Equipment for freezing roots and its use to test cold resistance of young and mature roots of Picea abies seedlings

References

• Åkerman , A. 1927 . Studien über den Kältetod und die Kälteresistenz der Pflantzen. , 232 Lund, , Sweden : Berlingska Boktryckeriet .
   Google Scholar
• Clements , J. R. 1970 . Shoot response of young red pine to watering applied over two seasons . Can. J. Bot. , 48 : 75 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Desjardins , R. L. and Chong , C. 1980 . Unheated environments for overwintering nursery plants in containers . Can. J. Plant. Sci. , 60 : 895 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , J. L. and Fuchigami , L. H. 1985 . Overwintering container‐grown plants . Ornamentals Northwest Newsletter , 9 : 10 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Hallman , E. , Hari , P. , Räsänen , P. K. and Smolander , H. 1978 . Effect of planting shock on the transpiration, photosynthesis, and height increment of Scots pine seedlings . Acta For. Fenn. , 161 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , R. B. 1918 . Hardening process in plants and developments from frost injury . J. Agr. Res. , 15 : 83 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Havis , J. R. 1976 . Root hardiness of woody ornamentals . HortScience , 11 : 385 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , A. , Eriksson , G. , Dormling , I. and Ifver , J. 1981 . Studies on frost hardiness of Pinus contorta Dougl. seedlings grown in climate chambers . Stud. For. Suec., , : 47
   Google Scholar
• Lindström , A. 1986a . Outdoor winter storage of container stock on raised pallets—effects on root zone temperatures and seedling growth . Scand. J. For. Res. , 1 : 37 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström , A. 1986b . Freezing temperatures in the root zone—effects on growth of containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings . Scand. J. For. Res. , 1 : 371 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström , A. and Nyström , C. 1987 . Seasonal variation in root hardiness of container grown Scots pine, Norway spruce and lodgepole pine seedlings . Can. J. For. Res. , 17 : 787 – 793 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüpke von , B. 1973 . Wasserhaushalt junger Fitchten nach dem Verpflanzen . Forstw. Cbl. , 92 : 311 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Lüpke von , B. 1979 . Wasserhaushalt und Trockensubstansproduktion bei Douglasien nach dem Verpflanzen . Allg. Forst‐ u. J. Ztg. , 150 : 78 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattsson , A. 1986 . Seasonal variation in root growth capacity during cultivation of container grown Pinus sylvestris seedlings . Scand. J. For. Res. , 1 : 473 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mityga , H. G. and Lanphear , F. O. 1971 . Factors influencing the cold hardiness of Taxus cuspidate roots . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 96 : 83 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Parviainen , J. 1979 . Einfluss des Verpflanzens und des Wurzelschnittes auf den Tagesverlauf des Xylemwasserpotentials bei Fichtenpflanzen . Forstarchiv , 50 : 148 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , G. A. and Dunlap , J. R. 1980 . Root growth potential: its development and expression in forest tree seedlings . N. Z. J. For. Sci. , 10 : 218 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosvall , O. 1983 . Tallförädling med hjälp av frystester. Institutet för skogsförbättring, information 1982/83 . Skogsträdsförädling, , : 4
   Google Scholar
• Sands , K. and Rutter , A. J. 1959 . Studies in the growth of young plants of Pinus sylvestris L. II. The relation of growth to soil moisture tension . Ann. Bot. , 23 : 269 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Smit‐Spinks , B. , Swanson , B. T. and Markhart , A. H. III . 1985 . The effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on cold acclimation and growth of Pinus sylvestris . Can. J. For. Res. , 15 : 453 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steponkus , P. L. and Lanphear , F. O. 1967 . Refinement of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method of determining cold injury . Plant Physiol. , 42 : 1423 – 1426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studer , E. J. , Steponkus , P. L. , Good , G. L. and Wiest , S. C. 1978 . Root hardiness of container‐grown ornamentals . HortScience , 13 : 172 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinus , R. W. 1982 . Successful overwintering of container‐grown seedlings . Proc. of the 1981 Intermountain Nurserymen's Assoc. meeting . 1982 . pp. 26 – 41 . Alberta : Can. For. Sery. Edmonton . Inf. Rep. NOR‐X‐241
   Google Scholar
• Wiest , S. C. and Steponkus , P. L. 1976 . Acclimation of Pyracantha tissues and differential thermal analysis of the freezing process . J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 101 : 273 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiest , S. C. , Good , G. L. and Steponkus , P. L. 1976 . Evaluation of root viability following freezing by the release of ninhydrin‐reactive compounds . HortScience , 11 : 197 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Zahner , R. 1968 . “ Water deficit and growth of trees ” . In Water deficits and plant growth , Edited by: Kozlowski , T. T. vol. 2 , 191 – 254 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar