Growth, stem quality and nutritional status of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in pure stands and mixtures

References

• Atkinson CJ. 1984. Quantum flux density as a factor controlling the rate of growth, carbohydrate partitioning and wood structure of Betula pubescens seedlings. Ann Bot. 54:397–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat KM, Kärkkäinen M. 1980. Distinguishing between Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. on the basis of wood anatomy. Silva Fenn. 14:294–304.
   Google Scholar
• Cajander AK. 1926. The theory of forest types. Acta For Fenn. 29:108.
   Google Scholar
• Elonen P. 1971. Particle-size analysis of soil. Acta Agralia Fenn. 122:122.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson E, Johansson T. 2006. Effects of rotation period on biomass production and atmospheric CO2 emissions form broadleaved stands growing on abandoned farmland. Silva Fenn. 40:603–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson H, Johansson U, Kiviste A. 1997. A site-index model for pure and mixed stands of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in Sweden. Scand J For Res. 12:149–156. 10.1080/02827589709355396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferm A. 1990. Coppicing, above-ground woody biomass production and nutritional aspects of birch with specific reference to Betula pubescens. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja [Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers]. 348:35.
   Google Scholar
• Fries J. 1964. Yield of Betula verrucosa Ehrh. in Middle Sweden and Southern North Sweden. Stud For Sue. 14:303 ( In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Frivold LH, Borchgrevink I. 1981. Biomass yield of silver birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh) in 6 years old trial plantation at As, Norway. Meld Norg Landbruks. 60:1–7 ( In Norwegian with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Gustavsen HG, Mielikäinen K. 1984. Site index curves for natural birch stands in Finland. Folia For. 597:23 ( In Finnish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Halonen O, Tulkki H, Derome J. 1983. Nutrient analysis methods. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja [Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers]. 121:28.
   Google Scholar
• Heiskanen V. 1957. Quality of the common birch and the white birch on different sites. Commun Inst For Fenn. 48:99 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Heräjärvi H. 2002. Properties of birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens) for sawmilling and further processing in Finland. The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers, 871:52.
   Google Scholar
• Huikari O. 1954. Experiments on the effect of anaerobic media upon birch, pine and spruce seedlings. Commun Inst For Fenn. 42:13.
   Google Scholar
• Huikari O. 1959. Experiments of anaerobic media upon roots of birch, pine and spruce seedlings. Commun Inst For Fenn. 50:15.
   Google Scholar
• Hynönen T. 2000. Pellonmetsitysten onnistuminen Itä-Suomessa [Outcome of field afforestation in Eastern Finland] Metsäntutkimuslaitosken tiedonantoja [Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers]. 765:1–90. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Hynynen J, Niemistö P, Viherä-Aarnio A, Brunner A, Hein S, Velling P. 2010. Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Europe. Forestry. 83:103–119. 10.1093/forestry/cpp035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hytönen J. 1999. Pellonmetsityksen onnistuminen Keski-Pohjanmaalla. [Outcome of field afforestation in Central Ostrobothnia] Metsätieteen aikakauskirja. 4:697–710. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Hytönen J, Ekola E. 1993. Soil nutrient regime and tree nutrition on afforested fields in central Ostrobothnia, western Finland. Folia For. 822:32 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Hytönen J, Jylhä P. 2005. Effects of competing vegetation and post-planting weed control on the mortality, growth and vole damages to Betula pendula planted on former agricultural land. Silva Fenn. 39:365–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hytönen J, Saarsalmi A, Rossi P. 1995. Biomass production and nutrient uptake of short-rotation plantations. Silva Fenn. 29:117–139.
   Google Scholar
• Hytönen J, Saarsalmi A. 2009. Long-term biomass production and nutrient uptake of birch, alder and willow plantations on cut-away peatland. Biomass Bioenergy. 33:1197–1211. 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.05.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hytönen J, Wall A. 1997. Nutrient amounts of afforested peat fields and neighbouring peatland forests. Suo. 48:33–42 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Ilvessalo Y, Ilvessalo M. 1975. The forest types of Finland in the light of natural development and yield capacity of forest stands. Acta For Fenn. 144:1–101 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Johansson T. 2007. Biomass production and allometric above- and below-ground relations for young birch stands planted at four spacings on abandoned farmland. Forestry. 80:41–52. 10.1093/forestry/cpl049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson A, Albrektson A, Soneson J. 1997. Site index and productivity of artificially regenerated Betula pendula and Betula pubescens stand on former farmland in Southern and Central Sweden. Scand J For Res. 12:256–263. 10.1080/02827589709355408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunisto S. 1973. Afforestation of open peatlands with Betula pubescens and B. verrucosa. Suo. 24:4–7 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Kaunisto S. 1987. Effects of fertilization and soil preparation on the development of Scots pine and silver birch plantations on peat cutover areas. Folia For. 681:1–23 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Keltinkangas M, Seppälä K. 1977. The economics of growing birch on drained peatlands. Silva Fenn. 11:49–68 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Kinnunen K, Aro L. 1996. Vanhojen pellonmetsitysten tila Länsi-Suomessa. [State of old field afforestation in western Finland]. Folia Forestalia – Metsätieteen aikakauskirja. 1996: 101–111. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto P. 1959. Growth and yield tables. Commun Inst For Fenn. 51:1–49 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Korhonen K, Ihalainen A, Heikkinen J, Henttonen H, Pitkänen J. 2007. Suomen metsävarat metsäkeskuksittain 2004–2006 ja metsävarojen kehitys 1996–2006 (Forest resources of Finland by regional forest Centres 2004–2006 and development of forest resources 1996–2006). Metsätieteen aikakauskirja. 2B:149–213. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Kujala V. 1946. Some recent data on birches. Commun Inst For Fenn. 34:1–36 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Kund M, Vares A, Sims A, Tullus H, Uri V. 2010. Early growth and development of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) plantations on abandoned agricultural land. Eur J For Res. 129:679–688. 10.1007/s10342-010-0369-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laasasenaho J. 1982. Taper curve and volume functions for pine, spruce and birch. Commun Inst For Fenn. 118:1–74.
   Google Scholar
• Lilja A. 1996. Versolaikkujen ja värivikojen aiheuttajat koivun taimilla. [Causes for stem lesions and colour disorders in birch seedlings]. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja – Folia For. 1996:157–161. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Mannerkoski H. 1972. On the occurrence of birch on fertilized peat. Suo. 23:80–86 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Mielikäinen K. 1980. Structure and development of mixed pine and birch stands. Commun Inst For Fenn. 99:1–82 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Mielikäinen K. 1985. Effect of an admixture of birch on the structure and development of Norway spruce stands. Commun Inst For Fenn. 133:1–79 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Niemistö P. 1991. Growing density and thinning models for Betula pubescens stands on peatlands in northern Finland. Folia For. 782:1–36 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Niemistö P. 1996. Yield and quality of planted silver birch (Betula pendula) in Finland – preliminary review. Norw J Agric Sci. Supplement:55–64.
   Google Scholar
• Niemistö P. 1997. Ensiharvennuksen ajankohdan ja voimakkuuden vaikutus istutetun rauduskoivun kasvuun ja tuotokseen. [Effect of the timing and intensity of first thinning on the growth and yield of silver birch]. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja – Folia For. 4:439–454. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Niemistö P. 2008. Raudus- ja hieskoivun erot kasvukyvyssä. In: Niemistö P, Viherä-Aarnio A, Velling P, Heräjärvi H, Verkasalo E, editors. Koivun kasvatus ja käyttö. [Growing and utilization of birch]. Helsinki: Metla and Metsäkustannus; p. 126–127. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Niemistö P, Hukki P, Verkasalo E. 1997. Kasvupaikan ja puuston tiheyden vaikutus rauduskoivun ulkoiseen laatuun 30-vuotiaissa istutuskoivikoissa. [Effects of site and stand density on external quality of planted 30-year-old silver birch]. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja – Folia For. 3:349–374. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Näslund M. 1937. Skogsförsöksanstaltens gallringsförsök i tallskog. Meddelanden från Statens Skogsförsöksanstalt. 29:1–169. Swedish.
   Google Scholar
• Oikarinen M. 1983. Growth and yield models for silver birch (Betula pendula) plantations in southern Finland. Commun Inst For Fenn. 113:1–75 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Perala DA, Alm AA. 1990. Reproductive ecology of birch: a review. For Ecol Manag. 32:1–38. 10.1016/0378-1127(90)90104-J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raulo J. 1977. Development of dominant trees in Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. plantations. Commun Inst For Fenn. 90:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Raulo J, Lähde E, Rokkonen I. 1996. Koivun uudistamis- ja kasvatuskokeita ja niiden tuloksia [Birch regeneration and growth experiments and their results]. Metsäntutkimuslaitosken tiedonantoja [Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers]. 966:1–61. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi S, Varmola M, Hyppönen M. 1993. Success of field afforestation in Finnish Lapland. Folia For. 807:1–23 ( In Finnish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Rousi M, Henttonen H, Kaikusalo A. 1990. Resistance of birch (Betula pendula and B. platyphylla) seedlots to vole (Microtus agrestis) damage. Scand J For Res. 5:427–436. 10.1080/02827589009382625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saramäki J. 1973. On the potential growth of Betula pubescens on drained peat in the province of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. Suo. 24:16–19 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Saramäki J. 1977. Development of white birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) stands on drained peatlands in Northern Central Finland. Commun Inst For Fenn. 91:1–59 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Saramäki J, Hytönen J. 2004. Nutritional status and development of mixed plantations of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) on former agricultural soils. Balt For. 10:2–11.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas PA, Kenworthy JB. 1980. Sun and shade leaves in Betula pubescens and Betula pendula. Trans Bot Soc Edin. 43:235–244. 10.1080/03746608008685358
   Google Scholar
• Uri V, Varik M, Aosaar J, Kanal A, Kukumägi M, Lõhmus K. 2012. Biomass production and carbon sequestration in a fertile silver birch (Betula pendual Roth) forest chronosequence. For Ecol Manag. 267:117–126. 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkasalo E. 1988. Hieskoivu vaneripuuna. [Downy birch as raw material for the plywood industry]. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja [Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers]. 286:96–109. Finnish.
   Google Scholar
• Viherä-Aarnio A, Velling P. 1999. Growth and stem quality of mature birches in a combined species and progeny trial. Silva Fenn. 33:225–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall A, Heiskanen J. 1998. Physical properties of afforested former agricultural peat soils in western Finland. Suo. 49:2.
   Google Scholar
• Wall A, Heiskanen J. 2009. Soil-water content and air-filled porosity affect height growth of Scots pine in afforested arable land in Finland. For Ecol Manag. 257:1751–1756. 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall A, Hytönen J. 1996. Effect of mineral soil admixture on the nutrient amounts of afforested peatland fields. Suo. 47:78–83 ( In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Zâlîtis T, Zâlîtis P. 2007. Growth of young stands of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) depending on pre-commercial thinning intensity. Balt For. 13:61–67.
   Google Scholar