Long-term effects of site preparation and postplanting vegetation control on Picea glauca survival, growth and predicted yield in boreal British Columbia

References

• Bedford , L. & MacKinnon , A. 1996 . Mechanical site preparation for vegetation management in northeastern British Columbia . In P. G. Comeau , G. J. Harper , M. E. Blache , J. O. Boateng , L. A. Gilkeson Integrated forest vegetation management: Options and applications (FRDA Rep. No. 251, pp. 35–42) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Bedford , L. and Sutton , R. F. 2000 . Site preparation for establishing lodgepole pine in the sub-boreal spruce zone of interior British Columbia: The Bednesti trial, 10-year results . Forest Ecology and Management , 126 : 227 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedford , L. , Sutton , R. F. , Stordeur , L. and Grismer , M. 2000 . Establishing white spruce in the Boreal White and Black Spruce Zone . New Forests , 20 : 213 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , F. W. and Newmaster , S. G. 2002 . The effects of silvicultural disturbances on the diversity of seed-producing plants in the boreal mixedwood forest . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 32 : 1180 – 1191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biring , B. S. , Comeau , P. G. , & Boateng , J. O. 1996 . Effectiveness of forest vegetation control methods in British Columbia (FRDA Handbook No. 11) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Boateng , J. O. and Comeau , P. G. 1997a . Operational summary for vegetation management: Dry alder complex , Victoria, BC : Forest Practices Branch, BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Boateng , J. O. and Comeau , P. G. 1997b . Operational summary for vegetation management: Willow complex , Victoria, BC : Forest Practices Branch, BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Boateng , J. O. , Haeussler , S. and Bedford , L. 2000 . Boreal plant community diversity 10 years after glyphosate treatment . Western Journal of Applied Forestry , 15 : 15 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Boateng , J. O. , Heineman , J. L. , McClarnon , J. and Bedford , L. 2006 . Twenty year responses of white spruce to mechanical site preparation and early chemical release in the boreal region of northeastern British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 36 : 2386 – 2399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock , M. D. and Van Rees , K. C. J. 2002 . Mechanical site preparation impacts on soil properties and vegetation communities in the Northwest Territories . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 32 : 1381 – 1392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Columbia Ministry of Forests 1997 . 1997 Summary of backlog not satisfactorily restocked forest land . Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• British Columbia Ministry of Forests . 1998 . Provincial stocktype selection and ordering guidelines . Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range 2007 . Supplementary financial and statistical information for 2006/07 . 2006/07 Annual Service Plan Report . Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests and Range .
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Soil Survey Committee, Subcommittee on Soil Classification 1998 . The Canadian system of soil classification (3rd ed.) (Publ. 1646) . Ottawa, Ont : Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Coates , D. & Haeussler , S. 1990 . Mechanical site preparation for cold site management (FRDA Memo No. 160) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , E. C. , Newton , M. and Youngblood , A. 1999 . Regenerating white spruce, paper birch, and willow in south-central Alaska . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 29 : 993 – 1001 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comeau , P. G. 2002 . Relationships between stand parameters and understory light in boreal aspen stands . British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management , 1 : 103 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Comeau , P. G. , Kabzems , R. , McClarnon , J. and Heineman , J. L. 2005 . Implications of selected approaches for regenerating and managing western boreal mixedwoods . The Forestry Chronicle , 81 : 559 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortini , F. and Comeau , P. G. 2008 . Evaluation of competitive effects of green alder, willow and other tall shrubs on white spruce and lodgepole pine in Northern Alberta . Forest Ecology and Management , 255 : 82 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini , A. , Nester , M. R. and Podberscek , M. 1995 . Site preparation for Pinus establishment in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Temporal changes in bulk density . Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 35 : 1151 – 1158 .
   Google Scholar
• Delong , C. , MacKinnon , A. & Jang , L. 1990 . A field guide for identification and interpretation of ecosystems of the northeast portion of the Prince George Forest Region (Land Management Handbook No. 22) . Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Draper , D. , Binder , W. , Fahlman , R. & Spittlehouse , D. 1985 . Post-planting ecophysiology of interior spruce . In Interior spruce seedling performance. State of the Art . Proceedings of Northern Silviculture Committee Meeting , Prince George BC , February 5–6 , 1985 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , R. L. , Black , T. A. and Adams , R. S. 1996 . Site preparation effects on Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine water relations following planting in a pinegrass-dominated clearcut . Forest Ecology and Management , 83 : 47 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von der Gönna , M. A. 1992 . Fundamentals of mechanical site preparation (FRDA Rep. No. 178) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , D. F. , Kneeshaw , D. D. , Messier , C. , Lieffers , V. , Cormier , D. Doucet , R. 2002 . Modelling silvicultural alternatives for conifer regeneration in boreal mixedwood stands (aspen/white spruce/balsam fir) . The Forestry Chronicle , 78 : 281 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeussler , S. , Bedford , L. , Boateng , J. O. and MacKinnon , A. 1999 . Plant community responses to mechanical site preparation in northern interior British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 29 : 1084 – 1100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeussler , S. , Bedford , L. , Leduc , A. , Bergeron , Y. and Kranabetter , J. M. 2002 . Silvicultural disturbance severity and plant communities of the southern Canadian boreal forest . Silva Fennica , 36 : 307 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , G. J. , Herring , L. J. & Hays-Byl , W. J. 1997 . Conifer and vegetation response in the BWBSmw1 12 years after mechanical and herbicide site preparation (Working Paper 29) . Victoria, BC : Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , G. , Polsson , K. and Goudie , J. 2008 . Modelling vegetation management treatments with the Tree and Stand Simulator . The Forestry Chronicle , 84 : 53 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , C. B. D. , Steele , T. W. and Letchford , T. 2006 . The economics of site preparation and the impacts of current forest policy: evidence from central British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 36 : 482 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heineman , J. L. , Bedford , L. and Sword , D. 1999 . Root system development of 12-year-old white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on a mounded subhygric-mesic site in northern interior British Columbia . Forest Ecology and Management , 123 : 167 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henigman , J. , Ebata , T. , Allen , E. , Westfall , J. & Pollard , A. 2001 . Field guide to forest damage in British Columbia (2nd ed.) (Joint Publication 17) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Jobidon , R. 1990 . Short-term effect of three mechanical site preparation methods on species diversity . Tree Planter's Notes , 41 : 261 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , M. B. 1991 . The influence of soil scarification on the turn-over rate of organic matter and nitrogen release at clear-cut areas in central Sweden . Finnish Humus News , 3 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Knight , E. 1990 . “ Reforestation in British Columbia: A brief history ” . In Regenerating British Columbia's forests , Edited by: Lavender , D. P. , Parish , R. , Johnson , C. M. , Montgomery , G. , Vyse , A. , Willis , R. A. and Winston , D. 2 – 8 . Vancouver, BC : University of British Columbia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krasowski , M. J. 1996 . Measures to reduce overwinter injury to planted spruce in the boreal forest of British Columbia (FRDA Rep. No. 254) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Lieffers , V. J. , Macmillan , R. B. , MacPherson , D. , Branter , K. and Stewart , J. D. 1996 . Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood forest . The Forestry Chronicle , 72 : 286 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister , T. W. , Burger , J. A. and Patterson , S. C. 2004 . Role of vegetation in mitigating soil quality impacted by forest harvesting . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 68 : 263 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macadam , A. and Bedford , L. 1998 . Mounding in the sub-boreal spruce zone of south-western British Columbia: 8 year results . The Forestry Chronicle , 74 : 421 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macadam , A. and Kabzems , R. 2006 . Vegetation management improves early growth of white spruce more than mechanical site preparation treatments . Northern Journal of Applied Forestry , 23 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , M. D. , Schmidt , M. G. and Bedford , L. 2005 . Soil microclimate and nitrogen availability 10 years after mechanical site preparation in northern British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 35 : 1854 – 1866 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMinn , R. G. and Hedin , I. B. 1990 . “ Site preparation: Mechanical and manual ” . In Regenerating British Columbia's forests , Edited by: Lavender , D. P. , Parish , R. , Johnson , C. M. , Montgomery , G. , Vyse , A. , Willis , R. A. and Winston , D. 150 – 163 . Vancouver, BC : University of British Columbia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , E. G. and Milne , P. G. 1999 . Effects of weed control, fertilization, and soil cultivation on the growth of Pinus radiata at midrotation in Canterbury, New Zealand . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 29 : 985 – 992 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson , S. and Bergsten , U. 2003 . Pinus contorta growth in northern Sweden as affected by soil scarification . New Forests , 26 : 217 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson , S. , Bergsten , U. and Mörling , T. 2007 . Pinus contorta growth in boreal Sweden as affected by combined lupin treatment and soil scarification . Silva Fennica , 41 : 649 – 659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meidinger , D. and Pojar , J. 1991 . Ecosystems of British Columbia , Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. 1975 . Dynamics and simulated yield of Douglas-fir . Forest Science Monographs , 17 , Society of American Foresters .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. , Stone , M. , Grout , S. E. , Di Lucca , C. M. , Nigh , G. D. , Goudie , J. W. , et al. 2007 . TIPSY (Version 4.1) . Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests and Range [online] . Retrieved August 25, 2008, from www.for.gov.bc.ca/hre/gymodels/tipsy
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , U. and Örlander , G. 1995 . Effects of regeneration methods on drought damage to newly planted Norway spruce seedlings . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 25 : 790 – 802 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Örlander , G. , Gemmel , P. & Hunt , J. 1990 . Site preparation: A Swedish overview (FRDA Rep. No. 105) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Page-Dumroese , D. S. , Jurgensen , M. F. , Graham , R. T. & Harvey , A. E. 1989 . Soil chemical properties of raised planting beds in a northern Idaho forest (USDA For. Serv., Research Paper INT-419) .
   Google Scholar
• Pojar , J. , Klinka , K. and Meidinger , D. V. 1987 . Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia . Forest Ecology and Management , 22 : 119 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruel , J. C. , Messier , C. , Doucet , R. , Claveau , Y. and Comeau , P. 2000 . Morphological indicators of growth response of coniferous advance regeneration to overstorey removal in the boreal forest . The Forestry Chronicle , 76 : 633 – 642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute . 2002–2003 . SAS 9.1.3 . Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Simard , S. W. , Jones , M. D. , Durall , D. M. , Hope , G. D. , Stathers , R. J. Sorensen , N. S. 2003 . Chemical and mechanical site preparation: Effects on Pinus contorta growth, physiology, and microsite quality on grassy, steep forest sites in British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 33 : 1495 – 1515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simard , S. W. , Radosevich , S. R. , Sachs , D. L. and Hagerman , S. M. 2006 . Evidence for competition and facilitation trade-offs: effects of Sitka alder density on pine regeneration and soil productivity . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 36 : 1286 – 1298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowdon , P. & Waring , H. D. 1984 . Long-term nature of growth responses obtained to fertiliser and weed control applied at planting and their consequences for forest management . In Proceedings of the IUFRO Symposium on site and site productivity of fast growing plantations , Pretoria and Petermaritzberg , South Africa (pp. 701 – 711 ).
   Google Scholar
• South , D. B. , Miller , J. H. , Kimberley , M. O. and VanderSchaaf , C. L. 2006 . Determining productivity gains from herbaceous vegetation management with “age shift” calculations . Forestry , 79 ( 1 ) : 43 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spittlehouse , D. L. & Childs , S. W. 1990 . Evaluating the seedling moisture environment after site preparation . In S. P. Gessel , D. S. Lacate , G. F. Weetman & R. F. Powers Sustained productivity of forest soils. Proceedings of the 7th North American Forest Soils Conference , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC pp. 80 – 94 s.
   Google Scholar
• Spittlehouse , D. L. & Stathers , R. J. 1990 . Seedling microclimate (Land Management Rep. No. 65) . Victoria, BC : BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Stathers , R. J. & Spittlehouse , D. L. 1990 . Forest soil temperature manual (FRDA Rep. No. 130) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , T. 1997 . Identification and management of wildlife damage in forests of the Pacific Northwest , Vancouver, BC : Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , T. P. , Wagner , R. G. , Pitt , D. G. , Lautenschlager , R. A. and Chen , D. G. 1998 . Changes in diversity of plant and small mammal communities after herbicide application in sub-boreal spruce forest . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 28 : 168 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , R. F. 1993 . Mounding site preparation: A review of European and North American experience . New Forests , 7 : 151 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , R. F. 1995 . White spruce establishment: Initial fertilization, weed control, and irrigation evaluated after three decades . New Forests , 9 : 123 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , R. F. , Bedford , L. , Stordeur , L. and Grismer , M. 2001 . Site preparation for establishing interior spruce in British Columbia: Trials at Upper Coalmine and Mackenzie . Western Journal of Applied Forestry , 16 : 9 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabbush , P. M. 1986 . Rough handling, soil temperature, and root development in outplanted Sitka spruce and Douglas-fir . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 16 : 1385 – 1388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiffault , N. , Jobidon , R. and Munson , A. D. 2003 . Performance and physiology of large containerized and bare-root spruce seedlings in relation to scarification and competition in Québec (Canada) . Annals of Forest Science , 60 : 645 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. G. 2000 . Competition and critical-period thresholds for vegetation management decisions in young conifer stands . The Forestry Chronicle , 76 : 961 – 968 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. G. and Robinson , A. P. 2006 . Critical period of interspecific competition for four northern conifers: 10-year growth response and associated vegetation dynamics . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 36 : 2474 – 2485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring , R. G. 1987 . Characteristics of trees predisposed to die . BioScience , 37 : 569 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , J. E. and von Althen , F. W. 1993 . Establishment of white spruce and black spruce in boreal Ontario: Effects of chemical site preparation and post-planting weed control . The Forestry Chronicle , 69 : 554 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , E. F. , Canham , C. D. and Coates , K. D. 2000 . Effects of suppression and release on sapling growth for 11 tree species of northern, interior British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 30 : 1571 – 1580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yole , D. & Kranabetter , M. 1996a . Effects of site preparation treatments on soil properties—Alternatives to broadcast burning in the north-central interior (FRDA Research Memo 230) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Yole , D. & Kranabetter , M. 1996b . Effects of site preparation treatments on soil disturbance and microsite distribution—Alternatives to broadcast burning in the north-central interior (FRDA Research Memo 231) . Victoria, BC : Forestry Canada & BC Ministry of Forests .
   Google Scholar