z. L. Liu, H. H. Liu, W. Wang, X. L. Liao, Y. L. Pan, and J. W. Jiang. 2011. Harmine induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via mitochondrial signaling pathway. Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 10 (6):599–604. doi:10.1016/S1499-3872(11)60102-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkley, S. A., M. C. Oon, R. Rodnight, M. P. Murphy, R. S. Williams, and J. L. Birley. 1979. Urinary excretion of dimethyltryptamine in liver disease. The American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (4A):439–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1992. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1):155–59. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conselho Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (CONAD). 2004, November 4. Resolução no. 5 (Resolution no. 5). Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da União.
   Google Scholar
• Conselho Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (CONAD). 2010, January 25. Resolução no. 1 (Resolution no. 1). Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da União.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, M. C. M., M. C. Figueiredo, and S. O. S. Cazenave. 2005. Ayahuasca: Uma abordagem toxicológica do uso ritualístico. Revista De Psiquiatria Clinica 32 (6):310–18.
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, A., M. F. Sheikh, E. Lamb, B. Agarwal, and R. Jalan. 2017. Acute kidney injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure: Where does hepatorenal syndrome fit? Kidney International 92 (5):1058–70. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deliganis, A., P. Pierce, and S. Peroutka. 1991. Differential interactions of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology 41 (11):1739–44. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(91)90178-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Clavé, E., J. Soler, M. Elices, J. C. Pascual, E. Álvarez, M. de la Fuente Revenga, P. Friedlander, A. Feilding, and J. Riba. 2016. Ayahuasca: Pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential. Brain Research Bulletin 126 (1):89–101. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos, R. G., F. M. Balthazar, J. C. Bouso, and J. E. Hallak. 2016. The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30 (12):1230–47. doi:10.1177/0269881116652578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fábregas, J. M., D. González, S. Fondevila, M. Cutchet, X. Fernández, P. C. Barbosa, M. A. Alcázar-Córcoles, M. J. Barbanoj, J. Riba, and J. C. Bouso. 2010. Assessment of addiction severity among ritual users of ayahuasca. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 111 (3):257–61. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantegrossi, W. E., A. W. Harrington, C. L. Kiessel, J. R. Eckler, R. A. Rabin, J. C. Winter, A. Coop, K. C. Rice, and J. H. Woods. 2006. Hallucinogen-like actions of 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine in mice and rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 83 (1):122–29. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. A., and S. S. Waikar. 2012. Established and emerging markers of kidney function. Clinical Chemistry 58 (4):680–89. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.167494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gable, R. S. 2007. Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction 102 (1):24–34. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulart, S. L. 2011. The notion of cure in the Brazilian ayahuasca religions. In The ethnopharmacology of ayahuasca, ed. R. G. Santos, 23–53. Kerala, India: Transworld Research Network.
   Google Scholar
• Grob, C. S., D. J. McKenna, J. C. Callaway, G. S. Brito, E. S. Neves, G. Oberlaender, O. L. Saide, E. Labigalini, C. Tacla, C. T. Miranda, et al. 1996. Human psychopharmacology of hoasca, a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brazil. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184 (2):86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R., and L. Gurel. 2012. A study of ayahuasca use in North America. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 44 (3):209–15. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.703100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R. H., G. Sasson, and P. S. Mehler. 2013. Elevation of liver function tests in severe anorexia nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders 46 (4):369–74. doi:10.1002/eat.22073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labate, B. C., and K. Feeney. 2012. Ayahuasca and the process of regulation in Brazil and internationally: Implications and challenges. International Journal of Drug Policy 23 (2):154–61. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanaro, R., D. B. Calemi, L. R. Togni, J. L. Costa, M. Yonamine, S. O. Cazenave, and A. Linardi. 2015. Ritualistic use of ayahuasca versus street use of similar substances seized by the police: A key factor involved in the potential for intoxications and overdose? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47 (2):132–39. doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1013202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., W. R. Kim, and J. J. Poterucha. 2012. Evaluation of elevated liver enzymes. Clinics in Liver Disease 16 (2):183–98. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loizaga-Velder, A., and R. Verres. 2014. Therapeutic effects of ritual ayahuasca use in the treatment of substance dependence – Qualitative results. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46 (1):63–72. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.873157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magarian, G. J., L. M. Lucas, and K. L. Kumar. 1992. Clinical significance in alcoholic patients of commonly encountered laboratory test results. The Western Journal of Medicine 156 (3):287–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martensson, J., C. R. Martling, and M. Bell. 2012. Novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury and failure: Clinical applicability. British Journal of Anaesthesia 109 (6):843–50. doi:10.1093/bja/aes357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, D. J. 2004. Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: Rationale and regulatory challenges. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102 (2):111–19. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, D. J., and G. H. N. Towers. 1984. Biochemistry and pharmacology of tryptamine and β-carboline derivatives: A mini review. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 16 (4):347–58. doi:10.1080/02791072.1984.10472305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motta, V. T. 2009. Enzimas. In Bioquímica Clínica para o Laboratório: Princípios e Interpretações, ed. V. T. Motta, 91–120. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Medbook.
   Google Scholar
• Mulder, G. J., and A. H. Hagedoorn. 1974. UDP glucuronyltransferase and phenolsulfotransferase in vivo and in vitro, conjugation of harmol and harmalol. Biochemical Pharmacology 23 (15):2101–09. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(74)90575-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, Y., T. Suzuki, H. Ishii, A. Ogata, and D. Nakae. 2010. Mitochondrial dysfunction and biotransformation of β-carboline alkaloids, harmine and harmaline, on isolated rat hepatocytes. Chemico-Biological Interactions 188 (3):393–403. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio, A., E. B. Keeffe, H. Ishibashi, and E. M. Gershwin. 2000. Diagnosis and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Medical Science Monitor 6 (1):181–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozer, J., M. Ratner, M. Shaw, W. Bailey, and S. Schomaker. 2008. The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 245 (3):194–205. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palhano-Fontes, F., D. Barreto, H. Onias, K. C. Andrade, M. M. Novaes, J. A. Pessoa, S. A. Mota-Rolim, F. L. Osório, R. Sanches, R. G. Dos Santos, et al. 2018. Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 15:1–9. doi:10.1017/S0033291718001356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, P., and S. Peroutka. 1989. Hallucinogenic drug interactions with neurotransmitter receptor binding sites in human cortex. Psychopharmacology 97 (1):118–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires, A. P. S., C. D. R. Oliveira, and M. Yonamine. 2010. Ayahuasca: Uma revisão dos aspectos farmacológicos e toxicológicos. Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada 31 (1):15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ramaiah, S. K. 2007. A toxicologist guide to the diagnostic interpretation of hepatic biochemical parameters. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (9):1551–57. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riba, J., A. Rodríguez-Fornells, G. Urbano, A. Morte, R. Antonijoan, M. Montero, J. C. Callaway, and M. Barbanoj. 2001. Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154 (1):85–95. doi:10.1007/s002130000606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riba, J., M. Valle, G. Urbano, M. Yritia, A. Morte, and M. J. Barbanoj. 2003. Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: Subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 306 (1):73–83. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rypins, E. B., J. M. Henderson, J. T. Fulenwider, S. Moffitt, J. T. Galambos, W. D. Warren, and D. Rudman. 1980. A tracer method for measuring rate of urea synthesis in normal and cirrhotic subjects. Gastroenterology 78 (6):1419–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, R. G., J. Landeira-Fernandez, R. J. Strassman, V. Motta, and A. P. J. Cruz. 2007. Effects of ayahuasca on psychometric measures of anxiety, panic-like and hopelessness in Santo Daime members. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112 (3):507–13. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, M. J., P. J. Houghton, S. Rose, P. Jenner, and A. D. Lees. 2003. Activities of extract and constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi relevant to parkinsonism. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 75 (3):627–33. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00129-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano-Dueñas, M., F. Cardozo-Pelaez, and J. R. Sánchez-Ramos. 2001. Effects of Banisteriopsis caapi extract on Parkinson’s disease. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 5 (3):127–32.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. L., H. Canton, R. J. Barrett, and E. Sanders-Bush. 1998. Agonist properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine at serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 61 (3):323–30. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00110-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strassman, R. J., C. R. Qualls, and L. Berg. 1996. Differential tolerance to biological and subjective effects of four closely spaced doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. Biological Psychiatry 39 (9):784–95. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00200-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strassman, R. J., C. R. Qualls, E. H. Uhlenhuth, and R. Kellner. 1994. Dose response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (2):98–108. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturk, A., and G. T. B. Sanders. 1990. Macro enzymes: Prevalence, composition, detection and clinical relevance. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28 (2):65–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, P., S. Zhang, Y. Li, and L. Wang. 2014. Harmine mediated neuroprotection via evaluation of glutamate transporter 1 in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience Letters 583 (7):32–36. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talin, P., and E. Sanabria. 2017. Ayahuasca’s entwined efficacy: An ethnographic study of ritual healing from ‘addiction’. International Journal of Drug Policy 44 (19):23–30. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, G., P. Lucas, N. R. Capler, K. W. Tupper, and G. Martin. 2013. Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: Results from a preliminary observational study in Canada. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1):30–42. doi:10.2174/15733998113099990003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tweedie, D. J., R. A. Prough, and M. D. Burke. 1988. Effects of induction of the metabolism and cytochrome P-450 binding of harman and other β-carbolines. Xenobiotica 18 (7):785–96. doi:10.3109/00498258809041717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yritia, M., J. Riba, J. Ortuño, A. Ramirez, A. Castillo, Y. Alfaro, R. de la Torre, and M. J. Barbanoj. 2002. Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids in human plasma following oral administration of ayahuasca. Journal of Chromatography B 779 (2):271–81. doi:10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00397-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, A. M., J. R. Idle, K. W. Krausz, A. Küpfer, and F. J. Gonzalez. 2003. Contribution of individual cytochrome P450 isozymes to the O-demethylation of the psychotropic β-carboline alkaloids harmaline and harmine. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 305 (1):315–22. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.047050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar