References
- Arria, A. M., K. M. Caldeira, B. A. Bugbee, K. B. Vincent, and K. E. O’Grady. 2015. The academic consequences of marijuana use during college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 29 (3):564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000108.
- Banks, K. H., L. P. Kohn-Wood, and M. Spencer. 2006. An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal 42 (6):555–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9.
- Bastos, J. L., and C. E. Harnois. 2020. Does the everyday discrimination scale generate meaningful cross-group estimates? A psychometric evaluation. Social Science & Medicine 265:113321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113321.
- Boynton, M. H., R. E. O’Hara, J. Covault, D. Scott, and H. Tennen. 2014. A mediational model of racial discrimination and alcohol-related problems among African American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 75 (2):228. doi:https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.228.
- Brody, G. H., S. M. Kogan, and Y. F. Chen. 2012. Perceived discrimination and longitudinal increases in adolescent substance use: Gender differences and mediational pathways. American Journal of Public Health 102 (5):1006–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300588.
- Broman, C. L., R. Mavaddat, and S. Y. Hsu. 2000. The experience and consequences of perceived racial discrimination: A study of African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 26 (2):165–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798400026002003.
- Buckner, J. D., A. H. Ecker, and A. S. Cohen. 2010. Mental health problems and interest in marijuana treatment among marijuana-using college students. Addictive Behaviors 35 (9):826–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.04.001.
- Buckner, J. D. 2013. College cannabis use: The unique roles of social norms, motives, and expectancies. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 74 (5):720. doi:https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.720.
- Choi, Y., T. W. Harachi, M. R. Gillmore, and R. F. Catalano. 2006. Are multiracial adolescents at greater risk? Comparisons of rates, patterns, and correlates of substance use and violence between monoracial and multiracial adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76 (1):86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.86.
- Clark, R., A. P. Coleman, and J. D. Novak. 2004. Brief report: Initial psychometric properties of the everyday discrimination scale in black adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 27 (3):363–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.09.004.
- Clark, R., N. B. Anderson, V. R. Clark, and D. R. Williams. 1999. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist 54 (10):805. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805.
- Clark, T. T. 2014. Perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, and substance use in young adulthood. Addictive Behaviors 39 (6):1021–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.013.
- Compton, W. M., B. F. Grant, J. D. Colliver, M. D. Glantz, and F. S. Stinson. 2004. Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. JAMA 291 (17):2114–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.17.2114.
- Fuller-Rowell, T. E., C. D. Cogburn, A. B. Brodish, S. C. Peck, O. Malanchuk, and J. S. Eccles. 2012. Racial discrimination and substance use: Longitudinal associations and identity moderators. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 35 (6):581–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9388-7.
- Gerrard, M., M. L. Stock, M. E. Roberts, F. X. Gibbons, R. E. O’Hara, C. Y. Weng, and T. A. Wills. 2012. Coping with racial discrimination: The role of substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 26 (3):550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027711.
- Gonzales, K. L., C. Noonan, R. T. Goins, W. G. Henderson, J. Beals, S. M. Manson, K. J. Acton, and Y. Roubideaux. 2016. Assessing the everyday discrimination scale among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Psychological Assessment 28 (1):51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039337.
- Guyll, M., K. A. Matthews, and J. T. Bromberger. 2001. Discrimination and unfair treatment: Relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women. Health Psychology 20 (5):315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.5.315.
- Harnois, C. E., J. L. Bastos, M. E. Campbell, and V. M. Keith. 2019. Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: An evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Social Science & Medicine 232:298–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.011.
- Harrington, D. 2009. Confirmatory factor analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Hooper, D., J. Coughlan, and M. Mullen 2008. Evaluating model fit: A synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies London, UK (pp. 195–200). June.
- Hussain, M., and J. M. Jones. 2021. Discrimination, diversity, and sense of belonging: Experiences of students of color. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 14 (1):63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000117.
- Kenny, D. A., B. Kaniskan, and D. B. McCoach. 2015. The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research 44 (3):486–507. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236.
- Kim, G., M. Sellbom, and K. L. Ford. 2014. Race/ethnicity and measurement equivalence of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Psychological Assessment 26 (3):892. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036431.
- Lee, C. M., C. Neighbors, C. S. Hendershot, and J. R. Grossbard. 2009. Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive marijuana motives questionnaire. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 70 (2):279. doi:https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.279.
- Lewis, T. T., F. M. Yang, E. A. Jacobs, and G. Fitchett. 2012. Racial/ethnic differences in responses to the everyday discrimination scale: A differential item functioning analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 175 (5):391–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr287.
- MacCullum, R. C., M. W. Browne, and H. M. Sugawara. 1996. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods 1 (2):130–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130.
- Matsumoto, A., C. Santelices, and A. Lincoln. 2021. Perceived stigma, discrimination, and mental health among women in publicly funded substance abuse treatment. Stigma and Health 6 (2):151–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000226.
- McCabe, S. E., M. Morales, J. A. Cranford, J. Delva, M. D. McPherson, and C. J. Boyd. 2007. Race/ethnicity and gender differences in drug use and abuse among college students. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 6 (2):75–95.
- Michaels, E., M. Thomas, A. Reeves, M. Price, R. Hasson, D. Chae, and A. Allen. 2019. Coding the Everyday Discrimination Scale: Implications for exposure assessment and associations with hypertension and depression among a cross section of mid-life African American women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73 (6):577–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211230.
- Pearson, M. R., B. S. Liese, and R. D. Dvorak, Marijuana Outcomes Study Team. 2017. College student marijuana involvement: Perceptions, use, and consequences across 11 college campuses. Addictive Behaviors 66: 83–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.019.
- Pittman, D. M., J. J. Brooks, P. Kaur, and E. M. Obasi. 2019. The cost of minority stress: Risky alcohol use and coping-motivated drinking behavior in African American college students. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 18 (2):257–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1336958.
- Reeve, B. B., G. Willis, S. N. Shariff-Marco, N. Breen, D. R. Williams, G. C. Gee, M. Alegría, D. T. Takeuchi, M. Stapleton, and K. Y. Levin. 2011. Comparing cognitive interviewing and psychometric methods to evaluate a racial/ethnic discrimination scale. Field Methods 23 (4):397–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X11416564.
- Simons, J. S., R. M. Gaher, C. J. Correia, C. L. Hansen, and M. S. Christopher. 2005. An affective-motivational model of marijuana and alcohol problems among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 19 (3):326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.326.
- Stevens-Watkins, D., B. Perry, K. L. Harp, and C. B. Oser. 2012. Racism and illicit drug use among African American women: The protective effects of ethnic identity, affirmation, and behavior. Journal of Black Psychology 38 (4):471–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412438395.
- Stevens, C., C. H. Liu, and J. A. Chen. 2018. Racial/ethnic disparities in US college students’ experience: Discrimination as an impediment to academic performance. Journal of American College Health 66 (7):665–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1452745.
- Stucky, B. D., N. C. Gottfredson, A. T. Panter, C. E. Daye, W. R. Allen, and L. F. Wightman. 2011. An item factor analysis and item response theory-based revision of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 17 (2):175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023356.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2014. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2018. Results from the 2017 national survey on drug use and health: Detailed tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHDetailedTabs2017/NSDUHDetailedTabs2017.pdf
- Substance Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2012. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHNationalFindingsResults2010-web/2k10ResultsTables/NSDUHTables2010R/PDF/Sect6peTabs79to93.pdf
- Sue, D. W., S. Alsaidi, M. N. Awad, E. Glaeser, C. Z. Calle, and N. Mendez. 2019. Disarming racial microaggressions: Microintervention strategies for targets, White allies, and bystanders. American Psychologist 74 (1):128–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000296.
- Suerken, C. K., B. A. Reboussin, K. L. Egan, E. L. Sutfin, K. G. Wagoner, J. Spangler, and M. Wolfson. 2016. Marijuana use trajectories and academic outcomes among college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 162:137–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.041.
- Williams, D. R., Y. Yu, J. Jackson, and N. Anderson. 1997. Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology 2 (3):335–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305.