References
- Aday, J. S., C. M. Mitzkovitz, E. K. Bloesch, C. C. Davoli, and A. K. Davis. 2020. Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 113:179–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017.
- Aldrich, M. R. 1977. Tantric cannabis use in India. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 9 (3):227–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1977.10472053.
- Azofeifa, A., M. E. Mattson, G. Schauer, T. McAfee, and A. Grant. 2016. National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators — national survey on drug use and health, United States, 2002–2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 65 (11):1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1.
- Baer, R., G. T. Smith, and K. B. Allen. 2004. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment 11 (3):191–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029.
- Barnwell, S. W., M. Earleywine, and R. Cox. 2006. Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 1 (1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2.
- Benin, K., and Y. Mekawi. 2019. Do marijuana use motives matter? Meta-analytic associations with marijuana use frequency and problems. Addictive Behaviors 99:106102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106102.
- Bond, F. W., S. C. Hayes, R. A. Baer, K. C. Carpenter, N. Guenole, H. K. Orcutt, T. Waltz, and R. D. Zettle. 2011. Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Behavior Therapy 42 (4):676–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
- Booth, M. 2003. Cannabis: A history. New York: Picador.
- Boyce, M. 2001. Zoroastrians: Their religious beliefs and practices. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
- Boyle, R. 2015. Realizing awakened consciousness: Interviews with Buddhist teachers and a new perspective on the mind. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Brenan, M. 2020. Record-low 54% in U.S. say death penalty morally acceptable. Accessed March 12, 2021. https://news.gallup.com/poll/312929/record-low-say-death-penalty-morally-acceptable.aspx.
- Chasteen, J. C. 2016. Getting high: Marijuana through the ages. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Courtwright, D. T. 2001. Forces of habit: Drugs and the making of the modern world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Cozad, L. 2018. God on high: Religion, cannabis, and the quest for legitimacy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- De Jong, A. 1998. Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature. Leiden, NL: Brill.
- Diener, E., D. Wirtz, W. Tov, C. Kim-Prieto, D. Choi, S. Oishi, and R. Biswas-Diener. 2010. New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research 97 (2):143–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y.
- Durrant, R., S. Fisher, and M. Thun. 2011. Understanding punishment responses to drug offenders: The role of social threat, individual harm, moral wrongfulness, and emotional warmth. Contemporary Drug Problems 38 (1):147–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009145091103800107.
- Ellens, J. H., ed. 2014. Seeking the sacred with psychoactive substances. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
- Ellison, C. G., and D. Fan. 2008. Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well- being among US adults. Social Indicators Research 88 (2):247–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9187-2.
- Ferrara, M. 2016. Sacred bliss: A spiritual history of cannabis. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Griffiths, R. R., M. W. Johnson, W. A. Richards, B. D. Richards, R. Jesse, K. A. MacLean, F. S. Barrett, M. P. Cosimano, and M. A. Klinedinst. 2018. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 32 (1):49–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279.
- Harris, K. A., D. S. Howell, and D. W. Spurgeon. 2018. Faith concepts in psychology: Three 30-year definitional content analyses. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 10 (1):1–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000134es.
- Hasin, D. S., C. P. O’Brien, M. Auriacombe, G. Borges, K. Bucholz, A. Budney, W. M. Compton, T. Crowley, W. Ling, N. M. Petry, et al. 2013. DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry 170:834–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782.
- Hendricks, P. S., C. B. Thorne, C. B. Clark, D. W. Coombs, and M. W. Johnson. 2015. Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population. Journal of Psychopharmacology 29 (3):280–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565653.
- Hofling, V., G. Strohle, J. Michalak, and T. Heidenreich. 2011. A short version of the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Journal of Clinical Psychology 67 (6):639–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20778.
- Huberty, C. J., and S. Olejnik. 2006. Applied MANOVA and discriminant analysis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Joy, J. E., S. J. Watson, and J. A. Benson, eds. 1999. Marijuana and medicine. Washington: National Academy Press.
- Kessler, R. C., P. R. Barker, L. J. Colpe, J. F. Epstein, J. C. Gfroerer, E. Hiripi, M. J. Howes, S. T. Normand, R. W. Manderscheid, E. E. Walters, et al. 2003. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2):184–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184.
- Koenig, H. G., F. Al-Zaben, and T. J. VanderWeele. 2020. Religion and psychiatry: Recent developments in research. BJPsych Advances 26:262–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.81.
- Lace, J. W., L. N. Evans, Z. C. Merz, and P. J. Handal. 2020. Five-factor model personality traits and self-classified religiousness and spirituality. Journal of Religion and Health 59:1344–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00847-1.
- Laughlin, C. D. 2013. Dreaming and reality: A neuroanthropological account. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 32 (1):64–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2013.32.1.64.
- Lee, C. M., C. Neighbors, C. S. Hendershot, and J. R. Grossbard. 2009. Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive marijuana motives questionnaire. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 70 (2):279–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.279.
- MacRae, E. 1998. Santo Daime and Santa Maria: The illicit ritual use of ayahuasca and the illicit use of cannabis in a Brazilian Amazonian religion. International Journal of Drug Policy 9:325–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(98)00045-0.
- Morningstar, P. J. 1985. Thandai and chilam: Traditional Hindu beliefs about the proper use of cannabis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 17 (3):141–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1985.10472336.
- Moro, L., K. Simon, I. Bard, and J. Racz. 2011. Voice of the psychonauts: Coping, life purpose, and spirituality in psychedelic drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43 (3):188–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661.
- Musto, D. F. 1999. The American disease: Origins of narcotic control. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Raney, A., D. Cox, and R. P. Jones. 2017. Searching for spirituality in the U.S.: A new look at the spiritual but not religious. Public Religion Research Institute. Accessed September 9, 2020. https://www.prri.org/research/religiosity-and-spirituality-in-america/.
- Rätsch, C. 2001. Marijuana medicine: A world tour of the healing and visionary power of cannabis. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press.
- Rätsch, C. 2005. The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: Ethnopharmacology and its applications. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.
- Roberts, T. B. 2014. From the 500-year blizzard of words to personal sacred experiences: The new religious era. In Seeking the sacred with psychoactive substances, ed. J. H. Ellens, Vol. 1, 1–22. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
- Rubin, V., ed. 1975. Cannabis and culture. The Hague, NL: Moulton.
- Schultes, R. E., A. Hofmann, and C. Rätsch. 2001. Plants of the gods: Their sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers. 2nd ed. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press.
- Simons, J. S., C. J. Correia, K. B. Carey, and B. E. Borsari. 1998. Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology 45 (3):265–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.265.
- Smith, H. 2003. Cleansing the doors of perception: The religious significance of entheogenic plants and chemicals. New York: Tarcher/Putnam.
- Tart, C. T. 1971. On being stoned: A psychological study of marijuana intoxication. Palo Alto: Science and Behavior Books.
- Tart, C. T. 1991. Influence of previous psychedelic drug experiences on students of Tibetan Buddhism: A preliminary exploration. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 23 (2):139–73.
- Touw, M. 1981. The religious and medicinal use of cannabis in China, India and Tibet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 13 (1):23–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1981.10471447.
- Underwood, L. G., and J. A. Teresi. 2002. The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 24:22–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_04.
- Wall, M. B., R. Pope, T. P. Freeman, O. S. Kowalczyk, L. Demetriou, C. Mokrysz, C. Hindocha, W. Lawn, M. A. P. Bloomfield, A. M. Freeman, et al. 2019. Dissociable effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol on the human brain’s resting-state functional connectivity. Journal of Psychopharmacology 33 (7):822–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119841568doooooo.
- Watts, A. 1968. Psychedelics and religious experience. California Law Review 56 (1):74–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38M467.
- Wheeler, S. W., and N. L. Dyer. 2020. A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health: An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice 7 (3):279–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237.