The Development of a Direct Observation Code for Use in Preschool Settings

REFERENCES

• Achenbach, T. M. (1988). Integrating assessment and taxonomy. In M. Rutter, A. H. Tuma, & I. S. Lann (Eds.), Assessment and diagnosis in child psycho-pathology (pp. 300–343). New York: Guilford
   Google Scholar
• Alessi, G. J. (1988). Direct observation methods for emotional/behavioral problems. In E. S. Shapiro & T. R. Kratochwill (Eds.), Behavioral assessments in schools: Conceptual foundations and practical applications (pp. 14–75). New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Alessi, G. J., & Kaye, J. H. (1983). Behavior assessment for school psychologists. Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.
   Google Scholar
• Altman, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior sampling methods. Behavior, 49, 227–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ary, D., & Suen, H. K. (1983). The use of momentary time sampling to assess both frequency and duration of behavior. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 143–150.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow, D. H., Hayes, S. C., & Nelson, R. O. (1984). The scientist-practitioner: Research and accountability in clinical and educational settings. New York: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, D. W. (1988). Professional judgment: A critical appraisal. School Psychology Review, 17, 658–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, D. W., & Carey, K. T. (1992). Designing interventions for preschool learning and behavior problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, D. W., & Hall, J. D. (1990). Designing preschool interventions: Concepts, strategies, and techniques. In A. Thomas & J. Grimes (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology-Remsed (pp. 309–321). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, D. W., & Macmann, G. (1992). Decision reliability and validity: Contributions and limitations of alternative assessment strategies. The Journal of Special Education, 25, 431–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijou, S. W., Peterson, R. F., & Ault, M. H. (1968). A method to integrate descriptive and experimental field studies at the level of data and empirical concepts. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijou, S. W., Peterson, R. F., Harris, F. R., Allen, K. E., & Johnston, M. S. (1969). Methodology for experimental studies of young children in natural settings. The Psychological Record, 19, 177–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, R. B., & Green, J. A. (1979). How to assess personality and social patterns: Observations or ratings? In R. B. Cairns (Ed.), The analysis of social interactions: Methods, issues, and illustrations (pp. 209–226). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Carta, J. J., & Greenwood, C. R. (1985). Eco-behavioral assessment: A methodology for expanding the evaluation of early intervention programs. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 5, 88–104.
   Google Scholar
• Cone, J. D. (1982). Validity of direct observation assessment procedures. In D. P. Hartman (Ed.), Using observers to study behavior (pp. 67–79). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Edgington, E. S. (1967). Statistical inference from N = 1 experiments. Journal of Psychology, 65, 195–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagot, B., & Hagan, R. (1988). Is what we see what we get? Comparisons of taped and live observations. Behavioral Assessment, 10, 367–374.
   Google Scholar
• Firestone, P. (1976). The effects and side-effects of timeout on an aggressive nursery school child. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 79–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forehand, R., & McMahon, R. J. (1981). Helping the noncompliant child: A clinician's guide to parent training. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, S. L., Bell-Dolan, D. J., & Burge, D. A. (1988). Behavior observation. In A. S. Bellack & M. Hersen (Eds.), Behavior assessment: A practical handbook (3rd ed, pp. 119–160). New York: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, S. L., & Cone, J. D. (1986). Design and use of direct observation. In A. R. Ciminero, K. S. Calhoun, & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Handbook of behavioral assessment (2nd ed., pp. 253–354). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Garber, J. (1984). Classification of childhood psychopathology: A developmental perspective. Child Development, 55, 30–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, S. B., McCoy, J. F., Burns, K. P., & Smith, C. (1982). Accuracy of observational data with whole interval, partial interval, and momentary time-sampling recording techniques. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 103–117.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, C. R., & Carta, J. J. (1987). An ecobehavioral interaction analysis of instruction within special education. Focus on Exceptional Children, 19, 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, C. R., Carta, J. J., Kamps, D., & Arreaga-Mayer, C. (1990). Ecobehavioral analysis of classroom instruction. In S. R. Schroeder (Ed.), Ecobehavioral analysis and developmental disabilities: The twenty-first century (pp. 33–63). New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, C. R., Delquadri, J., & Hall, R. V. (1984). Opportunity to respond and student academic performance. In W. L. Heward, T. E. Heron, J. Trap-Porter, & D. S. Hill (Eds.), Focus on behavior analysis in education (pp. 55–88). Columbus, OH: Merrill.
   Google Scholar
• Gutkin, T. B., & Curtis, M. J. (1990). School-based consultation: Theory, techniques, and research. In T. B. Gutkin & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (2nd ed., pp. 577–611). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, D. P. (Ed.). (1982). Using observers to study behavior. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, R. P. (1982). Developing a behavior code. In D. P. Hartmann (Ed.), Using observers to study behavior (pp. 21–35). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Hersen, M., & Barlow, D. H. (1976). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change. New York: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, J. M., & Pennypacker, H. S. (1980). Strategies and tactics of human behavioral research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Kratochwill, T. R. (1985). Selection of target behaviors in behavior consultation. Behavioral Assessment, 7, 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M. (1980). Content validity: Its relevance to behavioral assessment. Behavioral Assessment, 2, 147–159.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, P., & Bateson, P. (1986). Measuring behavior: An introductory guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Page, T. J., & Iwata, B. A. (1986). Interobserver agreement: History, theory, and current methods. In A. Poling & R. W. Fuqua (Eds.), Research methods in applied behavior analysis (pp. 99–126). New York: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, J., Martindale, A., & Kulp, S. (1975). An evaluation of time-sample measures of behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 463–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, J. B. (1982). Observer training in naturalistic research. In D. P. Hartmann (Ed.), Using observers to study behavior (pp. 37–50). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Repp, A. C., Nieminen, G. S., Olinger, E., & Brusca, R. (1988). Direct observation: Factors affecting the accuracy of observers. Exceptional Children, 55, 29–36,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers-Warren, A. K. (1984). Ecobehavioral analysis. Education and Treatment of Children, 7, 283–303.
   Google Scholar
• Sackett, G. P. (1978). Measurement in observational research. In G. P. Sackett (Ed.), observing behavior: Volume I: Theory and application in mental retardation (pp. 25–43). Baltimore: University Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saudargas, R. A. (1980). The State-Event Classroom Observation System. Unpublished observational manual. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
   Google Scholar
• Saudargas, R. A., & Lentz, F. E. (1986). Estimating percent of time and rate via direct observation: A suggested observational procedure and format. School Psychology Review, 15, 36–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudargas, R. A., & Zanolli, K. (1990). Momentary time sampling as an estimate of percentage time: A field validation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28, 533–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, S. R. (Ed.). (1990). Ecobehavioral analysis and developmental disabilities: The twenty first century. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, E. S., & Kratochwill, T. R. (Eds.). (1988). Behavioral assessment in schools: Conceptual foundations and practical applications. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, E. S., & Skinner, C. H. (1990). Best practices in observation and ecological assessment. In A. Thomas & J. Grimes (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology-II (pp. 507–518). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, S. O., & Greenwood, C. R. (1981). CISSAR: Code for instructional structure and student academic response: Observer's manual Kansas City, KS: University of Kansas, Bureau of Child Research, Juniper Gardens Children's Project.
   Google Scholar
• Strain, P. S., & Timm, M. A. (1974). An experimental analysis of social interaction between a behaviorally disordered preschool child and her classroom peers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, 383–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suen, H. K., & Ary, D. (1989). Analyzing quantitative behavioral observation data. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, J., & Brown, K. (1983). Oppositional behavior and noncompliance in preschool children: Environmental correlates and skill deficits. Behavioral Assessment, 5, 333–348.
   Google Scholar
• Wahler, R. G. (1975). Some structural aspects of deviant child behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 27–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahler, R. G., & Fox, J. J. (1981). Setting events in applied behavior analysis: Toward a conceptual and methodological expansion. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 327–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahler, R. G., House, A. E., & Stambaugh, E. E. (1976). Ecological assessment of problem behavior. New York: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar